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Li Z, Costamagna AC, Beran F, You M. Biology, Ecology, and Management of Flea Beetles in Brassica Crops. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:199-217. [PMID: 38270984 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-033023-015753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Brassica vegetable and oilseed crops are attacked by several different flea beetle species (Chrysomelidae: Alticini). Over the past decades, most research has focused on two Phyllotreta species, Phyllotreta striolata and Phyllotreta cruciferae, which are major pests of oilseed rape in North America. More recently, and especially after the ban of neonicotinoids in the European Union, the cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala, has become greatly important and is now considered to be the major pest of winter oilseed rape in Europe. The major challenges to flea beetle control are the prediction of population dynamics in the field, differential susceptibility to insecticides, and the lack of resistant plant cultivars and other economically viable alternative management strategies. At the same time, many fundamental aspects of flea beetle biology and ecology, which may be relevant for the development of sustainable control strategies, are not well understood. This review focuses on the interactions between flea beetles and plants and summarizes the literature on current management strategies with an emphasis on the potential for biological control in flea beetle management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China;
| | | | - Franziska Beran
- Department of Population Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany,
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China;
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Emery SE, Klapwijk M, Sigvald R, Bommarco R, Lundin O. Cold winters drive consistent and spatially synchronous 8-year population cycles of cabbage stem flea beetle. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:594-605. [PMID: 36484622 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Population cycles have been observed in mammals as well as insects, but consistent population cycling has rarely been documented in agroecosystems and never for a beetle. We analysed the long-term population patterns of the cabbage stem flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala in winter oilseed rape over 50 years. Psylliodes chrysocephala larval density from 3045 winter oilseed rape fields in southern Sweden showed strong 8-year population cycles in regional mean density. Fluctuations in larval density were synchronous over time across five subregional populations. Subregional mean environmental variables explained 90.6% of the synchrony in P. chrysocephala populations at the 7-11 year time-scale. The number of days below -10°C showed strong anti-phase coherence with larval densities in the 7-11 year time-scale, such that more cold days resulted in low larval densities. High levels of the North Atlantic Oscillation weather system are coherent and anti-phase with cold weather in Scania, Sweden. At the field-scale, later crop planting date and more cold winter days were associated with decreased overwintering larval density. Warmer autumn temperatures, resulting in greater larval accumulated degree days early in the season, increased overwintering larval density. Despite variation in environmental conditions and crop management, 8-year cycles persisted for cabbage stem flea beetle throughout the 50 years of data collection. Moran effects, influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation weather patterns, are the primary drivers of this cycle and synchronicity. Insect pest data collected in commercial agriculture fields is an abundant source of long-term data. We show that an agricultural pest can have the same periodic population cycles observed in perennial and unmanaged ecosystems. This unexpected finding has implications for sustainable pest management in agriculture and shows the value of long-term pest monitoring projects as an additional source of time-series data to untangle the drivers of population cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Emery
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maartje Klapwijk
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roland Sigvald
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Lundin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ortega‐Ramos PA, Coston DJ, Seimandi‐Corda G, Mauchline AL, Cook SM. Integrated pest management strategies for cabbage stem flea beetle ( Psylliodes chrysocephala) in oilseed rape. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY. BIOENERGY 2022; 14:267-286. [PMID: 35909990 PMCID: PMC9303719 DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed rape (OSR) is the second largest source of vegetable oil globally and the most important biofuel feedstock in the European Union (EU) but the production of this important crop is threatened by a small insect, Psylliodes chrysocephala - the cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB). The EU ban on use of neonicotinoid seed treatments and resistance of CSFB to pyrethroid insecticides have left farmers with limited control options resulting in drastic reductions in production. Integrated pest management (IPM) may offer a solution. We review the lifecycle of CSFB and the current options available, or in the research pipeline, for the eight IPM principles of the EU Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive (Directive-2009/128/EC). A full IPM strategy for CSFB barely exists. Although there are a range of preventative measures, these require scientific validation; critically, resistant/tolerant OSR cultivars are not yet available. Existing monitoring methods are time-consuming and there are no commercial models to enable decision support based on predictions of migration timing or population size. Available thresholds are not based on physiological tolerances of the plant making it hard to adapt them to changing market prices for the crop and costs of control. Non-synthetic alternatives tested and registered for use against CSFB are lacking, making resistance management impossible. CSFB control is therefore dependent upon conservation biocontrol. Natural enemies of CSFB are present, but quantification of their effects is needed and habitat management strategies to exploit their potential. Although some EU countries have local initiatives to reduce insecticide use and encourage use of 'greener' alternatives, there is no formal process for ranking these and little information available to help farmers make choices. We summarize the main knowledge gaps and future research needed to improve measures for CSFB control and to facilitate development of a full IPM strategy for this pest and sustainable oilseeds production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Ortega‐Ramos
