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Orleanska J, Wiecek W, Majzner K. Investigation of etravirine uptake and distribution in single aortic endothelial cells in vitro using Raman imaging. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 39022813 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00314d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Etravirine (ETV) is an antiretroviral agent that belongs to the class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. This study explores the uptake and distribution of ETV in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) using Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. The distinctive chemical structure of ETV facilitates tracking of its uptake by observing the Raman band at 2225 cm-1 in the Raman-silent region. The perinuclear distribution pattern in HAECs depends on drug concentration and incubation time. The uptake of ETV is observed within 5 minutes at a concentration of 10 μM, as evidenced by Raman images. Lower ETV concentrations, reflective of those found in human plasma, are detectable in HAECs by applying chemometric methods to Raman spectra from the perinuclear region. The ETV accumulation process is crucial in advancing our understanding of the drug's impact on biochemical alterations within endothelial cells. Additionally, ETV emerges as a promising Raman reporter for marking subcellular compartments, leveraging the 2225 cm-1 band in the cellular Raman silent region. This research contributes valuable insights into the behavior of ETV at the subcellular level, shedding light on its potential applications and impact on subcellular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Orleanska
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, Gronostajowa 2 St, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Prof. St. Lojasiewicza St 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego St 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Wiecek
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, Gronostajowa 2 St, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Majzner
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, Gronostajowa 2 St, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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Dadi M, Sen Singh I, Rao G P. Extractive determination study of Etravirine by using Tpooo as an Analytical reagent in Pure and Pharmaceutical dosage forms. RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND TECHNOLOGY 2022:1145-1150. [DOI: 10.52711/0974-360x.2022.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
This study developed a sensitive and straightforward extractive spectroscopic method to estimate Etravirine (ETR) using TPooo as an analytical reagent in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. This method was achieved based on the extractable chloroform complex formed with Tropeoline ooo (TPooo) in an acidic media. Following Beer’s law, the extractable complex showed the absorbance maximum at 485nm at the concentration ranges between 12.5-75 µg/ml with the molar absorptivity 2.195 x 103 L/mole /cm and the Sandell’s sensitivity 0.1549 µg cm-2. The result of Etravirine estimation for the present method has been validated statistically by recovery studies, and the developed method was simple, sensitive, accurate, and precise. It was validated following International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and also successfully applied for the estimation of Etravirine in tablet dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Dadi
- Department of Chemistry, Copperbelt University, Jambo Drive, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Indra Sen Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Copperbelt University, Jambo Drive, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Purnachandra Rao G
- Department of Chemistry, NRI Institute of Technology, Pothavarpadu, Agiripalli, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Ashuro AA, Fan YG, Fu YS, Di DS, Sam NB, Pan HF, Ye DQ. The Effect of Rosuvastatin on Plasma/Serum Levels of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-6, and D-Dimer in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:821-833. [PMID: 33913752 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosuvastatin therapy might have an effect on the inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers. However, the evidence about the effect of rosuvastatin therapy on the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and D-dimer levels among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) is still unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the relational effect of rosuvastatin therapy on serum/plasma hsCRP, IL-6 and D-dimer levels in PLHIV. The literature search was done from Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The review and meta-analysis included studies written in English language up to January 4, 2020. Random effects model was used to evaluate the pooled standard mean difference with 95% confidence interval. A meta-analysis was performed using nine articles with 392 PLHIV. The result revealed that the plasma/serum levels of IL-6 were significantly reduced after the intervention. However, hsCRP and D-dimer levels showed no significant difference (p > .05) between before and after the intervention. The subgroup analysis showed that there was significant association between PLHIV ages <45 years and cohort studies with IL-6 levels. The current CD4+ counts ≥350 cells/mm3 correlated with hsCRP as well as IL-6. Similarly, nadir CD4+ counts ≥200 cells/mm3 and duration of HIV diagnosis <10 years also showed significant association with IL-6 and D-dimer levels. It was also indicated that participants who were under antiretroviral drug for <7 years were significantly associated with hsCRP levels. This study established that IL-6 levels were significantly reduced after the intervention while hsCRP and D-dimer levels showed no significant difference between before and after the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akililu Alemu Ashuro
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yin-Guang Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan-Sheng Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Di
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Napoleon Bellua Sam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Dong-Qing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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Hollstein T, Schumann F, Kassner U. [HIV and dyslipidemia - reasons and therapy]. MMW Fortschr Med 2020; 162:54-61. [PMID: 32583267 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-020-0015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institutes of Health/NIDDK, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Friederike Schumann
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Lipidambulanz, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Ursula Kassner
- Medizinische Klinik für Endokrinologie und Stoffwechselmedizin, Charité - Universitäts- medizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353, Berlin, Deutschland.
