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Tanaka Y, Iwaya C, Kawanami T, Hamaguchi Y, Horikawa T, Shigeoka T, Yanase T, Kawanami D, Nomiyama T. Combined treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 and metformin attenuates breast cancer growth. Diabetol Int 2022; 13:480-492. [PMID: 35693999 PMCID: PMC9174406 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-021-00560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death in patients with diabetes. Incretin therapy has received much attention because of its tissue-protective effects. We have previously reported an anti-breast cancer effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4). An anti-cancer effect of metformin is well recognized. Therefore, we examined the effect of combined treatment with Ex-4 and metformin in breast cancer cells. In human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and KPL-1, 0.1-10 mM metformin significantly reduced the cell number in growth curve analysis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, combined treatment with 0.1 mM metformin and 10 nM Ex-4 additively attenuated the growth curve progression of breast cancer cells. In a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay, Ex-4 or metformin significantly decreased breast cancer cell proliferation and further reduction of BrdU incorporation was observed by combined treatment with Ex-4 and metformin, which suggested that Ex-4 and metformin additively decreased DNA synthesis in breast cancer cells. Although apoptotic cells were not observed among Ex-4-treated breast cancer cells, apoptotic cells were clearly detected among metformin-treated breast cancer cells by apoptosis assays. Furthermore, metformin decreased BCL-2 expression in MCF-7 cells. In vivo experiments using a xenograft model showed that Ex-4 and metformin significantly decreased the breast tumor weight and Ki67-positive proliferative cancer cells, and metformin reduced the serum insulin level in mice. These data suggested that Ex-4 and metformin attenuated cell proliferation and metformin induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Combined treatment of Ex-4 and metformin may be an optional therapy to inhibit breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
| | - Chikayo Iwaya
- Fukuoka Saiseikai Omuta Hospital, 810 Taguma, Omuta, Fukuoka 814-0174 Japan
| | - Takako Kawanami
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
| | - Yuriko Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Horikawa
- Okabe Hospital, 1-2-1 Myoujinzaka, Umimachi, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka, 811-2122 Japan
| | - Toru Shigeoka
- Terasawa Hospital, 1-14-11 Ichizaki, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-0084 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yanase
- Muta Hospital, 3-9-1 Hoshikuma, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0163 Japan
| | - Daiji Kawanami
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
| | - Takashi Nomiyama
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, International University of Health and Welfare Ichikawa Hospital, 6-1-14 Kounodai, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0827 Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686 Japan
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McCullough PA, Amin A, Pantalone KM, Ronco C. Cardiorenal Nexus: A Review With Focus on Combined Chronic Heart and Kidney Failure, and Insights From Recent Clinical Trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e024139. [PMID: 35616212 PMCID: PMC9238695 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.024139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cardiorenal nexus encompasses a bidirectional relationship between the heart and the kidneys. Chronic abnormalities in cardiac function can lead to progressive kidney disease, and chronic kidney disease can lead to progressively decreasing cardiac function and increasing risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure. About 15% of US adults have chronic kidney disease, 2% have heart failure, and 9% have cardiovascular disease. Prevalence rates of chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and associated morbidities such as type 2 diabetes are expected to increase with an aging population. Observational studies provide evidence for the cardiorenal nexus. Follow-up data from placebo arms of clinical trials in chronic kidney disease or cardiovascular disease show higher rates of renal and cardiovascular outcome events in patient subgroups with type 2 diabetes than in those without type 2 diabetes. The cardiorenal syndromes develop along an interlinked pathophysiological trajectory that requires a holistic, collaborative approach involving a multidisciplinary team. There is now a compendium of treatment options. Greater understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of the cardiorenal nexus will support optimization of the management of these interlinked disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alpesh Amin
