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Uy ALT, Yamamoto A, Matsuda M, Arae T, Hasunuma T, Demura T, Ohtani M. The Carbon Flow Shifts from Primary to Secondary Metabolism during Xylem Vessel Cell Differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1563-1575. [PMID: 37875012 PMCID: PMC10734892 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vessel cell differentiation is characterized by the deposition of a secondary cell wall (SCW) containing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN7 (VND7), a plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factor, is a master regulator of xylem vessel cell differentiation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Previous metabolome analysis using the VND7-inducible system in tobacco BY-2 cells successfully revealed significant quantitative changes in primary metabolites during xylem vessel cell differentiation. However, the flow of primary metabolites is not yet well understood. Here, we performed a metabolomic analysis of VND7-inducible Arabidopsis T87 suspension cells. Capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry quantified 57 metabolites, and subsequent data analysis highlighted active changes in the levels of UDP-glucose and phenylalanine, which are building blocks of cellulose and lignin, respectively. In a metabolic flow analysis using stable carbon 13 (13C) isotope, the 13C-labeling ratio specifically increased in 3-phosphoglycerate after 12 h of VND7 induction, followed by an increase in shikimate after 24 h of induction, while the inflow of 13C into lactate from pyruvate was significantly inhibited, indicating an active shift of carbon flow from glycolysis to the shikimate pathway during xylem vessel cell differentiation. In support of this notion, most glycolytic genes involved in the downstream of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate were downregulated following the induction of xylem vessel cell differentiation, whereas genes for the shikimate pathway and phenylalanine biosynthesis were upregulated. These findings provide evidence for the active shift of carbon flow from primary metabolic pathways to the SCW polymer biosynthetic pathway at specific points during xylem vessel cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Arae
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
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Huai B, Liang MJ, Bai M, He HJ, Chen JZ, Wu H. Localization of CgVPE1 in secondary cell wall formation during tracheary element differentiation in the pericarp of Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' fruits. PLANTA 2022; 256:89. [PMID: 36169724 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CgVPE1 is important in the differentiation of TE cells in C. grandis 'Tomentosa' fruits as it may directly affects secondary cell wall construction while participating in PCD. The vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) plays an important role in both developmental and environmentally inducible programmed cell death (PCD); it was originally identified as a cysteine protease localized in the vacuole to activate and mature vacuolar proteins in plants. Interestingly, we found a VPE called CgVPE1 to be associated with deposition of the secondary cell wall in tracheary element (TE) cells in the pericarp of Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' fruits. We then used ultrathin sections and the TUNEL assay to verify that PCD is involved in TE development. Furthermore, CgVPE1 was found to be mainly expressed in secretory cavities and TEs in the pericarp of Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' fruits. Immunolocalization of CgVPE1 in the pericarp indicated that CgVPE1 is mainly distributed in the central large vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi vesicles, cytosol, and secondary wall before TE maturation. CgVPE1 appeared earlier in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi vesicles of TEs cells. The vesicles containing CgVPE1 near the large central vacuole and secondary wall were observed, respectively. CgVPE1 proteins content in the cytoplasm decreased sharply, while the CgVPE1 content in the secondary cell wall did not change significantly after vacuole rupture. CgVPE1 protein contents in the secondary cell wall were significantly reduced until the TE cells developed into hollow thick-walled cells. Furthermore, labeling of VPE homologues in Arabidopsis thaliana using immunoelectron microscopy with anti-CgVPE1 antibody revealed that VPE homologues were specifically distributed in the secondary cell wall of stem TEs. Overall, these results suggested that CgVPE1 is not only involved PCD during TE cell development; furthermore, it may directly participate in the construction of plant secondary cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Huai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - M J Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - M Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - H J He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - J Z Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - H Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Ogino H, Kamei Y, Hayashi T, Sakamoto J, Suzuki M, Igawa T. Invention sharing is the mother of developmental biology (Part 3). Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:4. [PMID: 35102551 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ogino
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Joe Sakamoto
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Igawa
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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