Clinical presentation, conventional/4D spatio-temporal image correlation imaging findings, pregnancy and early postnatal outcomes in fetuses having anomalies of systemic venous return in the absence of significant intracardiac defects: A retrospective study from two centres in Southern India

Foramen ovale flap aneurysm in fetuses associated with and without heart defects: Prenatal diagnosis, imaging, in-utero hemodynamics, pregnancy, and postnatal outcomes

BACKGROUND

Isolated redundant foramen ovale flap aneurysm (RFOA) in the absence of restrictive foramen ovale is believed to be a cause for pseudocoarctation of aorta since the impediment of blood flow to the left heart can be severe, resembling the picture of left ventricular hypoplasia with retrograde aortic flow. The primary objective of the study is to find whether RFOA is always a benign lesion. The main focus of the study is to share my experience in particular on fetuses having redundant foramen ovale flap aneurysm developing into coarctation of aorta and to study the associated factors.

METHODS

Retrospective study (January 2020 to June 2023). All fetuses with RFOA associated with and without congenital heart defects were included. Fetuses with restrictive foramen ovale and RFOA with single ventricle hearts were excluded. The imaging, in-utero hemodynamics, pregnancy, and postnatal outcomes with at least 3 months follow-up were presented.

RESULTS

During the study period, a total of 1499 fetal echocardiography were performed. Twenty-two fetuses with RFOA were included. Fourteen fetuses had isolated RFOA and eight had associated abnormalities [extracardiac (n = 5); intracardiac (n = 2), Both (n = 1)]. Genetic evaluation were performed only in fetuses with associated defects were normal. Postnatally all isolated RFOA fetuses had no aortic arch obstruction. Fetuses with associated aberrant right subclavian artery, isolated left superior vena cava, absent ductus venosus and ventricular septal defects developed aortic arch obstruction after birth. RFOA causes smallish left ventricle in fetuses with tetralogy of Fallot which recovered to normal size postnatally.

CONCLUSION

Isolated RFOA can be benign, however, if it is associated with cardiac or extracardiac anomalies predominantly resulted in aortic arch obstruction. Though it is a cause for pseudocoarctation of aorta, through postnatal reassessment of aortic arch is mandatory. Careful search for intracardiac and systemic venous anomalies is recommended. It created confusion regarding adequacy of left ventricle when associated with congenital heart defects.

Superior caval vein partially overriding the interatrial septum-A fetal echocardiographic sign of superior sinus venosus defect. Reporting its rare association with coarctation of aorta in a fetus and its outcome

Prenatal diagnosis of superior sinus venosus defect has never been reported in the literature. I describe here an echocardiographic sign which is helpful in diagnosing this defect in a 35 + 2 weeks fetus and its rare association with coarctation of aorta.