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California Irvine School of MedicineOrangeCA
| | | | - Claudio Ronco
- International Renal Research Institute of VicenzaItaly
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and TransplantationSan Bortolo HospitalVicenzaItaly
- Department of Medicine (DIMED)Università di PadovaPaduaItaly
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Yoshiji S, Minamino H, Tanaka D, Yamane S, Harada N, Inagaki N. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1029-1037. [PMID: 35137511 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the cardiovascular and renal outcomes of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and the associations between these outcomes and HbA1c or weight reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases for randomized, placebo-controlled trials of GLP-1 RAs reporting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; a composite of cardiovascular mortality, stroke, and myocardial infarction) as the primary outcome. We conducted a meta-regression analysis of primary and secondary outcomes with HbA1c or weight reduction following a meta-analysis with a random-effects model for these outcomes. RESULTS We extracted data of 60 800 individuals from eight eligible studies (ELIXA, LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, EXSCEL, HARMONY, PIONEER 6, REWIND, and AMPLITUDE-O). GLP-1 RAs reduced MACE (hazard ratio [HR] 0.86; 95% CI: 0.80-0.93; P < .001) and secondary outcomes including the composite renal outcome (0.80; 0.73-0.87; P < .001). In meta-regression analysis, every 1% reduction in HbA1c was associated with 26% and 35% decreases in the logarithm of HR of MACE (P = .044; R2 = 0.65) and the composite renal outcome (P = .040; R2 = 0.85), respectively. On the contrary, weight reduction was not associated with any outcome, including MACE (P = .390). CONCLUSIONS The reduction in HbA1c, but not body weight, is associated with cardiovascular and renal outcomes. The magnitude of HbA1c reduction can be a surrogate for the cardiovascular and renal benefits of treatment with GLP-1 RAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yoshiji
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative Program in Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Minamino
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tanaka
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Webb J, Mount J, von Arx L, Rachman J, Spanopoulos D, Wood R, Tritton T, Massey O, Idris I. Cardiovascular risk profiles: A cross-sectional study evaluating the generalizability of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist cardiovascular outcome trials REWIND, LEADER and SUSTAIN-6 to the real-world type 2 diabetes population in the United Kingdom. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:289-295. [PMID: 34668637 PMCID: PMC9299650 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the proportion of UK patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who meet the cardiovascular (CV) or combined CV/core eligibility criteria used for the CV outcome trials (CVOTs) of UK-marketed glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) showing CV benefit (dulaglutide in REWIND, liraglutide in LEADER and injectable semaglutide in SUSTAIN-6). MATERIALS AND METHODS Adults with T2D on/before June 2018 were identified from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD primary care database and linked to Hospital Episode Statistics data (Protocol 19_262). Patient CV and clinical data were evaluated against the CVOT eligibility criteria. Data were analysed descriptively. RESULTS The study cohort (N = 33 118 patients with T2D) had a mean (standard deviation) age of 66.0 (13.3) years and 56.6% were male. Almost two-thirds (64.5%) of the study cohort met the CV criteria for REWIND, versus 43.0% for both LEADER and SUSTAIN-6. The proportions of the study cohort who met the CVOT criteria of "established CV disease" and "CV risk factors only" for REWIND were 22.4% and 42.1%, respectively, versus 38.7% and 4.3%, respectively, for both LEADER and SUSTAIN-6. The proportions of patients satisfying both CV and core criteria were 44.4% for REWIND, 13.3% for LEADER and 13.5% for SUSTAIN-6. Study findings remained consistent when restricted to GLP-1RA users. CONCLUSIONS REWIND captured a trial population more representative of the real-world T2D population in the United Kingdom than LEADER or SUSTAIN-6 with regard to both CV and combined CV/core eligibility criteria.
