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ZHANG BY, ZHENG YF, ZHAO J, KANG D, WANG Z, XU LJ, LIU AL, DU GH. Identification of multi-target anti-cancer agents from TCM formula by in silico prediction and in vitro validation. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:332-351. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Padmavathi G, Monisha J, Bordoloi D, Banik K, Roy NK, Girisa S, Singh AK, Longkumer I, Baruah MN, Kunnumakkara AB. Tumor necrosis factor-α induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8/TIPE) family is differentially expressed in oral cancer and regulates tumorigenesis through Akt/mTOR/STAT3 signaling cascade. Life Sci 2021; 287:120118. [PMID: 34740574 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highest incidence of oral cancer is reported in India with reduced survival rate in the advanced stages due to lack of effective biomarkers. Therefore, it is essential to develop novel biomarkers for the better management of this disease. In the current study, TNFAIP8/TIPE protein family comprising of four proteins is explored for its role in oral cancer. METHODS IHC analysis of oral cancer TMA and Western blot analysis of tobacco treated oral cancer cells were performed to determine the differential expression of TIPE proteins in oral cancer. Further, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing was done to generate TIPE proteins' knockouts and MTT, colony formation, wound healing, cell cycle and Western blot analysis were performed to determine the effect of gene knockouts on various cancer hallmarks and the associated molecular targets of TIPE proteins. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IHC results revealed that expression of TIPE, TIPE2 and TIPE3 were upregulated and TIPE1 was downregulated in oral cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. Similar results were observed upon treating oral cancer cells with tobacco carcinogens. Furthermore, knockout of TIPE or TIPE2 or TIPE3 significantly reduced the survival, proliferation, colony formation and migration of oral cancer cells whereas knockout of TIPE1 had an opposite effect. Further, TIPE, TIPE2 and TIPE3 knockout-mediated inhibition of proliferation was associated with inhibition of cell cycle progression at S or G2/M phases, and downregulation of proteins involved in cancer progression. We found that TIPE, TIPE1 and TIPE2 proteins regulate oral cancer progression through modulation of Akt/mTOR signaling cascade, whereas TIPE3 acts through an Akt-independent mTOR/STAT3 pathway. CONCLUSION Collectively, the TIPE proteins were proved to play significant roles in the progression of oral cancer thus warranting research and clinic attention for their therapeutic and prognostic values and raising the importance of specific targeting of TIPE proteins in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Padmavathi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Javadi Monisha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Nand Kishor Roy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Imliwati Longkumer
- North-East Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Guwahati 781023, Assam, India
| | | | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Liu YZ, Lu HL, Qi XM, Xing GZ, Wang X, Yu P, Liu L, Yang FF, Ding XL, Zhang ZA, Deng ZP, Gong LK, Ren J. Aristolochic acid I promoted clonal expansion but did not induce hepatocellular carcinoma in adult rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:2094-2105. [PMID: 33686245 PMCID: PMC8633323 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a well-known nephrotoxic carcinogen, which is currently reported to be also associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Whether AAI is a direct hepatocarcinogen remains controversial. In this study we investigated the association between AAI exposure and HCC in adult rats using a sensitive rat liver bioassay with several cofactors. Formation of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive (GST-P+) foci was used as the marker for preneoplastic lesions/clonal expansion. We first conducted a medium-term (8 weeks) study to investigate whether AAI had any tumor-initiating or -promoting activity. Then a long-term (52 weeks) study was conducted to determine whether AAI can directly induce HCC. We showed that oral administration of single dose of AAI (20, 50, or 100 mg/kg) in combination with partial hepatectomy (PH) to stimulate liver proliferation did not induce typical GST-P+ foci in liver. In the 8-week study, only high dose of AAI (10 mg · kg-1 · d-1, 5 days a week for 6 weeks) in combination with PH significantly increased the number and area of GST-P+ foci initiated by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in liver. Similarly, only high dose of AAI (10 mg· kg-1· d-1, 5 days a week for 52 weeks) in combination with PH significantly increased the number and area of hepatic GST-P+ foci in the 52-week study. No any nodules or HCC were observed in liver of any AAI-treated groups. In contrast, long-term administration of AAI (0.1, 1, 10 mg· kg-1· d-1) time- and dose-dependently caused death due to the occurrence of cancers in the forestomach, intestine, and/or kidney. Besides, AAI-DNA adducts accumulated in the forestomach, kidney, and liver in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Taken together, AAI promotes clonal expansion only in the high-dose group but did not induce any nodules or HCC in liver of adult rats till their deaths caused by cancers developed in the forestomach, intestine, and/or kidney. Findings from our animal studies will pave the way for further large-scale epidemiological investigation of the associations between AA and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhen Liu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Heng-Lei Lu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin-Ming Qi
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guo-Zhen Xing
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fang-Fang Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Ding
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ze-An Zhang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Deng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Li-Kun Gong
