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Khan A, Nikhil V, Pandey A, Chaturvedi P. Effectiveness of polyhexamethylene biguanide, chlorhexidine, and calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament against intraradicular mature polymicrobial biofilm: A microbiological study. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:536-540. [PMID: 36506630 PMCID: PMC9733553 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_288_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To compare the effectiveness of different intracanal medicaments against polymicrobial biofilm formed by Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods Eighty mature human roots with intraradicular polymicrobial biofilm were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 20). Intracanal medicaments 0.2% polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and calcium hydroxide (CH) were applied into the root canals. Collected dentine samples were tested at 7th, 15th, and 30th day for microbial growth, and the colony-forming units per ml (CFU/ml) were determined. Results The CFU/ml data were analyzed using unpaired t-test and one-way ANOVA-F comparison test. All medicaments resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in microbial growth at all time intervals compared to the control group. CHX and PHMB showed a similar reduction in CFU/ml at 7th and 15th day but significantly more than CH at all time intervals. At 30th day, PHMB caused a significantly more reduction in CFU/ml than CHX. Conclusions All the three tested intracanal medicaments such as CH, CHX, and PHMB Gel were effective in reducing the microbial count. CH has a limited antimicrobial effect against the polymicrobial biofilm found inside the root canal. 2% CHX gel has a time-dependent antimicrobial effect. PHMB has a superior antimicrobial effect in comparison with CHX and CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Khan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Nikhil
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Vineeta Nikhil, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, NH-58 Bypass Road, Meerut - 250 005, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail:
| | - Anita Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Subharti Medical College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Chaturvedi
- Department of Microbiology, Subharti Medical College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zhu K, Zheng L, Xing J, Chen S, Chen R, Ren L. Mechanical, antibacterial, biocompatible and microleakage evaluation of glass ionomer cement modified by nanohydroxyapatite/polyhexamethylene biguanide. Dent Mater J 2021; 41:197-208. [PMID: 34759126 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to look for the best concentration of nanohydroxyapatite (NHA) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) incorporated into glass ionomer cement (GIC) in accordance with ISO:9917-1 and evaluate its mechanical, antibacterial, biocompatible and microleakages properties. NHA was incorporated into Fuji Ⅱ GIC powder at 0-8.00 wt% concentration and specimens were prepared; the best concentration was sifted out according to ISO9917-1. Based on best NHA proportion, 0-0.80% PHMB was dispersed into powder and samples were respectively prepared. Mechanical properties include net setting time (ST), compressive strength (CS), microhardness (VNH), solubility and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. Those met ISO standard were qualified to continue microleakage observation, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility test. The results suggested that GIC/6%NHA/0.2% PHMB and GIC/6%NHA/0.4%PHMB showed great performances in mechanical, antibacterial, and microleakage improvements, and the cytotoxicity of modified GIC showed no statistical difference with pure GIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshi Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University
| | - Long Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University
| | - Jiawei Xing
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University
| | - Ruimin Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University
| | - Liling Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University
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Chandki R, Nikhil V, Kalyan SS. Comparative evaluation of substantivity of two biguanides - 0.2% polyhexanide and 2% chlorhexidine on human dentin. J Conserv Dent 2020; 23:46-50. [PMID: 33223641 PMCID: PMC7657421 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_256_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Substantivity is one of the desirable characteristics of root canal irrigants. Among conventional endodontic irrigants, only chlorhexidine (CHX) is known to exert significant substantivity on root canal dentin. This study explored the substantivity activity of a polymeric biguanide-poly hexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the substantivity of a polymeric biguanide - 0.2% PHMB and compare it with that of 2% CHX. Materials and Methods: To evaluate and compare the substantivity of 0.2% PHMB and 2% CHX on root canal dentin, dentin disks were prepared and substantivity after 1 h, 24 h, 7 days and 21 days was measured using spectrophotometry. Statistical Analysis Used: The data so obtained were analyzed, and the intergroup comparison was made using unpaired t-test. Results: The results of this study indicated that 0.2%. PHMB exerts significantly greater substantivity than 2% CHX on human dentin. Conclusion: Within the limitations, this study supports the use of 0.2% polyhexanide as an endodontic irrigant based on its property of substantivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Chandki
- Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttarpradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Nikhil
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Sai Kalyan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni, Maharashtra, India
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Dettwiler CA, Walter M, Zaugg LK, Lenherr P, Weiger R, Krastl G. In vitroassessment of the tooth staining potential of endodontic materials in a bovine tooth model. Dent Traumatol 2016; 32:480-487. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Dettwiler
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology; University Center for Dental Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Mirella Walter
