1
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Nashimoto Y, Mukomoto R, Imaizumi T, Terai T, Shishido S, Ino K, Yokokawa R, Miura T, Onuma K, Inoue M, Shiku H. Electrochemical sensing of oxygen metabolism for a three-dimensional cultured model with biomimetic vascular flow. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114808. [PMID: 36327566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPSs) with three-dimensional (3D) cultured models have attracted considerable interest because of their potential to mimic human health and disease conditions. Recent MPSs have shown significant advancements in engineering perfusable vascular networks integrated with 3D culture models, realizing a more physiological environment in vitro; however, a sensing system that can monitor their activity under biomimetic vascular flow is lacking. We designed an open-top microfluidic device with sensor capabilities and demonstrated its application in analyzing oxygen metabolism in vascularized 3D tissue models. We first validated the platform by using human lung fibroblast (hLF) spheroids. Then, we applied the platform to a patient-derived cancer organoid and evaluated the changes in oxygen metabolism during drug administration through the vascular network. We found that the platform could integrate a perfusable vascular network with 3D cultured cells, and the electrochemical sensor could detect the change in oxygen metabolism in a quantitative, non-invasive, and real-time manner. This platform would become a monitoring system for 3D cultured cells integrated with a perfusable vascular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nashimoto
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Rei Mukomoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takuto Imaizumi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takato Terai
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shotaro Shishido
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunishige Onuma
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.
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2
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Nashimoto Y, Abe M, Fujii R, Taira N, Ida H, Takahashi Y, Ino K, Ramon‐Azcon J, Shiku H. Topography and Permeability Analyses of Vasculature-on-a-Chip Using Scanning Probe Microscopies. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101186. [PMID: 34409770 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) or organs-on-chips (OoC) can emulate the physiological functions of organs in vitro and are effective tools for determining human drug responses in preclinical studies. However, the analysis of MPS has relied heavily on optical tools, resulting in difficulties in real-time and high spatial resolution imaging of the target cell functions. In this study, the role of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) as an analytical tool for MPS is evaluated. An access hole is made in a typical MPS system with stacked microchannels to insert SPM probes into the system. For the first study, a simple vascular model composed of only endothelial cells is prepared for SPM analysis. Changes in permeability and local chemical flux are quantitatively evaluated during the construction of the vascular system. The morphological changes in the endothelial cells after flow stimulation are imaged at the single-cell level for topographical analysis. Finally, the possibility of adapting the permeability and topographical analysis using SPM for the intestinal vascular system is further evaluated. It is believed that this study will pave the way for an in situ permeability assay and structural analysis of MPS using SPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nashimoto
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS) Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8578 Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8579 Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8579 Japan
| | - Minori Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8579 Japan
| | - Ryota Fujii
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8579 Japan
| | - Noriko Taira
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8579 Japan
| | - Hiroki Ida
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS) Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8578 Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8579 Japan
- WPI‐Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8577 Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) Science and Technology Agency (JST) Saitama 332‐0012 Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) Science and Technology Agency (JST) Saitama 332‐0012 Japan
- WPI‐Nano Life Science Institute Kanazawa University Ishikawa 920‐1192 Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8579 Japan
| | - Javier Ramon‐Azcon
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Institució Catalana de Reserca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23 Barcelona E08010 Spain
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8579 Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Miyagi 980‐8579 Japan
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3
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Kopec AK, Yokokawa R, Khan N, Horii I, Finley JE, Bono CP, Donovan C, Roy J, Harney J, Burdick AD, Jessen B, Lu S, Collinge M, Sadeghian RB, Derzi M, Tomlinson L, Burkhardt JE. Microphysiological systems in early stage drug development: Perspectives on current applications and future impact. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:99-114. [PMID: 33642521 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) are making advances to provide more standardized and predictive physiologically relevant responses to test articles in living tissues and organ systems. The excitement surrounding the potential of MPS to better predict human responses to medicines and improving clinical translation is overshadowed by their relatively slow adoption by the pharmaceutical industry and regulators. Collaboration between multiorganizational consortia and regulators is necessary to build an understanding of the strengths and limitations of MPS models and closing the current gaps. Here, we review some of the advances in MPS research, focusing on liver, intestine, vascular system, kidney and lung and present examples highlighting the context of use for these systems. For MPS to gain a foothold in drug development, they must have added value over existing approaches. Ideally, the application of MPS will augment in vivo studies and reduce the use of animals via tiered screening with less reliance on exploratory toxicology studies to screen compounds. Because MPS support multiple cell types (e.g. primary or stem-cell derived cells) and organ systems, identifying when MPS are more appropriate than simple 2D in vitro models for understanding physiological responses to test articles is necessary. Once identified, MPS models require qualification for that specific context of use and must be reproducible to allow future validation. Ultimately, the challenges of balancing complexity with reproducibility will inform the promise of advancing the MPS field and are critical for realization of the goal to reduce, refine and replace (3Rs) the use of animals in nonclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kopec
