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Kim TH, Choi JW, Jeong WS. Current concepts of vascular anomalies. Arch Craniofac Surg 2023; 24:145-158. [PMID: 37654234 PMCID: PMC10475703 DOI: 10.7181/acfs.2023.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular anomalies encompass a variety of malformations and tumors that can result in severe morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. Advances have been made in the classification and diagnosis of these anomalies, with the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies establishing a widely recognized classification system. In recent years, notable progress has been made in genetic testing and imaging techniques, enhancing our ability to diagnose these conditions. The increasing sophistication of genetic testing has facilitated the identification of specific genetic mutations that help treatment decisions. Furthermore, imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography have greatly improved our capacity to visualize and detect vascular abnormalities, enabling more accurate diagnoses. When considering reconstructive surgery for facial vascular anomalies, it is important to consider both functional and cosmetic results of the procedure. Therefore, a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach involving specialists from dermatology, radiology, and genetics is often required to ensure effective management of these conditions. Overall, the treatment approach for facial vascular anomalies depends on the type, size, location, and severity of the anomaly. A thorough evaluation by a team of specialists can determine the most appropriate and effective treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyung Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Woo Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Shik Jeong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Diaz-Perez JA, Kerr DA. Benign and low-grade superficial endothelial cell neoplasms in the molecular era. Semin Diagn Pathol 2023:S0740-2570(23)00041-2. [PMID: 37149395 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tumors are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the skin and subcutis, and they encompass a heterogeneous group with diverse clinical, histological, and molecular features, as well as biological behavior. Over the past two decades, molecular studies have enabled the identification of pathogenic recurrent genetic alterations that can be used as additional data points to support the correct classification of these lesions. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available data related to superficially located benign and low-grade vascular neoplasms and to highlight recent molecular advances with the role of surrogate immunohistochemistry to target pathogenic proteins as diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Diaz-Perez
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Darcy A Kerr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
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3
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DeMaio A, New C, Bergmann S. Medical Treatment of Vascular Anomalies. Dermatol Clin 2022; 40:461-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Lv H, Jiang H, Zhang M, Luo H, Hong Z, Yang H, Xu W, Shen B, Zhang W, Qiu H, Zhu R. Maffucci syndrome complicated by giant chondrosarcoma in the left ankle with an IDH1 R132C mutation: a case report. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:218. [PMID: 35765075 PMCID: PMC9241289 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maffucci syndrome (MS) is a rare, nonhereditary congenital mesodermal dysplasia characterized by multiple enchondromas and hemangiomas, associated with an increased risk of developing malignant tumors. Given their rarity, the pathogenesis of these tumors has not been clarified, and there is no standard treatment. Case presentation We present a case of a 45-year-old man with MS to supplement the clinical manifestations and explore the molecular mechanism of MS. The patient underwent amputation surgery to inhibit tumor development and was diagnosed with MS with 1–2 grade giant chondrosarcoma in the left ankle. In addition, the whole exon analysis results revealed isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) R132C mutation in chondrosarcoma lesions but not in blood DNA. Conclusions This case report showed MS complicated by giant chondrosarcoma in the left ankle with an IDH1 R132C mutation, which is appropriate to monitor the development of MS pathology and other concomitant lesions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02686-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Lv
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hantao Jiang
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minge Zhang
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huarong Luo
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenghua Hong
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai Yang
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiming Xu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- DIAN Diagnostics, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- DIAN Diagnostics, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rangteng Zhu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Sun Y, Fan X, Rao Y, Wang Z, Wang D, Yang X, Zheng L, Wen M, Cai R, Su L. Cell-free DNA from plasma as a promising alternative for detection of gene mutations in patients with Maffucci syndrome. Hereditas 2022; 159:4. [PMID: 35042566 PMCID: PMC8764769 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-022-00223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maffucci syndrome (MS, OMIM 166000) is an extremely unusual, nonhereditary, multisystemic disorder that is characterized with multiple enchondromas and vascular lesions, most of which are spindle cell hemangiomas. Complications of MS, such as bone deformities and dysfunction caused by enchondromas, usually increase during childhood and adolescence. Malignant transformation of enchondromas and other malignancies are the most severe complications. MS is caused by somatic mosaic IDH1/2 mutations, 65% of which are the IDH1 p.Arg132Cys variant. Due to its rarity, there is no international consensus for the most appropriate treatment option of MS. Here, we report a case of a female patient presenting with multiple enchondromas and spindle cell hemangiomas (SCHs) on bilateral hand and feet diagnosed as MS. A detailed clinical, pathological and genetic diagnosis of MS was rendered. Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) visualization of next-generation sequencing (NGS) data revealed the consistent detection of the low-frequency somatic IDH1 p.Arg132Cys mutation between SCH tissue and cystic blood-derived cfDNA. This is the first successful molecular diagnosis of MS complicated with SCH utilizing minimally invasive cfDNA techniques. We suggest that cfDNA sequencing could potentially be used as an alternative, reliable and sensitive method to identify molecular information for genetic diagnosis and for future targeted therapies of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Multidisciplinary Team of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai Ninth People's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xindong Fan