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Fu F, Liu C, Shi R, Li M, Zhang M, Du Y, Wang Q, Li J, Wang G, Pei J, Ding M. Punicalagin Protects Against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Promoting Opa1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fusion via Regulating PTP1B-Stat3 Pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:618-641. [PMID: 33906428 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aims: This study aims to explore the efficacy of punicalagin (PG) on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), with a specific focus on the mechanisms underlying the effects of PG on mitochondrial fusion/fission dynamics. Results: Cardiac structural and functional abnormalities were ameliorated in diabetic rats receiving PG administration as evidenced by increased ejection fraction, and attenuated myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy. PG enhanced mitochondrial function and inhibited mitochondria-derived oxidative stress by promoting Opa1-mediated mitochondrial fusion. The benefits of PG could be abrogated by knockdown of Opa1 in vivo and in vitro. Inhibitor screening and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that Stat3 directly regulated the transcriptional expression of Opa1 by binding to its promoter and was responsible for PG-induced Opa1-mediated mitochondrial fusion. Moreover, pharmmapper screening and molecular docking studies revealed that PG embedded into the activity pocket of PTP1B and inhibited the activity of PTP1B. Overexpression of PTP1B blocked the promoting effect of PG on Stat3 phosphorylation and Opa1-mediated mitochondrial fusion, whereas knockdown of PTP1B mimicked the benefits of PG in high-glucose-treated cardiomyocytes. Innovation: Our study is the first to identify PG as a novel mitochondrial fusion promoter against hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial oxidative injury and cardiomyopathy by upregulating Opa1 via regulating PTP1B-Stat3 pathway. Conclusion: PG protects against DCM by promoting Opa1-mediated mitochondrial fusion, a process in which PG interacts with PTP1B and inhibits its activity, which in turn increases Stat3 phosphorylation and then enhances the transcriptional expression of Opa1. These results suggest that PG might be a promising new therapeutic approach against diabetic cardiac complication. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 618-641.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Man Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanyan Du
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiaojuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoen Wang
- Department of Geriatrics Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianming Pei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingge Ding
- Department of Geriatrics Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Berndt J, Ooi SL, Pak SC. What Is the Mechanism Driving the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events from Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists?-A Mini Review. Molecules 2021; 26:4822. [PMID: 34443410 PMCID: PMC8400553 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are considered the standard of care for type 2 diabetes in many countries worldwide. These molecules have profound anti-hyperglycaemic actions with a favourable safety profile. They are now being considered for their robust cardiovascular (CV) protective qualities in diabetic patients. Most recent CV outcome trials have reported that GLP-1 RAs reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Furthermore, the GLP-1 RAs seem to target the atherosclerotic CV disease processes preferentially. GLP-1 RAs also improve a wide range of routinely measured surrogate markers associated with CV risk. However, mediation analysis suggests these modest improvements may contribute indirectly to the overall anti-atherogenic profile of the molecules but fall short in accounting for the significant reduction in MACE. This review explores the body of literature to understand the possible mechanisms that contribute to the CV protective profile of GLP-1 RAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Berndt
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia; (J.B.); (S.L.O.)
- Eli Lilly Australia Pty. Ltd., West Ryde, NSW 2114, Australia
| | - Soo Liang Ooi
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia; (J.B.); (S.L.O.)
| | - Sok Cheon Pak
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia; (J.B.); (S.L.O.)
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Incretin Hormones in Obesity and Related Cardiometabolic Disorders: The Clinical Perspective. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020351. [PMID: 33503878 PMCID: PMC7910956 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to grow rapidly worldwide, posing many public health challenges of the 21st century. Obese subjects are at major risk for serious diet-related noncommunicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Understanding the mechanisms underlying obesity pathogenesis is needed for the development of effective treatment strategies. Dysregulation of incretin secretion and actions has been observed in obesity and related metabolic disorders; therefore, incretin-based therapies have been developed to provide new therapeutic options. Incretin mimetics present glucose-lowering properties, together with a reduction of appetite and food intake, resulting in weight loss. In this review, we describe the physiology of two known incretins—glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and their role in obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders. We also focus on the available and incoming incretin-based medications that can be used in the treatment of the above-mentioned conditions.
