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Pinto CPG, Walker AA, Robinson SD, King GF, Rossi GD. Proteotranscriptomics reveals the secretory dynamics of teratocytes, regulators of parasitization by an endoparasitoid wasp. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 139:104395. [PMID: 35413336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps have evolved sophisticated mechanisms of host regulation that establish a favorable environment for the development of immature parasitoids. While maternal venom and symbiotic virus-like particles are well-known mechanisms of host regulation, another less-studied mechanism is the secretion of host regulation factors by cells called teratocytes, extra-embryonic cells released during parasitoid larval eclosion. Consequently, identification and characterization of teratocyte secretory products has not been reported in detail for any parasitoid wasp. We aimed to analyze teratocyte secretory products released into hemolymph of the larval sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) by its biological control agent, the koinobiont endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia flavipes Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Teratocytes were released upon eclosion of parasitoid larvae four days after parasitization (DAP) and increased in number and size until six DAP. Total D. saccharalis hemocyte viability was reduced immediately after parasitization until DAP 2, while total hemocyte count was lower from the third DAP, and phenoloxidase and lysozyme activity were disrupted compared to non-parasitized controls. To examine the secretory products of teratocytes, we generated a teratocyte transcriptome and compared its in silico translated open reading frames to mass spectra obtained from hemolymph from parasitized and unparasitized hosts. This led to the identification of 57 polypeptides secreted by teratocytes, the abundance of which we tracked over 0-10 DAP. Abundant teratocyte products included proteins similar to bracovirus proteins and multiple disulfide-rich peptides. Most teratocyte products accumulated in hemolymph, reaching their highest concentrations immediately before parasitoid pupation. Our results provide insights into host regulation by teratocytes and reveal molecules that may be useful in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro P G Pinto
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Andrew A Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Samuel D Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guilherme D Rossi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil.
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Kutcherov D. Stagewise resolution of temperature-dependent embryonic and postembryonic development in the cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). BMC Ecol 2020; 20:50. [PMID: 32917176 PMCID: PMC7488527 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thermal plasticity of life-history traits receives wide attention in the recent biological literature. Of all the temperature-dependent traits studied, developmental rates of ectotherms are especially often addressed, and yet surprisingly little is known about embryonic responses to temperature, including changes in the thermal thresholds and thermal sensitivity during early development. Even postembryonic development of many cryptically living species is understood superficially at best. RESULTS This study is the first to estimate the exact durations of developmental stages in the cowpea seed beetle C. maculatus from oviposition to adult emergence at five permissive constant temperatures from 20 to 32 °C. Early embryonic development was tracked and documented by means of destructive sampling and subsequent confocal imaging of fluorescently stained specimens. Late embryonic and early larval development was studied with the use of destructive sampling and light microscopy. Well-resolved temporal series based on thousands of embryos allowed precise timing of the following developmental events: formation of the blastoderm; formation, elongation, and retraction of the germ band; dorsal closure; the onset and completion of sclerotization of the cuticle; hatching, and penetration of the first-instar larva into the cowpea seed. Pupation and adult eclosion were observed directly through an incision in the seed coat. The thermal phenotype of C. maculatus was found to vary in the course of ontogeny and different stages scaled disproportionately with temperature, but pitfalls and caveats associated with analyses of relative durations of individual stages are also briefly discussed. CONCLUSION Disproportionate changes in developmental durations with temperature may have important implications when study design requires a high degree of synchronization among experimental embryos or when the occurrence of particular stages in the field is of interest, as well as in any other cases when development times need to be estimated with precision. This work provides one of the first examples of integration of embryological techniques with ecophysiological concepts and will hopefully motivate similar projects in the future. While experiments with Drosophila continue to be the main source of information on animal development, knowledge on other model species is instrumental to building a broader picture of developmental phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kutcherov
- Department of Entomology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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Gebiola M, Giorgini M, Kelly SE, Doremus MR, Ferree PM, Hunter MS. Cytological analysis of cytoplasmic incompatibility induced by Cardinium suggests convergent evolution with its distant cousin Wolbachia. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1433. [PMID: 28878066 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is a conditional sterility in numerous arthropods that is caused by inherited, intracellular bacteria such as Wolbachia Matings between males carrying CI-inducing Wolbachia and uninfected females, or between males and females infected with different Wolbachia strains, result in progeny that die during very early embryogenesis. Multiple studies in diploid (Drosophila) and haplodiploid (Nasonia) insects have shown that CI-Wolbachia cause a failure of the paternally derived chromatin from resolving into distinct chromosomes. This leads to the formation of chromatin bridges and other mitotic defects as early as the first mitotic division, and to early mitotic arrest. It is currently unknown if CI-inducing symbionts other than Wolbachia affect similar cellular processes. Here, we investigated CI caused by an unrelated bacterium, Cardinium, which naturally infects a parasitic wasp, Encarsia suzannae CI crosses in this host-symbiont system resulted in early mitotic defects including asynchrony of paternal and maternal chromosome sets as they enter mitosis, chromatin bridges and improper chromosome segregation that spanned across multiple mitotic divisions, triggering embryonic death through accumulated aneuploidy. We highlight small differences with CI-Wolbachia, which could be due to the underlying CI mechanism or host-specific effects. Our results suggest a convergence of CI-related cellular phenotypes between these two unrelated symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gebiola