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Institutes of Drug Discovery and Development, CAS, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Rider CV, McHale CM, Webster TF, Lowe L, Goodson WH, La Merrill MA, Rice G, Zeise L, Zhang L, Smith MT. Using the Key Characteristics of Carcinogens to Develop Research on Chemical Mixtures and Cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:35003. [PMID: 33784186 PMCID: PMC8009606 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People are exposed to numerous chemicals throughout their lifetimes. Many of these chemicals display one or more of the key characteristics of carcinogens or interact with processes described in the hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, evaluating the effects of chemical mixtures on cancer development is an important pursuit. Challenges involved in designing research studies to evaluate the joint action of chemicals on cancer risk include the time taken to perform the experiments because of the long latency and choosing an appropriate experimental design. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this work are to present the case for developing a research program on mixtures of environmental chemicals and cancer risk and describe recommended approaches. METHODS A working group comprising the coauthors focused attention on the design of mixtures studies to inform cancer risk assessment as part of a larger effort to refine the key characteristics of carcinogens and explore their application. Working group members reviewed the key characteristics of carcinogens, hallmarks of cancer, and mixtures research for other disease end points. The group discussed options for developing tractable projects to evaluate the joint effects of environmental chemicals on cancer development. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Three approaches for developing a research program to evaluate the effects of mixtures on cancer development were proposed: a chemical screening approach, a transgenic model-based approach, and a disease-centered approach. Advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8525.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia V. Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cliona M. McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer (NGO), Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - William H. Goodson
- Department of Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Glenn Rice
- Office of Research & Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of the Director, Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
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Goodson WH, Lowe L, Gilbertson M, Carpenter DO. Testing the low dose mixtures hypothesis from the Halifax project. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2020; 35:333-357. [PMID: 32833669 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, 60 scientists, representing a larger group of 174 scientists from 26 nations, met in Halifax, Nova Scotia to consider whether - using published research - it was logical to anticipate that a mixture of chemicals, each thought to be non-carcinogenic, might act together in that mixture as a virtual carcinogen. The group identified 89 such chemicals, each one affecting one or more Hallmark(s) - collectively covering all Hallmarks of Cancer - confirming the possibility that a chemical mixture could induce all the Hallmarks and function as a virtual carcinogen, thereby supporting the concern that chemical safety research that does not evaluate mixtures, is incomplete. Based on these observations, the Halifax Project developed the Low-Dose Carcinogenesis Hypothesis which posits "…that low-dose exposures to [mixtures of] disruptive chemicals that are not individually carcinogenic may be capable of instigating and/or enabling carcinogenesis." Although testing all possible combinations of over 80,000 chemicals of commerce would be impractical, prudence requires designing a methodology to test whether low-dose chemical mixtures might be carcinogenic. As an initial step toward testing this hypothesis, we conducted a mini review of published empirical observations of biological exposures to chemical mixtures to assess what empirical data exists on which to base future research. We reviewed studies on chemical mixtures with the criteria that the studies reported both different concentrations of chemicals and mixtures composed of different chemicals. We found a paucity of research on this important question. The majority of studies reported hormone related processes and used chemical concentrations selected to facilitate studying how mixtures behave in experiments that were often removed from clinical relevance, i.e., chemicals were not studied at human-relevant concentrations. New research programs must be envisioned to enable study of how mixtures of small doses of chemicals affect human health, starting, when at all possible, from non-malignant specimens when studies are done in vitro. This research should use human relevant concentrations of chemicals, expand research beyond the historic focus on endocrine endpoints and endocrine related cancers, and specifically seek effects that arise uniquely from exposure to chemical mixtures at human-relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Goodson
- Department of Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer (NGO), Truro, NS, B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Michael Gilbertson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