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Nasir Khan
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Ikuo Horii
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Japan
| | - James E Finley
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | | | - Carol Donovan
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Jessica Roy
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Julie Harney
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | | | - Bart Jessen
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CA, USA
| | - Shuyan Lu
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CA, USA
| | - Mark Collinge
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | | | - Mazin Derzi
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., MA, USA
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4
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Sugihara K, Yamaguchi Y, Usui S, Nashimoto Y, Hanada S, Kiyokawa E, Uemura A, Yokokawa R, Nishiyama K, Miura T. A new perfusion culture method with a self-organized capillary network. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240552. [PMID: 33112918 PMCID: PMC7592787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A lack of perfusion has been one of the most significant obstacles for three-dimensional culture systems of organoids and embryonic tissues. Here, we developed a simple and reliable method to implement a perfusable capillary network in vitro. The method employed the self-organization of endothelial cells to generate a capillary network and a static pressure difference for culture medium circulation, which can be easily introduced to standard biological laboratories and enables long-term cultivation of vascular structures. Using this culture system, we perfused the lumen of the self-organized capillary network and observed a flow-induced vascular remodeling process, cell shape changes, and collective cell migration. We also observed an increase in cell proliferation around the self-organized vasculature induced by flow, indicating functional perfusion of the culture medium. We also reconstructed extravasation of tumor and inflammatory cells, and circulation inside spheroids including endothelial cells and human lung fibroblasts. In conclusion, this system is a promising tool to elucidate the mechanisms of various biological processes related to vascular flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Sugihara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yamaguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shiori Usui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sanshiro Hanada
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kiyokawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishiyama
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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5
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Barkley C, Serra R, Peters SB. A Co-Culture Method to Study Neurite Outgrowth in Response to Dental Pulp Paracrine Signals. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32116290 DOI: 10.3791/60809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth innervation allows teeth to sense pressure, temperature and inflammation, all of which are crucial to the use and maintenance of the tooth organ. Without sensory innervation, daily oral activities would cause irreparable damage. Despite its importance, the roles of innervation in tooth development and maintenance have been largely overlooked. Several studies have demonstrated that DP cells secrete extracellular matrix proteins and paracrine signals to attract and guide TG axons into and throughout the tooth. However, few studies have provided detailed insight into the crosstalk between the DP mesenchyme and neuronal afferents. To address this gap in knowledge, researchers have begun to utilize co-cultures and a variety of techniques to investigate these interactions. Here, we demonstrate the multiple steps involved in co-culturing primary DP cells with TG neurons dispersed on an overlying transwell filter with large diameter pores to allow axonal growth through the pores. Primary DP cells with the gene of interest flanked by loxP sites were utilized to facilitate gene deletion using an Adenovirus-Cre-GFP recombinase system. Using TG neurons from the Thy1-YFP mouse allowed for precise afferent imaging, with expression well above background levels by confocal microscopy. The DP responses can be investigated via protein or RNA collection and analysis, or alternatively, through immunofluorescent staining of DP cells plated on removable glass coverslips. Media can be analyzed using techniques such as proteomic analyses, although this will require albumin depletion due to the presence of fetal bovine serum in the media. This protocol provides a simple method that can be manipulated to study the morphological, genetic, and cytoskeletal responses of TG neurons and DP cells in response to the controlled environment of a co-culture assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Barkley
- Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Rosa Serra
- Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Sarah B Peters
- Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham;
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6
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Review on microfluidic device applications for fluids separation and water treatment processes. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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7