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Multidisciplinary Team of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai Ninth People's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamin Rao
- Department of pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Multidisciplinary Team of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai Ninth People's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Deming Wang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Multidisciplinary Team of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai Ninth People's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xitao Yang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Multidisciplinary Team of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai Ninth People's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianzhou Zheng
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Multidisciplinary Team of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai Ninth People's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Wen
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Multidisciplinary Team of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai Ninth People's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren Cai
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Multidisciplinary Team of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai Ninth People's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lixin Su
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Multidisciplinary Team of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai Ninth People's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Butacu AI, Negulet IE, Boieriu ED, Dinu IS, Mihalache A, Mastalier B, Salavastru CM, Fritz K, Tiplica GS. [The most common benign cutaneous neoplasms of vascular, muscular, and adipose tissue and their treatment]. Hautarzt 2022; 73:104-113. [PMID: 35041024 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-021-04926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benign cutaneous vascular and cutaneous neoplasms arising from muscle or adipose tissue are rare. Their definition and classification are still controversially discussed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies, together with the new genetic tests, contribute significantly to the correct description of the various benign neoplasms of cutaneous origin. Clarifying whether a lesion is benign is fundamental for prognosis and therapeutic management. In most cases, surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Dermatologists should be familiar with the classifications of the most common benign cutaneous neoplasms of vascular, muscular, and adipose tissue and be able to recommend the procedures currently used for an accurate diagnosis. Ensuring that a lesion is benign and a good surgical outcome are essential for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Irina Butacu
- Dermatologie II, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Bukarest, Rumänien
| | - Iulia-Elena Negulet
- Dermatologie II, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Bukarest, Rumänien
| | - Emanuela-Domnica Boieriu
- Dermatologie II, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Bukarest, Rumänien
| | - Ioana-Simona Dinu
- Dermatologie II, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Bukarest, Rumänien
| | | | - Bogdan Mastalier
- Chirurgie I, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Stefan cel Mare Street, 19-21, 020125, Bukarest, Rumänien.
| | - Carmen Maria Salavastru
- Pädiatrische Dermatologie, Institut für Dermatoonkologische Forschung, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Bukarest, Rumänien
| | - Klaus Fritz
- Dermatologie II, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Bukarest, Rumänien
| | - George-Sorin Tiplica
- Dermatologie II, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Bukarest, Rumänien
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7
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Brown NJ, Ye Z, Stutterd C, Jayasinghe SI, Schneider A, Mullen SA, Mandelstam SA, Hildebrand MS. Somatic IDH1 variant (p.R132C) in an adult male with Maffucci syndrome. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2021; 7:mcs.a006127. [PMID: 34588213 PMCID: PMC8751415 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Maffucci syndrome is a rare, highly variable somatic mosaic condition, and well-known cancer-related gain-of-function variants in either the IDH1 or IDH2 genes have been found in the affected tissues of most reported individuals. Features include benign enchondroma and spindle-cell hemangioma, with a recognized increased risk of various malignancies. Fewer than 200 affected individuals have been reported; therefore, accurate estimates of malignancy risk are difficult to quantify and recommended surveillance guidelines are not available. The same gain-of-function IDH1 and IDH2 variants are also implicated in a variety of other benign and malignant tumors. An adult male presented with several soft palpable lesions on the right upper limb. Imaging and histopathology raised the possibility of Maffucci syndrome. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes and tissue surgically resected from a spindle-cell hemangioma. Sanger sequencing and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the IDH1 gene were performed. We identified a somatic mosaic c.394C > T (p.R132C) variant in exon 5 of IDH1, in DNA derived from hemangioma tissue at ∼17% variant allele fraction. This variant was absent in DNA derived from blood. This variant has been identified in the affected tissue of most reported individuals with Maffucci syndrome. Although this individual has a potentially targetable variant, and there is a recognized risk of malignant transformation in this condition, a decision was made not to intervene with an IDH1 inhibitor. The reasons and prospects for therapy in this condition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zimeng Ye
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chloe Stutterd
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sureshni I Jayasinghe
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saul A Mullen
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone A Mandelstam
- Royal Children's Hospital Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael S Hildebrand
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Austin Hospital), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Larson AS, Brinjikji W, Anderson KR, Tollefson M, Michelle Silvera V, Guerin JB. Imaging of benign cervicofacial vascular anomalies and associated syndromes. Interv Neuroradiol 2021; 28:364-374. [PMID: 34397285 DOI: 10.1177/15910199211034989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervicofacial vascular anomalies can result in morbidity, pain, and cosmetic concerns in affected individuals. Each anomaly has its own unique natural history, treatment, and associations with underlying genetic syndromes. For optimal patient care, it is important for the neuroradiologist to accurately recognize and characterize these entities to ensure appropriate treatment and management. In this review, we discuss the general characteristics, classifications, and imaging features associated with the most common vascular anomalies such as hemangiomas, arteriovenous malformations and fistulas, capillary malformations, venous malformations, and lymphatic malformations in the context of associated syndromes. Additionally, we discuss novel imaging techniques that aid in identifying these vascular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waleed Brinjikji