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Vineis P, Robinson O, Chadeau-Hyam M, Dehghan A, Mudway I, Dagnino S. What is new in the exposome? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105887. [PMID: 32619912 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The exposome concept refers to the totality of exposures from a variety of external and internal sources including chemical agents, biological agents, or radiation, from conception onward, over a complete lifetime. It encompasses also "psychosocial components" including the impact of social relations and socio-economic position on health. In this review we provide examples of recent contributions from exposome research, where we believe their application will be of the greatest value for moving forward. So far, environmental epidemiology has mainly focused on hard outcomes, such as mortality, disease exacerbation and hospitalizations. However, there are many subtle outcomes that can be related to environmental exposures, and investigations can be facilitated by an improved understanding of internal biomarkers of exposure and response, through the application of omic technologies. Second, though we have a wealth of studies on environmental pollutants, the assessment of causality is often difficult because of confounding, reverse causation and other uncertainties. Biomarkers and omic technologies may allow better causal attribution, for example using instrumental variables in triangulation, as we discuss here. Even more complex is the understanding of how social relationships (in particular socio-economic differences) influence health and imprint on the fundamental biology of the individual. The identification of molecular changes that are intermediate between social determinants and disease status is a way to fill the gap. Another field in which biomarkers and omics are relevant is the study of mixtures. Epidemiology often deals with complex mixtures (e.g. ambient air pollution, food, smoking) without fully disentangling the compositional complexity of the mixture, or with rudimentary approaches to reflect the overall effect of multiple exposures or components. From the point of view of disease mechanisms, most models hypothesize that several stages need to be transitioned through health to the induction of disease, but very little is known about the characteristics and temporal sequence of such stages. Exposome models reinforce the idea of a biography-to-biology transition, in that everyone's disease is the product of the individual history of exposures, superimposed on their underlying genetic susceptibilities. Finally, exposome research is facilitated by technological developments that complement traditional epidemiological study designs. We describe in depth one such new tools, adductomics. In general, the development of high-resolution and high-throughput technologies interrogating multiple -omics (such as epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, adductomics and metabolomics) yields an unprecedented perspective into the impact of the environment in its widest sense on disease. The world of the exposome is rapidly evolving, though a huge gap still needs to be filled between the original expectations and the concrete achievements. Perhaps the most urgent need is for the establishment of a new generation of cohort studies with appropriately specified biosample collection, improved questionnaire data (including social variables), and the deployment of novel technologies that allow better characterization of individual environmental exposures, ranging from personal monitoring to satellite based observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Vineis
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK; Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy.
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Mudway
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Dagnino
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
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Chen S, Pan S, Wu H, Zhou J, Huang Y, Wang S, Liu A. ICAM1 Regulates the Development of Gastric Cancer and May Be a Potential Biomarker for the Early Diagnosis and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:1523-1534. [PMID: 32184657 PMCID: PMC7060396 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s237443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is among the most common forms of cancer affecting the digestive system. This study sought to identify hub genes regulating early GC (EGC) in order to explore their potential for early diagnosis and prognosis of patients. METHODS We utilized a publically available dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GSE55696). Differences between EGC and LGIN with respect to gene expression were compared using the limma software. Identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses with the DAVID application, and the STRING website and Cytoscape software were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network incorporating these DEGs. This network was in turn used to identify hub genes among selected DEGs, which were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database. In addition, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and UALCAN were all employed to validate the relationship between the expression of these genes and GC patient prognosis. RESULTS A total of 482 DEGs were identified, with GO analyses indicating an increase in the expression of genes linked with the development of cancer. Pathway analyses also indicated that these genes play a role in certain cancer-related pathways. The PPI network highlighted four potential hub genes, of which only ICAM1 was linked to a poor GC patient prognosis. This link between ICAM1 and GC patient outcomes was confirmed via UALCAN, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and qRT-PCR. CONCLUSION ICAM1 may therefore modulate tumor progression in GC, thus potentially representing a valuable prognostic and diagnostic biomarker of EGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songda Chen
- Department of Endoscopy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Pan
- Department of Endoscopy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijie Wu
- Department of Endoscopy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyuan Zhou
- Department of Endoscopy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueli Huang
- Department of Endoscopy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- Department of Endoscopy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
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Wikoff DS, Rager JE, Chappell GA, Fitch S, Haws L, Borghoff SJ. A Framework for Systematic Evaluation and Quantitative Integration of Mechanistic Data in Assessments of Potential Human Carcinogens. Toxicol Sci 2018; 167:322-335. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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