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology; University Center for Dental Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Lucia K. Zaugg
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology; University Center for Dental Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Patrik Lenherr
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Temporomandibular Disorders; University Center for Dental Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Roland Weiger
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology; University Center for Dental Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Krastl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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Aguiar AS, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Faria G, Leonardo RT, Tanomaru-Filho M. Antimicrobial Activity and pH of Calcium Hydroxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Intracanal Medication and Association with Chlorhexidine. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:624-629. [PMID: 26423497 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate pH and antibacterial activity of pastes with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and zinc oxide (ZnO) microparticles (micro) or nanoparticles (nano) and association with 0.4% chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following pastes were analyzed: Ca(OH)2/ZnO micro, (2) Ca(OH)2/ZnO nano, (3) Ca(OH)2/ ZnO micro + 0.4% chlorhexidine, (4) Ca(OH)2/ZnO nano + 0.4% chlorhexidine. Antibacterial activity against E. faecalis was evaluated by agar diffusion test. The direct contact test on planktonic cells of E. faecalis was performed for 30 and 60 seconds. Root canals from bovine teeth were filled with the pastes and pH was evaluated after 1, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days. The data obtained were submitted to the statistical tests analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test, with a 5% significance level. RESULTS Calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide nano, and the pastes with 0.4% chlorhexidine were more effective in agar diffusion test. In the direct contact test, the pastes with chlorhexidine showed the highest effect after 30 seconds. All pastes eliminated E. faecalis after 60 seconds. All pastes promoted an increase in pH. The highest increase in pH was observed with nanoparticle medications after 1 and 7 days (p < 0.05). After this period, the pastes presented similar pH increase. CONCLUSION It was concluded that calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles promoted greater initial alkalinization. The antimicrobial activity of the pastes against E. faecalis is favored by the association with chlorhexidine. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although nanoparticles of calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide promoted antibacterial effect, the activity against E. faecalis is favored by association with chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Souza Aguiar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Tanomaru-Filho
- Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Brazil, Phone: 551633016390, e-mail:
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Hägi TT, Klemensberger S, Bereiter R, Nietzsche S, Cosgarea R, Flury S, Lussi A, Sculean A, Eick S. A Biofilm Pocket Model to Evaluate Different Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment Modalities in Terms of Biofilm Removal and Reformation, Surface Alterations and Attachment of Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131056. [PMID: 26121365 PMCID: PMC4486723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There is a lack of suitable in vitro models to evaluate various treatment modalities intending to remove subgingival bacterial biofilm. Consequently, the aims of this in vitro-study were: a) to establish a pocket model enabling mechanical removal of biofilm and b) to evaluate repeated non-surgical periodontal treatment with respect to biofilm removal and reformation, surface alterations, tooth hard-substance-loss, and attachment of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Standardized human dentin specimens were colonized by multi-species biofilms for 3.5 days and subsequently placed into artificially created pockets. Non-surgical periodontal treatment was performed as follows: a) hand-instrumentation with curettes (CUR), b) ultrasonication (US), c) subgingival air-polishing using erythritol (EAP) and d) subgingival air-polishing using erythritol combined with chlorhexidine digluconate (EAP-CHX). The reduction and recolonization of bacterial counts, surface roughness (Ra and Rz), the caused tooth substance-loss (thickness) as well as the attachment of PDL fibroblasts were evaluated and statistically analyzed by means of ANOVA with Post-Hoc LSD. RESULTS After 5 treatments, bacterial reduction in biofilms was highest when applying EAP-CHX (4 log10). The lowest reduction was found after CUR (2 log10). Additionally, substance-loss was the highest when using CUR (128±40 µm) in comparison with US (14±12 µm), EAP (6±7 µm) and EAP-CHX (11±10) µm). Surface was roughened when using CUR and US. Surfaces exposed to US and to EAP attracted the highest numbers of PDL fibroblasts. CONCLUSION The established biofilm model simulating a periodontal pocket combined with interchangeable placements of test specimens with multi-species biofilms enables the evaluation of different non-surgical treatment modalities on biofilm removal and surface alterations. Compared to hand instrumentation the application of ultrasonication and of air-polishing with erythritol prevents from substance-loss and results in a smooth surface with nearly no residual biofilm that promotes the reattachment of PDL fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias T. Hägi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Klemensberger
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Riccarda Bereiter
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Centre of Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Raluca Cosgarea
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Periodontology, Philips University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Flury
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Lussi
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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