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Filatova TS, Dzhumaniiazova I, Abramochkin DV. The metamorphosis of amphibian myocardium: moving to the heart of the matter. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247712. [PMID: 38916053 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Amphibians are a classical object for physiological studies, and they are of great value for developmental studies owing to their transition from an aquatic larval form to an adult form with a terrestrial lifestyle. Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) are of special interest for such studies because of their neoteny and facultative pedomorphosis, as in these animals, metamorphosis can be induced and fully controlled in laboratory conditions. It has been suggested that their metamorphosis, associated with gross anatomical changes in the heart, also involves physiological and electrical remodeling of the myocardium. We used whole-cell patch clamp to investigate possible changes caused by metamorphosis in electrical activity and major ionic currents in cardiomyocytes isolated from paedomorphic and metamorphic axolotls. T4-induced metamorphosis caused shortening of atrial and ventricular action potentials (APs), with no changes in resting membrane potential or maximum velocity of AP upstroke, favoring higher heart rate possible in metamorphic animals. Potential-dependent potassium currents in axolotl myocardium were represented by delayed rectifier currents IKr and IKs, and upregulation of IKs caused by metamorphosis probably underlies AP shortening. Metamorphosis was associated with downregulation of inward rectifier current IK1, probably serving to increase the excitability of myocardium in metamorphic animals. Metamorphosis also led to a slight increase in fast sodium current INa with no changes in its steady-state kinetics and to a significant upregulation of ICa in both atrial and ventricular cells, indicating stronger Ca2+ influx for higher cardiac contractility in metamorphic salamanders. Taken together, these changes serve to increase cardiac reserve in metamorphic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Filatova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 1, 12, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Irina Dzhumaniiazova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 1, 12, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Denis V Abramochkin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 1, 12, Moscow 119234, Russia
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Jensen B, Moorman AFM. Evolutionary Aspects of Chamber Formation and Septation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:227-238. [PMID: 38884714 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The formed hearts of vertebrates are widely different in anatomy and performance, yet their embryonic hearts are surprisingly similar. Developmental and molecular biology are making great advances in reconciling these differences by revealing an evolutionarily conserved building plan to the vertebrate heart. This suggests that perspectives from evolution may improve our understanding of the formation of the human heart. Here, we exemplify this approach by discussing atrial and ventricular septation and the associated processes of remodeling of the atrioventricular junction and formation of the atrioventricular insulating plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Antoon F M Moorman
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gregorovicova M, Lashkarinia SS, Yap CH, Tomek V, Sedmera D. Hemodynamics During Development and Postnatal Life. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:201-226. [PMID: 38884713 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
A well-developed heart is essential for embryonic survival. There are constant interactions between cardiac tissue motion and blood flow, which determine the heart shape itself. Hemodynamic forces are a powerful stimulus for cardiac growth and differentiation. Therefore, it is particularly interesting to investigate how the blood flows through the heart and how hemodynamics is linked to a particular species and its development, including human. The appropriate patterns and magnitude of hemodynamic stresses are necessary for the proper formation of cardiac structures, and hemodynamic perturbations have been found to cause malformations via identifiable mechanobiological molecular pathways. There are significant differences in cardiac hemodynamics among vertebrate species, which go hand in hand with the presence of specific anatomical structures. However, strong similarities during development suggest a common pattern for cardiac hemodynamics in human adults. In the human fetal heart, hemodynamic abnormalities during gestation are known to progress to congenital heart malformations by birth. In this chapter, we discuss the current state of the knowledge of the prenatal cardiac hemodynamics, as discovered through small and large animal models, as well as from clinical investigations, with parallels gathered from the poikilotherm vertebrates that emulate some hemodynamically significant human congenital heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gregorovicova
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Viktor Tomek
- Pediatric Cardiology, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Iannaccone SF, Sedmera D, Ginelliová A, Bohuš P, Mistríková L, Farkaš D. Cor Triatriatum Dexter Associated with an Ostium Primum Atrial Defect and Left-Sided Opening of the Coronary Sinus in a Stillborn Fetus. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:370. [PMID: 37754799 PMCID: PMC10532305 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10090370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cor triatriatum is a very rare cardiac malformation characterized by the presence of an abnormal interatrial membrane separating either the left or right atrial chamber into two compartments. It can be associated with other cardiac defects and is often symptomatic in childhood. The signs depend on the size and position of the interatrial membrane and other associated malformations. Here we report a case of right-sided cor triatriatum associated with an ostium primum-type interatrial septum defect and left-sided opening of the coronary sinus in a fetus. The cause of intrauterine death was asphyxia due to total placental abruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Farkašová Iannaccone
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alžbeta Ginelliová
- Medico-Legal and Pathological-Anatomical Department of Health Care Surveillance Authority, 043 74 Košice, Slovakia; (A.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Peter Bohuš
- Department of Pathology, Louis Pasteur University Hospital, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Lucia Mistríková
- Department of Heart Surgery, East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Daniel Farkaš
- Medico-Legal and Pathological-Anatomical Department of Health Care Surveillance Authority, 043 74 Košice, Slovakia; (A.G.); (D.F.)
