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Gualtieri M, Scivoletto G, Pitino F, Pisapia F, Valentini V. Sports-related Mandibular Fractures in the Center of Italy: A Retrospective Study. J Craniofac Surg 2024:00001665-990000000-01743. [PMID: 38953584 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The main causes of injuries to the lower and middle third of the facial skeleton are traffic accidents, accidental falls, assaults, and sport. Regarding sports-related maxillofacial trauma, an 8-year retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Policlinico Umberto I in Rome, Italy. In all, 329 patients were included, of which we analyzed 35 patients with sports-related mandibular fractures. Specifically, we assessed the type of mandibular fracture reported, age, gender, number of fracture lines, association with other maxillofacial fractures, and treatment options. The causes of sports-related injuries are often multifactorial. Therefore, the aim of our study was to understand the correlation between the type of sport practiced and the most frequently reported pattern of mandibular fracture, highlighting how, depending on the sport, the mechanism of action is different and may correlate with a specific type of mandibular fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gualtieri
- Department of Odontostomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery and Otolaryngology, Floraspe Renzetti Hospital, Lanciano, Italy
| | - Giulia Scivoletto
- Department of Odontostomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome
| | - Francesca Pitino
- Department of Odontostomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome
| | - Francesco Pisapia
- Department of Odontostomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome
| | - Valentino Valentini
- Department of Odontostomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome
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Grillo R, da Silva YS, Tavares MG, Borba AM, Samieirad S, Naclério-Homem MDG. Which sports have a higher risk of maxillofacial injuries? JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2023; 124:101341. [PMID: 36414173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sports etiology is one of the most common causes of maxillofacial injuries. This work aimed to provide an up-to-date review of sports-related maxillofacial injuries. METHODS An updated review was conducted on Pubmed and Google Scholar. No publication year and language restrictions were applied. Two different search strategies were performed, the first addressed which sports, generally associated with maxillofacial injuries, and the second search was conducted to determine the frequency of maxillofacial injuries associated with each sport individually. RESULTS The first search returned 26 articles distributed across different sports, from different countries, and with varied age distribution. The second search displayed 85 articles on individual sports group. Papers were rated and categorized according by the sport associated to the reported injury. A useful sports risk scale for maxillofacial injuries has been developed. Peculiar themes from all participating sports were evaluated. The use of protective equipment and other preventive measures were highlighted. CONCLUSIONS Some sports with ball and cycling can be considered riskier sports for maxillofacial injuries. Athlete education and the mandatory use of mouthguards, helmets, and eye protection, among other things, are crucial to prevent these injuries. Tailor-made mouthguards and protective masks, which are becoming cheaper, are in vogue. The Sports-related Maxillofacial Injuries Risk scale can be useful for athletes, athletic coaches, and maxillofacial surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Grillo
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Traumatology and Prosthesis - Faculty of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculdade Patos de Minas, Brasília, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Alexandre Meireles Borba
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital of Cuiaba, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Sahand Samieirad
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial surgery, Mashhad dental school, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maria da Graça Naclério-Homem
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Traumatology and Prosthesis - Faculty of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Puolakkainen T, Murros OJ, Abio A, Thorén H, Snäll J. Sports-based distribution of facial fractures - findings from a four-season country. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 80:191-196. [PMID: 34555306 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.1980609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between injury mechanisms and sports-related facial fractures, and to evaluate the changes in incidence rates of facial fractures sustained in sports-related events in a 30-year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study included all patients sports-related facial fractures admitted to a tertiary trauma centre during 2013-2018. Specific fracture types, sports, injury mechanisms as well as patient- and injury related variables are presented. The results underwent evaluated statistically with logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Facial fractures occurred most frequently while playing ice hockey and football. Unilateral zygomatic-maxillary-orbital and isolated mandibular fractures accounted for 74.2% of all fracture types. In total, 99 patients (46.5%) required surgical intervention for their facial injuries. About 12.7% of patients sustained associated injuries in addition to facial fractures. Overall, the number of sports-related facial fractures has increased during the last three decades mostly due to the surging rates of ice hockey- and football-related facial fractures. CONCLUSIONS Sport-related facial fractures have markedly increased in different sports disciplines during the past decades. The use of safety gear to protect the facial area should be enforced particularly in ice hockey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Puolakkainen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli-Jussi Murros