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA .,CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Portici, Italy
| | - Massimo Giorgini
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Portici, Italy
| | - Suzanne E Kelly
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Matthew R Doremus
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Entomology and Insect Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Patrick M Ferree
- W. M. Keck Science Department, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Martha S Hunter
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Gebiola M, Kelly SE, Hammerstein P, Giorgini M, Hunter MS. “Darwin's corollary” and cytoplasmic incompatibility induced by
Cardinium
may contribute to speciation in
Encarsia
wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Evolution 2016; 70:2447-2458. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gebiola
- Department of Entomology The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
- CNR – Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante Portici Italy
| | - Suzanne E. Kelly
- Department of Entomology The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - Peter Hammerstein
- Institute for Theoretical Biology Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Philippstr. 13, Haus 4 10115 Berlin Germany
| | - Massimo Giorgini
- CNR – Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante Portici Italy
| | - Martha S. Hunter
- Department of Entomology The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
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Mancini D, Garonna AP, Pedata PA. To divide or not to divide: An alternative behavior for teratocytes in Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:57-63. [PMID: 26529581 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is an endoparasitoid with an unusual embryonic development compared to most of congeneric species and all other members of the superfamily Chalcidoidea. The developmental background of this wasp is based on an alecithal hydropic egg, with the embryo developing inside an extra-embryonic membrane which dissociates at hatching into special larva-assisting cells, the teratocytes. In E. pergandiella many teratocytes at hatching were multinucleated syncytial cells with no evidence of a cellular membrane separating the nuclei. These teratocytes during larval development produced smaller uninucleated teratocytes, through successive divisions obtained by progressive ingrowth of the plasmatic membrane, accompanied by appearance of degeneration symptoms, such as protrusions and blebs. As a consequence of this divisional process teratocytes showed a size reduction and an increase in number of about four times during the second day of larval development. Only on the third day of larval life teratocytes started to decrease in number, until total disappearance at larval maturation. This behaviour is in striking contrast with all other studied systems in which teratocytes do not divide and progressively decrease in number as the parasitoid larva develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Mancini
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Biologia e Protezione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Antonio P Garonna
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Biologia e Protezione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Paolo A Pedata
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante CNR, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
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Chetverikov PE, Desnitskiy AG. A study of embryonic development in eriophyoid mites (Acariformes, Eriophyoidea) with the use of the fluorochrome DAPI and confocal microscopy. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2016; 68:97-111. [PMID: 26530993 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic development of four eriophyoid mite species, Cecidophyopsis ribis, Phytoptus avellanae, Oziella liroi and Loboquintus subsquamatus, has been studied with the use of fluorochrome DAPI and confocal microscopy. The first three nuclear divisions occur on the egg periphery (the groups of 2, 4, and 6 nuclei have been recorded), while the biggest part of yolk remains undivided. After four or five nuclear divisions all nuclei are situated only in one sector of the embryo, while other sectors contain only yolk suggesting possible meroblastic cleavage. Later, the formation of superficial blastoderm takes place. A few large yolk cells are situated inside the embryo. Germ band formation initiates as funnel-like cell invagination and leads to formation of a typical stage with four paired prosomal buds (chelicerae, palps, legs I and II). Each palp contains two lobes (anterior and posterior), the adult subcapitulum is presumably a fusion product of the anterior pair of the lobes. Neither rudiments of legs III and IV, traces of opisthosomal segments nor remnants of the prelarval exuvium under the egg shell were detected. Overall, the pattern of embryonic development in eriophyoids re-emphasizes the peculiarity of this ancient group of miniaturized phytoparasitic animals, and invites researches to pursue a deeper investigation of various fundamental aspects of this aberrant group of Acari. Further studies using various fluorescent dyes and transmission electron microscopy are needed to visualize plasma membranes and clarify the pattern of early cleavage of eriophyoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp E Chetverikov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Embankment 1, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034.
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034.
| | - Alexey G Desnitskiy
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034
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Lynch JA. Diversity of molecules and mechanisms in establishing insect anterior-posterior polarity. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 1:39-44. [PMID: 32846728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anterior-posterior (AP) patterning is an essential process that requires the generation of large amounts of positional information to properly specify many distinct cell fates along the long axis of the insect embryo. While the general molecular basis of this process has long been known in the fly Drosophila, detailed understanding of this process is still emerging in other insect species. What is now clear is that this process in extremely labile, and distinct AP patterning programs can exist even within a single species. This review presents recent progress on this topic in an attempt to synthesize the disparate data and provide an outlook on the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Lynch
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 4020 MBRB, 900 Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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