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Rocha LIQ, Oliveira MFDS, Dias LC, Franco de Oliveira M, de Moura CEB, Magalhães MDS. Heart morphology during the embryonic development of Podocnemis unifilis Trosquel 1948 (Testudines: Podocnemididae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:193-212. [PMID: 35808951 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cardiogenesis is similar in all vertebrates, but differences in the valvuloseptal morphogenesis among non-crocodilian reptiles, birds, and mammals are noted. The origin of mesenchymal structures such as valves that regulate the passage of blood and the formation of partial septa that prevent the complete mixing of oxygen-rich and low-oxygen blood present in adult chelonians are essential in the evolutionary understanding of complete septation, endothermy and malformations, even in mammals. In this context, this study analyzed the heart morphogenesis of Podocnemis unifilis (Testudines: Podocnemididae) from the 4th to the 60th day of incubation. We identified the tubular heart stage, folding of the cardiac tube and expansion of the atrial and ventricular compartments followed by atrial septation by the septum primum, ventricle septation by partial septa, outflow tract septation and the formation of bicuspid valves with cartilage differentiation at the base. The formation of the first atrial septum with the mesenchymal cap is noted during the development of the atrial septum, joining the atrioventricular cushion on the 17th day and completely dividing the atria. Small secondary perforations appeared in the mid-cranial part, observed up to the 45th day. Partial ventricle septation into the pulmonary, venous, and arterial subcompartments takes place by trabeculae carneae thickening and grouping on the 15th day. The outflow tract forms the aorticopulmonary and interaortic septa on the 16th day and the bicuspid valves, on the 20th day. Therefore, after the first 20 days, the heart exhibits a general anatomical conformation similar to that of adult turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Ianca Queiroz Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Água Doce e Pesca Interior, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Maria Fabiele da Silva Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Água Doce e Pesca Interior, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Lucas Castanhola Dias
- Laboratório Temático de Microscopia e Nanotecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Moacir Franco de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Animais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Marcela Dos Santos Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Água Doce e Pesca Interior, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Olejnickova V, Kolesova H, Bartos M, Sedmera D, Gregorovicova M. The Tale-Tell Heart: Evolutionary tetrapod shift from aquatic to terrestrial life-style reflected in heart changes in axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1004-1014. [PMID: 34423892 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During amphibian metamorphosis, the crucial moment lies in the rearrangement of the heart, reflecting the changes in circulatory demands. However, little is known about the exact shifts linked with this rearrangement. Here, we demonstrate such myocardial changes in axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) from the morphological and physiological point of view. RESULTS Micro-CT and histological analysis showed changes in ventricular trabeculae organization, completion of the atrial septum and its connection to the atrioventricular valve. Based on Myosin Heavy Chain and Smooth Muscle Actin expression we distinguished metamorphosis-induced changes in myocardial differentiation at the ventricular trabeculae and atrioventricular canal. Using optical mapping, faster speed of conduction through the atrioventricular canal was demonstrated in metamorphic animals. No differences between the groups were observed in the heart rates, ventricular activation times, and activation patterns. CONCLUSIONS Transition from aquatic to terrestrial life-style is reflected in the heart morphology and function. Rebuilding of the axolotl heart during metamorphosis was connected with reorganization of ventricular trabeculae, completion of the atrial septum and its connection to the atrioventricular valve, and acceleration of AV conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Olejnickova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Developmental Cardiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolesova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Developmental Cardiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartos
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dental Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Developmental Cardiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Gregorovicova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Developmental Cardiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jensen B, Christoffels VM, Moorman AFM. An Appreciation of Anatomy in the Molecular World. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:E44. [PMID: 33076272 PMCID: PMC7712948 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Robert H. Anderson is one of the most important and accomplished cardiac anatomists of the last decades, having made major contributions to our understanding of the anatomy of normal hearts and the pathologies of acquired and congenital heart diseases. While cardiac anatomy as a research discipline has become largely subservient to molecular biology, anatomists like Professor Anderson demonstrate anatomy has much to offer. Here, we provide cases of early anatomical insights on the heart that were rediscovered, and expanded on, by molecular techniques: migration of neural crest cells to the heart was deduced from histological observations (1908) and independently shown again with experimental interventions; pharyngeal mesoderm is added to the embryonic heart (1973) in what is now defined as the molecularly distinguishable second heart field; chambers develop from the heart tube as regional pouches in what is now considered the ballooning model by the molecular identification of regional differentiation and proliferation. The anatomical discovery of the conduction system by Purkinje, His, Tawara, Keith, and Flack is a special case because the main findings were never neglected in later molecular studies. Professor Anderson has successfully demonstrated that sound knowledge of anatomy is indispensable for proper understanding of cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.M.C.); (A.F.M.M.)
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