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Abio
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Thorén
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Finland
| | - Johanna Snäll
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Correlation Between Sports-Related Maxillofacial Injuries and Head Injuries: A Five-Year Retrospective Study. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:1170-1173. [PMID: 34930879 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As sports have become more diverse and demanding, the number of patients with a maxillofacial injury accompanied by a cranial injury or neurological symptoms has increased. This study examined the correlation between sports-related maxillofacial injuries and head injuries. PATIENTS AND METHODS Among the patients who visited the emergency department of Pusan National University Dental Hospital due to a maxillofacial injury from sporting activities between 2014 and 2018, those who additionally had head injuries were retrospectively examined. Sporting activities were classified according to the American Academy of Pediatrics classification, and severity of injuries was determined using the Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS). Patients whose medical records showed neurological symptoms and who underwent brain computed tomography for concomitant head injury were selected. The association between each of these variables, including age and gender, was statistically analyzed. RESULTS A total of 95 patients were included in this study, most of whom were male teenagers, and cycling was the most common cause of injuries. The mean FISS score was 0.79. Brain computed tomography was conducted for 91 patients, and 28 patients reported neurological symptoms. Only 11 patients underwent advanced evaluation in the neurology or neurosurgery department. Most patients were diagnosed with contusion and concussion and were monitored without any treatment. CONCLUSIONS Higher FISS values did not reflect the severity of maxillofacial and head injury. In this study, there were some patients with cranial fracture and cerebral hemorrhage with mild neurosurgical symptoms of facial trauma. Although the incidence of head trauma is not high, the necessity of wearing protective equipment cannot be overemphasized because severe trauma is permanent. Neurological signs and symptoms of patients with maxillofacial trauma should not be overlooked and require a thorough evaluation.
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Larrabee KA, Kao AS, Barbetta BT, Jones LR. Midface Including Le Fort Level Injuries. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2021; 30:63-70. [PMID: 34809887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Le Fort fractures occur at uniform weak areas in the midface often due to blunt impact to the face. Sporting injuries are a common cause of facial trauma; however, use of protective equipment has reduced the number of sports-related injuries. All patients with traumatic injuries should be evaluated using Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol. Le Fort fractures can contribute to airway obstruction, and urgent intubation may be indicated. Surgery is indicated for most displaced Le Fort fractures to restore function and facial harmony. To facilitate reduction, the original occlusive relationship should be restored by placing the patient in MMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Larrabee
- Department of Otolaryngology HNS, DETC K8 Clinic, Henry Ford Hospital 2799 E Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Andrew S Kao
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E Canfield St, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Benjamin T Barbetta
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, DETC K8 Clinic, Henry Ford Hospital 2799 E Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Lamont R Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology HNS, DETC K8 Clinic, Henry Ford Hospital 2799 E Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Audlin J, Tipirneni K, Ryan J. Facial Trauma Patterns Among Young Athletes. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2021; 14:218-223. [PMID: 34567418 DOI: 10.1177/1943387520966424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Design Retrospective case series review. Objective Participation in athletics is common in high school and college students and presents an increased risk of injury in this age-group. Previous studies have included National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes but not high school athletes. Here we report the trends of maxillofacial injuries in high school students. Methods Patients presenting to a level 1 trauma center with maxillofacial injuries were identified by chart query with associated International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes for facial fractures between October 2015 and October 2017. Data collected included age, sport, fracture type, need for surgery, associated concussion, and time to return to play were measured. New York State Public High School Athletic Association regional high school sports participation data from 2016 to 2018 were used to calculate incidence. Results A total of 33 patients aged 13 to 19 years were identified. Baseball, basketball, and lacrosse were most frequently associated with maxillofacial trauma. Annual incidence rates for mandible fractures in high school athletes were 0.037%, 0.012%, and 0.01% for lacrosse, baseball, and basketball, respectively. Annual fracture incidence rates for midface fractures in high school athletes were 0.17%, 0.018%, and 0.01% for baseball, lacrosse, and basketball, respectively. Conclusion Maxillofacial fractures are uncommon injuries among athletes but present with serious implications including surgical correction. Baseball was strongly associated with midface fractures despite being considered a noncontact sport. Improved facial protection across all sports will be imperative at reducing the incidences of these injuries. Level of Evidence Level 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Audlin