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Wiggins BS, Lamprecht DG, Page RL, Saseen JJ. Recommendations for Managing Drug-Drug Interactions with Statins and HIV Medications. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2017; 17:375-389. [PMID: 28364370 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-017-0222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has enabled individuals to live longer. As a result, HIV is now often considered a chronic condition. However, as a result of the increase in longevity or the HIV treatment modalities themselves, individuals with HIV are at high risk for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, these patients should be optimized with pharmacologic therapy to lower their cardiovascular risk through the addition of statin therapy to their regimen. Unfortunately, many medications utilized to treat HIV interact with this class of agents, making prescribing of statin therapy in these patients challenging. While several classes of ARTs do not pose an increased risk of drug-drug interactions with statins, HIV treatment often requires several combinations of medications, enhancing the complexity and drug-drug interaction risk. Clinicians should be aware of interactions with statins and ART and carefully review the degree and clinical significance of each particular medication. With this understanding, the appropriate statin as well as statin dose can be selected in order to optimize the treatment of this patient population, while minimizing the potential risk of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Wiggins
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 25 Courtenay Drive, MSC 584, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Donald G Lamprecht
- Kaiser Permanente of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert L Page
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joseph J Saseen
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Maggi P, Di Biagio A, Rusconi S, Cicalini S, D'Abbraccio M, d'Ettorre G, Martinelli C, Nunnari G, Sighinolfi L, Spagnuolo V, Squillace N. Cardiovascular risk and dyslipidemia among persons living with HIV: a review. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:551. [PMID: 28793863 PMCID: PMC5550957 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aim of this review is to focus the attention on people living with HIV infection at risk of developing a cardiovascular event. What is or what would be the most suitable antiretroviral therapy? Which statin or fibrate to reduce the risk? How to influence behavior and lifestyles? DISCUSSION Prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains the first and essential step in a medical intervention on these patients. The lifestyle modification, including smoking cessation, increased physical activity, weight reduction, and the education on healthy dietary practices are the main instruments. Statins are the cornerstone for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. They have been shown to slow the progression or promote regression of coronary plaque, and could also exert an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect. However the current guidelines for the use of these drugs in general population are dissimilar, with important differences between American and European ones. The debate between American and European guidelines is still open and, also considering the independent risk factor represented by HIV, specific guidelines are warranted. Ezetimibe reduces the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. It is effective alone or in combination with rosuvastatin. It does not modify plasmatic concentrations of antiretrovirals. A number of experimental new classes of drugs for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia are being studied. Fibrates represent the first choice for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia, however, the renal toxicity of fibrates and statins should be considered. Omega 3 fatty acids have a good safety profile, but their efficacy is limited. Another concern is the high dose needed. Other drugs are acipimox and tesamorelin. Current antiretroviral therapies are less toxic and more effective than regimens used in the early years. Lipodistrophy and dyslipidemia are the main causes of long-term toxicities. Not all antiretrovirals have similar toxicities. Protease Inhibitors may cause dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy, while integrase inhibitors have a minimal impact on lipids profile, and no evidence of lipodystrophy. There is still much to be written with the introduction of new drugs in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular risk among HIV infected patients, interventions on behavior and lifestyles, use of drugs to reduce the risk, and switch in antiretroviral therapy, remain nowadays major issues in the management of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Maggi
- Clinica Malattie Infettive Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, Policlinico Ospedale S. Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Divisione Clinicizzata di Malattie Infettive, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio D'Abbraccio
- UOC. di Immunodeficienze e Malattie Infettive di Genere, P.O. "D. Cotugno", AORN Dei Colli, Naples, Italy
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