- Department of Radiology, 6915Mayo Clinic, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, 6915Mayo Clinic, USA
| | | | - Megha Tollefson
- Department of Dermatology, 6915Mayo Clinic, USA.,Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 6915Mayo Clinic, USA
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9
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Han T, Wang R, Zhou X. Successful Outcome After Intralesional Curettage for Spindle Cell Hemangioma of Fibula in an Infant: A Case Report. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:767927. [PMID: 34805052 PMCID: PMC8600265 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.767927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spindle cell hemangioma (SCH), a non-neoplastic reactive vascular lesion, rarely locates in bones. We herein report a successful case of intralesional curettage for an infant with SCH of fibula. An 11-month-old boy was admitted to our center with a painless mass in the right proximal calf. Preoperative digital radiograph demonstrated a massive vascular lesion with an irregular bone destruction of proximal fibula. The lesion was removed via the intralesional curettage approach and pathologically diagnosed as SCH. The patient gained bone structure recovery of right proximal fibula. Two years after the surgery, he experienced no local recurrence. For the management of SCH of fibula with partial bone destruction, we suggest early-stage intralesional curettage as its safety and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rufa Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhou
- Neonatal Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Liu H, Rao Y, Gu H, Yang X, Hu L, Sun Y, Chen H, Lin X. Characteristic appearance of spindle cell hemangiomatosis, often misdiagnosed as venous malformation: A retrospective study of 11 cases. J Dermatol 2020; 47:1424-1431. [PMID: 32991744 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spindle cell hemangiomatosis is a benign multifocal vascular proliferation that mostly occurs in the distal extremities. It is a relatively rare disease and causes difficulties in clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis of venous malformation. We retrospectively assessed the medical history, and clinical features, imaging features, pathological features and follow up of 11 patients diagnosed pathologically with spindle cell hemangiomatosis after surgery. There are two types of clinical appearances in spindle cell hemangiomatosis in the distal extremities: bleb-like nodules and varix-like nodules. Bleb-like nodules are mostly superficially located in the palm or interphalangeal joints with obvious hemorrhage in lesions and mainly composed of cavernous spaces rather than spindle cells. Varix-like nodules are located in the back of the hands or arms with normal skin color and mainly composed of solid areas of accumulated spindle cells. Surgery is the standard therapy for spindle cell hemangiomatosis, while sclerotherapy is invalid. Despite the tendency to develop new lesions, there are no residual lesions at the surgical site during follow up. Bleb-like nodules in the palm and interphalangeal joints are a typical clinical appearance in spindle cell hemangiomatosis which can help make clinical and a differential diagnosis of venous malformation. Surgery is the standard therapy for spindle cell hemangiomatosis with no residual lesions remaining at the surgical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Liu
- Departments of, Department of, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yamin Rao
- Department of, Pathology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Departments of, Department of, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Departments of, Department of, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Hu
- Departments of, Department of, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Departments of, Department of, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Departments of, Department of, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Departments of, Department of, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Martinez-Lopez A, Salvador-Rodriguez L, Montero-Vilchez T, Molina-Leyva A, Tercedor-Sanchez J, Arias-Santiago S. Vascular malformations syndromes: an update. Curr Opin Pediatr 2019; 31:747-753. [PMID: 31693582 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update of vascular malformation syndromes by reviewing the most recent articles on the topic and following the new International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) 2018 classification. RECENT FINDINGS This review discusses the main features and diagnostic approaches of the vascular malformation syndromes, the new genetic findings and the new therapeutic strategies developed in recent months. SUMMARY Some vascular malformations can be associated with other anomalies, such as tissue overgrowth. PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS) is a group of rare genetic disorders with asymmetric overgrowth caused by somatic mosaic mutations in PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway that encompass a heterogeneous group of rare disorder that are associated with the appearance of overgrowth. CLOVES syndrome and Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome are PROS disease. Proteus syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome caused by a somatic activating mutation in AKT1. CLOVES, Klippel-Trénaunay and Proteus syndromes are associated with high risk of thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is an autosomic dominant disorder characterized by the presence of arteriovenous malformations. New therapeutic strategies with bevacizumab and thalidomide have been employed with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martinez-Lopez
- Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves
- Instituto de Investigacio[Combining Acute Accent]n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA
| | | | | | - Alejandro Molina-Leyva
- Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves
- Instituto de Investigacio[Combining Acute Accent]n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA
| | - Jesus Tercedor-Sanchez
- Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves
- Instituto de Investigacio[Combining Acute Accent]n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves
- Instituto de Investigacio[Combining Acute Accent]n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA
- Dermatology Department, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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