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kiranya Tipirneni
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jesse Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Study of Pediatric Operative Recreational Trauma: A Retrospective Analysis of Pediatric Sports-Related Facial Fractures. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:1611-1614. [PMID: 33770047 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, most school-aged children participate in some form of organized sports. Despite the advantages to social and physical development that organized sports may have, these activities also place a significant number of America's youth at risk for facial injuries. Pediatric facial fractures resulting from sports trauma are well documented within pediatric literature. Despite knowledge of the importance of safety equipment, there is a continued need for increased awareness about fracture patterns resulting from sports injuries to develop better strategies for their prevention. METHODS A retrospective review of all pediatric patients (age <18) who presented to Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital as a level 1 trauma between January 2006 and December 2015 with radiologically confirmed facial fractures was performed. Data regarding patient demographic information, mechanism of injury, facial fracture location, associated injuries, hospital course, and need for surgical intervention was collected. RESULTS Of the 1274 patients reviewed, 135 (10.59%) were found to have facial fractures resulting from sports trauma and were included in our cohort. The median age was 14 with 77.8% of the cohort being male. The most common fractures identified were orbital (n = 75), mandibular (n = 42), nasal (n = 27), maxilla (n = 26). Fractures were more frequently related to involvement in baseball/softball and bicycling n = 46 and n = 31 respectively. Eighty-two (60.74%) patients required admission, 6 requiring ICU level care, 70 (51.85%) were found to require surgery. There were 14 patients who were found to have a concomitant skull fracture and 6 with TBI. There were no fatalities in this cohort of patients. CONCLUSION Pediatric facial fractures occur in the same anatomic locations as adult facial fractures. However, their frequency, severity, and treatment vary because of important anatomical and developmental differences in these populations. Despite available knowledge on this subject and increased use of protective equipment, pediatric facial fractures continue to occur with similar distribution as historically described. While sports participation confers numerous benefits, it is vital that we continue researching pediatric facial trauma and associated fractures to develop protective equipment and protocols to mitigate the risks of these activities.
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Ramachandran A, Khan SIR, Al-Maslamani M, Baskaradoss JK. Pattern of Traumatic Dental Injuries Among Adults. Open Access Emerg Med 2021; 13:201-206. [PMID: 34045907 PMCID: PMC8149273 DOI: 10.2147/oaem.s311113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology, presentation and management of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) vary significantly between the adult and the younger population. Most epidemiological studies on TDIs have focused on the pediatric age group. This study aims to report and compare the distributions of TDIs among adults in a sub-population in India. Methods This prospective observational study was performed on 1562 consecutively selected patients (1218 males and 344 females) from a university dental hospital in India, between July 2014 and June 2018. The clinical examinations were performed by a single trained and calibrated endodontist. Only TDIs to anterior teeth were recorded (canine to canine in the maxilla and mandible) and classified using a modified version of the World Health Organization's (WHO’s) classification. Periapical and panoramic radiographs were taken for all the subjects. Results A total of 1562 patients aged between 20 and 73 years, with a mean age of 36 years, were examined during the study period. The total number of teeth with TDIs was 3044. Males (78%) clearly outnumbered the females (22%) in all the age groups. The most common type of injury occurring in both the genders is uncomplicated crown fractures (male=31.0% and female=36.6%). Avulsion injuries are more likely to be seen by a dentist within 1 hour post-trauma. About two-third of the TDIs were caused by road traffic accidents (RTAs) followed by falls in about 20% of the patients. Conclusion Uncomplicated crown fracture was the most commonly observed type of TDI, and RTAs were the primary cause of TDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Ramachandran
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Chettinad Dental College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sulthan Ibrahim Raja Khan
- Restorative & Endodontics, Department of Restorative & Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Al-Maslamani
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Jagan Kumar Baskaradoss
