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Xiao Q, Han J, Yu F, Yan L, Li Q, Lao X, Zhao H, Zhang F. Elucidating the Gene Signatures and Immune Cell Types in HIV-Infected Immunological Non-Responders by Bioinformatics Analyses. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:8491-8507. [PMID: 36514742 PMCID: PMC9741855 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s390642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Numerous studies have reported on the pathogenesis of poor immune reconstitution (PIR) after antiretroviral treatment in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. However, fewer studies focused on both immune-related genes (IRGs) and immune cells, and the correlation between IRGs and immune cells was evaluated via bioinformatics analyses. Methods Gene expression profiling of GSE143742 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was analyzed to get differentially expressed immune-related genes (DEIRGs). The enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of DEIRGs were established. The relative fractions of 22 immune cell types were detected using the "CIBERSORT". The correlation analysis between DEIRGs and immune cells was constructed to discover the potential IRGs associated with immune cells. A logistic regression diagnostic model was built, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to evaluate the model's diagnostic efficacy. The CMap database was used to find molecules with therapeutic potential. RT-qPCR was used to verify the expression of the hub DEIRGs. Results We identified eight types of significantly changed immune cells and five hub IRGs in INRs. The DEIRGs were mainly enriched in lymphocyte activation, receptor-ligand activity, and T cell receptor signaling pathway. The correlation analysis showed that the expression of TNF, CXCR4 and TFRC correlate with CD8 cells, resting mast cells, activated NK cells, and naïve CD4 cells in INRs. Meanwhile, TFRC and IL7R relate to activated NK cells and resting memory CD4 cells respectively in IRs. A diagnostic model was constructed using multiple logistic regression and nine small molecules were identified as possible drugs. Conclusion In this study, we suggested that the process of PIR might be related to TNF, CXCR4, TFRC, CD48, and IL7R. And these IRGs play roles in regulating immune-competent cells. And our constructed diagnostic model has excellent effectiveness. Moreover, some small-molecule drugs are screened to alleviate PIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyan Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Biomedical Innovation Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengting Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liting Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Lao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Fujie Zhang, Beijing, Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 10 84322581, Email
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Abstract
Background: Since medication absorption through the skin and eye tissue seems similar, commercially available eye-drops could be used to treat skin diseases when topical therapies are unavailable or unaffordable. The FDA-approved and off-label applications of various eye drops used as topical treatments in dermatological clinical practice were highlighted in this review.Methodology: A thorough PubMed and Google Scholar library search using various combinations of the keywords (Eye drop, ocular solution, conjunctival installation, and skin diseases, topical, local, beta-blockers, prostaglandin, cyclosporin, apraclonidine, atropine, oxymetazoline).Results and conclusions: Based on the findings of the studies reviewed, timolol is highly recommended for infantile hemangioma and other vascular skin conditions such as angiomas, Kaposi sarcoma, acne, rosacea, and wound healing. Bimatoprost is a drug that can be used to treat hypotrichosis of any kind, as well as mild localized alopecia areata and leukoderma. Oxymetazoline ispromising for treating facial erythema. We recommend apraclonidine for mild upper eyelid ptosis induced botulinum neurotoxin. We don't recommend atropine for hyperhidrosis, although it can help with hydrocystomas and pruritis produced by syringomas. Tobramycin will need to be tested in RCTs before it can be confirmed as a viable alternative to systemic treatments for treating green nail syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Magdy Sarsik
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Heba Saed El-Amawy
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Htet KZ, Waul MA, Leslie KS. Topical treatments for Kaposi sarcoma: A systematic review. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2022; 2:e107. [PMID: 35677916 PMCID: PMC9168015 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background While treatment options exist for solitary or disseminated Kaposi sarcoma (KS) disease, there are currently no standardized clinical treatment guidelines for cutaneous KS. Objective This systematic review seeks to identify safe and effective topical treatments for cutaneous KS lesions. Methods We conducted a systematic review using peer-reviewed articles from January 1970 to September 2021 published in the PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Results From the initial search that yielded 590 studies, 34 met the inclusion criteria and were selected. Of the 34 studies, seven were clinical trials, 26 were case reports/series and one was a multicentre study. A total of 634 patients were included in our review. The three most common topical treatments used for cutaneous KS were imiquimod, alitretinoin and timolol. Topical alitretinoin was used in three case reports and three clinical trials. Topical imiquimod was used in eight case reports, one prospective phase II cohort study and one comparative single-blinded non-controlled clinical study. Topical timolol was used in nine case reports/series. Our review also identified reports of less widely used topical treatments for cutaneous KS. These include topical diphencyprone (DPCP), all-trans-retinoic-acid, rapamycin and bleomycin-dimethylsulfoxide (BLM-DMSO) which achieved variable response rates but have not been widely studied. Conclusion Topical alitretinoin, imiquimod and timolol demonstrated positive responses for cutaneous KS and the treatments were well tolerated. These three topical treatment modalities could be considered by clinicians when treating cutaneous KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Zin Htet
- Tulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
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