- Biointeractions & Crop Protection DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Duncan J. Coston
- Biointeractions & Crop Protection DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Gaëtan Seimandi‐Corda
- Biointeractions & Crop Protection DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUK
| | - Alice L. Mauchline
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Samantha M. Cook
- Biointeractions & Crop Protection DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUK
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Ruan Y, Zhang M, Kundrata R, Qiu L, Ge S, Yang X, Chen X, Jiang S. Functional Morphology of the Thorax of the Click Beetle Campsosternus auratus (Coleoptera, Elateridae), with an Emphasis on Its Jumping Mechanism. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030248. [PMID: 35323546 PMCID: PMC8955093 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Click beetles are well-known for the specialized thoracic structure, which they can click to thrust themselves into the air and to right themselves. Several aspects of their jumping mechanism were still not entirely clear prior to this study. We utilized traditional dissection, 3D virtual dissection, and high-speed filming techniques to investigate the functional morphology of their thorax. Our results show several new insights into their extraordinary clicking and jumping mechanisms. Abstract We investigated and described the thoracic structures, jumping mechanism, and promesothoracic interlocking mechanism of the click beetle Campsosternus auratus (Drury) (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae). Two experiments were conducted to reveal the critical muscles and sclerites involved in the jumping mechanism. They showed that M2 and M4 are essential clicking-related muscles. The prosternal process, the prosternal rest of the mesoventrite, the mesoventral cavity, the base of the elytra, and the posterodorsal evagination of the pronotum are critical clicking-related sclerites. The destruction of any of these muscles and sclerites resulted in the loss of normal clicking and jumping ability. The mesonotum was identified as a highly specialized saddle-shaped biological spring that can store elastic energy and release it abruptly. During the jumping process of C. auratus, M2 contracts to establish and latch the clicking system, and M4 contracts to generate energy. The specialized thoracic biological springs (e.g., the prosternum and mesonotum) and elastic cuticles store and abruptly release the colossal energy, which explosively raises the beetle body in a few milliseconds. The specialized trigger muscle for the release of the clicking was not found; our study supports the theory that the triggering of the clicking is due to the building-up of tension (i.e., elastic energy) in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongying Ruan
- Plant Protection Research Center, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.R.); (M.Z.); (S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Plant Protection Research Center, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.R.); (M.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Robin Kundrata
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Lu Qiu
- Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing West Road, Mianyang 621000, China;
| | - Siqin Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (X.C.)
| | - Xingke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Plant Protection Research Center, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.R.); (M.Z.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (X.C.)
| | - Shihong Jiang
- Plant Protection Research Center, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.R.); (M.Z.); (S.J.)
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Willis CE, Foster SP, Zimmer CT, Elias J, Chang X, Field LM, Williamson MS, Davies TE. Investigating the status of pyrethroid resistance in UK populations of the cabbage stem flea beetle ( Psylliodes chrysocephala). CROP PROTECTION (GUILDFORD, SURREY) 2020; 138:105316. [PMID: 33273750 PMCID: PMC7607605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala L. is a major pest of winter oilseed rape in several European countries. Traditionally, neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides have been widely used for control of P. chrysocephala, but in recent years, following the withdrawal of neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments, control failures have occurred due to an over reliance on pyrethroids. In line with previous surveys, UK populations of P. chrysocephala were found to exhibit high levels of resistance to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin. This resistance was suppressed by pre-treatment with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor PBO under laboratory conditions, suggesting that the resistance has a strong metabolic component. The L1014F (kdr) mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel, which confers relatively low levels (10-20 fold) of resistance to pyrethroids, was also found to be widespread across the UK regions sampled, whereas the L925I (s-kdr) mutation was much less common. The current survey also suggests that higher levels of pyrethroid resistance have spread to the North and West of England, and that resistance levels continue to remain high in the South East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Willis
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, UK
- Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Rd, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Stephen P. Foster
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, UK
| | - Christoph T. Zimmer
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH4332, Switzerland
| | - Jan Elias
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH4332, Switzerland
| | - Xianmin Chang
- Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Rd, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Linda M. Field
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, UK
| | - Martin S. Williamson
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, UK
| | - T.G. Emyr Davies
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, UK
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