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Pantalone KM, Munir K, Hasenour CM, Atisso CM, Varnado OJ, Maldonado JM, Konig M. Cardiovascular outcomes trials with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: A comparison of study designs, populations and results. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:2209-2226. [PMID: 32744372 PMCID: PMC7754368 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite treatment advances leading to improved outcomes over the past 2 decades, cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of CVD and CV death. Individuals with T2D have not seen the same improvements in CV morbidity and mortality as those without T2D. Given this, it is important to understand the CV impact of drugs used to treat T2D. In patients with T2D, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have shown a reduction in HbA1c and body weight regardless of their differences in chemical structure and pharmacokinetic variables. Glycaemic efficacy, accompanied by the potential for weight reduction and a low risk of hypoglycaemia, has moved GLP-1 RAs to the first treatment of choice following metformin monotherapy in the latest American Diabetes Association treatment guidelines. Additionally, all GLP-1 RAs have shown CV safety and several have proven CV benefit. GLP-1 RAs have been evaluated in cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) of varying sizes, designs and patient populations with differing reported effects on CV outcomes. The purpose of this article is to review the completed GLP-1 RA CVOTs with special attention to how their design, size, patient populations and conduct may influence the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kashif Munir
- Center for Diabetes and EndocrinologyUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
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Scheen AJ. Could metformin modulate cardiovascular outcomes differently with DPP-4 inhibitors compared with SGLT2 inhibitors? DIABETES & METABOLISM 2020; 47:101209. [PMID: 33189895 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Preliminary data have suggested that metformin might potentiate cardiovascular (CV) protection by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is), but reduce CV protection by sodium-glucose cotransporter type-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at high CV-related risk. For this reason, the present meta-analyses aimed to compare metformin moderation of the CV effects of the two pharmacological classes. METHODS Major adverse CV events (3-point MACEs) were counted in high-risk patients with T2DM treated with or without metformin as background therapy in five CV outcome trials with DPP-4is (SAVOR-TIMI 53, EXAMINE, TECOS, CARMELINA, CAROLINA) involving 24,821 patients (17,870 with and 6951 without metformin) and 2550 events (1696 with and 854 without metformin), and four trials with SGLT2is (EMPA-REG OUTCOME, CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, VERTIS CV) involving 24,563 patients (19,090 with and 5473 without metformin) and 1829 events (1300 with and 529 without metformin). RESULTS DPP-4is failed to reduce 3-point MACEs in both metformin users (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.89-1.03) and non-users (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.95-1.16), with no heterogeneity between trials and no significant between-subgroup differences (P = 0.4074), whereas SGLT2is significantly reduced 3-point MACEs in both patients with (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84-0.98) and without (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71-0.91) metformin, but again with no heterogeneity between trials and no significant between-subgroup differences (P = 0.2977). Overall, metformin non-users had a poorer risk profile than metformin users. CONCLUSION Our meta-analyses involving a larger number of trials than before have revealed that background metformin therapy has no significant influence on either the neutral impact of DPP-4is or the positive impact of SGLT2is on CV events (3-point MACEs) in T2DM patients at high CV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J Scheen
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, CHU Liège, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Liège University, Liège, Belgium.
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Morieri ML, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Long-Acting Injectable GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Perspectives from Clinical Practice. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4221-4234. [PMID: 33204129 PMCID: PMC7665457 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s216054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have consistently shown glycemic and extra-glycemic benefits of long-acting injectable glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs, liraglutide, albiglutide, exenatide once-weekly, dulaglutide, and semaglutide) in terms of reduction in the rates of cardiovascular events and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. Recently, the analyses of large datasets collecting routinely-accumulated data from clinical practice (ie, real-world studies, RWS) have provided new opportunities to complement the information obtained from RCTs. In this narrative review, we addressed clinically relevant questions that might be answered by well-conducted RWS: are subjects treated with GLP-1RAs in the "real-world" similar to those included in RCTs? Is the performance of GLP-1RA observed in the RWS (effectiveness) similar to that described in RCTs (efficacy)? Is the effectiveness similar in population of patients generally under-represented in RCTs? Are the cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1RAs confirmed in RWS? We also describe a few comparisons currently un-explored by specific RCTs, such as direct comparison between different administration strategies (eg, fixed- versus flexible-combination with basal-insulin) or between GLP-1RAs versus dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitor (DDP4i) or versus sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) on hard cardio-renal outcomes. Altogether, RWS provide highly informative information on treatment with GLP-1RAs. On the one side, RWS showed different clinical characteristics between subjects enrolled in RCTs versus those attending real-world clinics and receiving a GLP-1RA. On the other hand, RWS showed that GLP-1RA effectiveness is overall consistent in subgroups of patients less represented in RCTs. In addition, RWS allowed the identification of modifiable factors (eg, titration or adherence) that might guide physicians towards better GLP-1RAs use. Finally, multiple RWS reported better cardio-renal outcomes with GLP-1RAs than with DPP-4i, while initial findings from RWS described a weaker cardiovascular protection compared to SGLT-2i. Therefore, there is the need for further RWS and RCTs comparing these different classes of glucose lowering medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Luca Morieri
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova35128, Italy
- Correspondence: Mario Luca Morieri Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova35128, ItalyTel +39 049 8217094 Email
| | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova35128, Italy
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