- Department of Developmental and Preventive Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Fronza HP, Stolf SC, Taguchi CMC, Coto NP, Padilha ACL. Determinants for traumatic orofacial injuries in sport: Extrinsic factors in a scoping review. Dent Traumatol 2020; 36:598-606. [PMID: 32790910 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Sports practices carry a risk for orofacial injuries and, to avoid them, preventive measures are necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate a web of extrinsic determinants for orofacial trauma in sports. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through a scoping review, eight extrinsic risk factors for sports-related orofacial trauma emerged from the thematic analysis. These were sports modality, sports philosophy, competition rules, level of competition, accessory equipment, environmental conditions, acting regimen, pitch conditions, and human resources. The data collection was conducted on seven databases, using terms based on health science descriptors and keywords related to orofacial trauma and sports. RESULTS From the 1155 articles found, 157 were selected based on eligibility criteria and classified according to the mentioned factors. After the full reading of the articles, the most cited risk factor was sports modality while acting regimen and environmental factors were the least mentioned. Therefore, a scheme following the web of determinants was constructed with the purpose of establishing a risk profile, which was based on the interactions between the determinants and on the frequency that they were mentioned as contributors to injury. From this, it was observed that each traumatic event is possibly a result of the interrelationships among the eight suggested determinants. CONCLUSION Sports modality was the most cited extrinsic determinant observed in the literature, while environmental conditions and acting regimen were the least cited. In addition, more than establishing the determinants, it is necessary to comprehend how they relate, once preventive strategies should intercede on these relations, to help reduce sports injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pickler Fronza
- Graduate Program of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Neide Pena Coto
- Division of Maxillofacial Prosthesis/Sports Dentistry, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthetics and Traumatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Park HK, Park JY, Choi NR, Kim UK, Hwang DS. Sports-Related Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries: A 5-Year Retrospective Study, Pusan National University Dental Hospital. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 79:203.e1-203.e8. [PMID: 32866487 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.07.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of sports trauma is gradually increasing, and its importance is therefore also increasing. The present study was conducted to analyze the types, proportions, and tendencies of sports trauma associated with the oral and maxillofacial regions. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients who visited the Emergency Department of Pusan National University Dental Hospital between 2014 and 2018 for more than 5 years were surveyed through retrospective epidemiologic investigations. Type of sports was classified according to American Academy of Pediatrics classification. For statistical analysis, age and gender distribution, cause of trauma, and annual trends data were collected. RESULTS Of the 517 patients, most of the patients were teenagers (27.9%), followed by those younger than 10 years (23.2%) (χ2 = 22.897; P = .002), and noncontact sports, which is cycling, was the most common (43.5%) cause for trauma in both adult and children groups (χ2 = 91.824; P < .001). The most common sports associated with contact sports, limited-contact sports, and noncontact sports were football (47.7%), baseball (50.0%), and cycling (74.8%), respectively. The causes for trauma injury were as follows: contact sports, other person's body (53.4%); limited-contact sports, other objects (60.9%); and noncontact sports, slip down (77.4%) (χ2 = 298.901; P < .001). The prevalence and incidence of sports injuries increase every year, and the proportion of injured patients in May was the highest (χ2 = 52.360; P = .181). The high percentage of traumatic sports demonstrated statistically significant trends (χ2 = 43.073; P = .002). Kickboard injuries showed a rapid increase recently (P for linear trend = .045), whereas other sports showed no significant trends. CONCLUSIONS Considering the increasing incidence of sports-related injuries, oral and maxillofacial surgeons should be more concerned with maxillofacial trauma during sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Kyul Park
- Clinical Professor, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Park
- Fellow, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Rae Choi
- Clinical Professor, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Uk-Kyu Kim
- Professor, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seok Hwang
- Professor, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
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Nogami S, Yamauchi K, Bottini GB, Morishima H, Sai Y, Otake Y, Higuchi K, Kumagai M, Gaggl A, Takahashi T. Mandibular fractures and dental injuries sustained during baseball and softball over 14 years in a Japanese population: A retrospective multicentre study. Dent Traumatol 2019; 36:156-160. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Nogami
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral Medicine, and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral Medicine, and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
| | - Gian Battista Bottini
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
| | - Hiromitsu Morishima
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral Medicine, and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
| | - Yuko Sai
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral Medicine, and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
| | - Yoshio Otake
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral Medicine, and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
| | - Keisuke Higuchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Sendai City Hospital Sendai Japan
| | - Masahiro Kumagai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery KKR Tohoku Kosai Hospital Sendai Japan
| | - Alexander Gaggl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
| | - Tetsu Takahashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral Medicine, and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
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Tribst JPM, Dal Piva AMDO, Borges ALS, Bottino MA. Simulation of mouthguard use in preventing dental injuries caused by different impacts in sports activities. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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