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Lü J, Shi Y, Wang Y, Kang X, Bian X, Yuan B, Zhu M, Tang K. [Research progress of structured repair of tendon-bone interface]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2019; 33:1064-1070. [PMID: 31512444 PMCID: PMC8355852 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201811139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In sports system, the tendon-bone interface has the effect of tensile and bearing load, so the effect of healing plays a crucial role in restoring joint function. The process of repair is the formation of scar tissue, so it is difficult to achieve the ideal effect for morphology and biomechanical strength. The tissue engineering method can promote the tendon-bone interface healing from the seed cells, growth factors, and scaffolds, and is a new direction in the field of development of the tendon-bone interface healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtong Lü
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Youxing Shi
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Xia Kang
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Xuting Bian
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China
| | - Kanglai Tang
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038,
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8
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Li Y, Sella C, Lemaître F, Guille-Collignon M, Amatore C, Thouin L. Downstream Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Primary Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Released by Cell Populations in an Integrated Microfluidic Device. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9386-9394. [PMID: 29979582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An innovative microfluidic platform was designed to monitor electrochemically four primary reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) released by aerobic cells. Taking advantage of the space confinement and electrode performances under flow conditions, only a few experiments were sufficient to directly provide significant statistical data relative to the average behavior of cells during oxidative-stress bursts. The microfluidic platform comprised an upstream microchamber for cell culture and four parallel microchannels located downstream for separately detecting H2O2, ONOO-, NO·, and NO2-. Amperometric measurements were performed at highly sensitive Pt-black electrodes implemented in the microchannels. RAW 264.7 macrophage secretions triggered by a calcium ionophore were used as a way to assess the performance, sensitivity, and specificity of the integrated microfluidic device. In comparison with some previous evaluations achieved from single-cell measurements, reproducible and relevant determinations validated the proof of concept of this microfluidic platform for analyzing statistically significant oxidative-stress responses of various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie , École normale supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Catherine Sella
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie , École normale supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie , École normale supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Manon Guille-Collignon
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie , École normale supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Christian Amatore
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie , École normale supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Laurent Thouin
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie , École normale supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
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9
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Liew WLA, Zhang Y. Laser-based fabrication of 3D hydrogel constructs using bessel beams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Sasaki D, Nakajima H, Yamaguchi Y, Yokokawa R, Ei SI, Miura T. Mathematical modeling for meshwork formation of endothelial cells in fibrin gels. J Theor Biol 2017. [PMID: 28648563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vasculogenesis is the earliest process in development for spontaneous formation of a primitive capillary network from endothelial progenitor cells. When human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are cultured on Matrigel, they spontaneously form a network structure which is widely used as an in vitro model of vasculogenesis. Previous studies indicated that chemotaxis or gel deformation was involved in spontaneous pattern formation. In our study, we analyzed the mechanism of vascular pattern formation using a different system, meshwork formation by HUVECs embedded in fibrin gels. Unlike the others, this experimental system resulted in a perfusable endothelial network in vitro. We quantitatively observed the dynamics of endothelial cell protrusion and developed a mathematical model for one-dimensional dynamics. We then extended the one-dimensional model to two-dimensions. The model showed that random searching by endothelial cells was sufficient to generate the observed network structure in fibrin gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakajima
- Department of Biomedical Science,Kyushu University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yamaguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Ei
- Department of Mathematics, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Nashimoto Y, Hayashi T, Kunita I, Nakamasu A, Torisawa YS, Nakayama M, Takigawa-Imamura H, Kotera H, Nishiyama K, Miura T, Yokokawa R. Integrating perfusable vascular networks with a three-dimensional tissue in a microfluidic device. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:506-518. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00024c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Creating vascular networks in tissues is crucial for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nashimoto
- Department of Micro Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8540
- Japan
| | - Tomoya Hayashi
- Department of Micro Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8540
- Japan
| | - Itsuki Kunita
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8556
- Japan
| | - Akiko Nakamasu
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 812-8582
- Japan
| | - Yu-suke Torisawa
- Department of Micro Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8540
- Japan
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research
| | | | | | - Hidetoshi Kotera
- Department of Micro Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8540
- Japan
| | - Koichi Nishiyama
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8556
- Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 812-8582
- Japan
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8540
- Japan
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