1
|
Chabrol H, Bronchain J, Debbané M, Chassagne J, Raynal P. Borderline and schizotypal traits in college students: Relationship and personality profiles. Bull Menninger Clin 2021; 84:299-318. [PMID: 33779235 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2020.84.4.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between borderline and schizotypal traits are still debated. Borderline traits, schizotypal traits, and several psychopathological symptoms were assessed among 2,341 college students. A factor analysis was performed on borderline and schizotypal personality measures, leading to 10 factors. Borderline factors were largely intercorrelated, as were schizotypal factors. Moreover, borderline factors were weakly to largely correlated to schizotypal factors. Five factors were very strongly correlated (r > .50). Dissociation was strongly related to Odd Beliefs/Unusual Perceptive Experiences and Anxious-Depressive factors. Social Anxiety was strongly related to Suspiciousness. Based on these 10 factors, a cluster analysis was conducted, and resulted in four clearly distinct groups: a Low Traits cluster, a Narcissistic cluster, a Social Anxiety cluster, and a High Traits cluster. This High Traits cluster had the lowest levels of academic achievement and the highest levels of internalizing behaviors and externalizing behaviors. The clinical implications of the results are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Chabrol
- UFR de Psychologie, Université de Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Jonathan Bronchain
- UFR de Psychologie, Université de Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Martin Debbané
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Jean Chassagne
- UFR de Psychologie, Université de Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Raynal
- UFR de Psychologie, Université de Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion among patients with borderline personality disorder, compared to healthy control subjects. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248409. [PMID: 33730065 PMCID: PMC7968662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Emotion regulation difficulties are a major characteristic of personality disorders. Our study investigated emotion regulation difficulties that are characteristic of borderline personality disorder (BPD), compared to a healthy control group. Methods Patients with BPD (N = 59) and healthy participants (N = 70) filled out four self-report questionnaires (Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Self-Compassion Scale) that measured the presence or lack of different emotion-regulation strategies. Differences between the BPD and the healthy control group were investigated by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and univariate post-hoc F-test statistics. Results People suffering from BPD had statistically significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of emotional dysregulation and used more maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies, as well as lower levels of mindfulness and self-compassion compared to the HC group. Conclusion In comparison to a healthy control group, BPD patients show deficits in the following areas: mindfulness, self-compassion and adaptive emotion-regulation strategies. Based on these results, we suggest that teaching emotion-regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion skills to patients can be crucial in the treatment of borderline personality disorder.
Collapse
|
3
|
Salaminios G, Morosan L, Toffel E, Tanzer M, Eliez S, Debbané M. Self-Monitoring for speech and its links to age, cognitive effort, schizotypal trait expression and impulsivity during adolescence. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2020; 25:215-230. [PMID: 32100624 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2020.1734552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Disruptions in self-monitoring processes represent key cognitive factors associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In the current study, we assessed the effects of age and cognitive effort on self-monitoring for speech in adolescence, as well as its associations with personality dimensions pertaining to schizotypy and impulsivity.Methods: 121 community adolescents undertook a self-monitoring task that assesses the capacity to discriminate between self-generated overt and silent speech, for items requiring different levels of cognitive effort. Self-report measures were used to assess trait dimensions of schizotypy and impulsivity.Results: Cognitive effort, but not age, contributed to the overall rate of self-monitoring errors. Contrary to clinical psychosis and high risk samples, increased cognitive effort in healthy adolescents led to more internalising than externalising self-monitoring errors. Higher scores on the interpersonal dimension of schizotypy were associated with increases in the total rate of self-monitoring errors. No associations were found between positive schizotypy and externalising self-monitoring misattributions. Finally, trait impulsivity dimensions were not associated with self-monitoring performance.Conclusions: The present findings suggest that self-monitoring confusions may be linked to trait-risk for psychosis in adolescence. Future studies can prospectively assess whether the association between negative schizotypal traits and self-monitoring represents a distal marker of psychosis vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Salaminios
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Larisa Morosan
- Developmental Clinical Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Office Medico-Pédagogique, University of Geneva 1 rue David-Dufour Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Toffel
- Developmental Clinical Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michal Tanzer
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Department of Psychiatry, Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Office Medico-Pédagogique, University of Geneva 1 rue David-Dufour Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Debbané
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.,Developmental Clinical Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Office Medico-Pédagogique, University of Geneva 1 rue David-Dufour Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Different dimensions of formal thought disorder (FTD) are distinguished by different patterns of cognitive dysfunction and cortical variability in patients with schizophrenia; however, inconsistent findings may relate to patient-related confounds. Investigating FTD in nonpatient samples with elevated levels of schizotypal traits avoids these confounds, but its utility to FTD research is unknown. Thus, we performed principal components analysis (PCA) of FTD ratings using the Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language, and Communication (TLC) and the Thought and Language Index (TLI) in a general-community sample with elevated schizotypal traits. Both scales showed "clinically elevated" FTD, particularly, the TLC. PCA described a three-component TLC solution ("disorganization," "verbosity," "emptiness") and a two-component TLI solution ("negative," "idiosyncratic"), generally consistent with schizophrenia research. TLC "disorganization" and "emptiness" were correlated with psychosis-like experiences. TLI "negative" was associated with lower general cognitive function, consistent with schizophrenia research. FTD may have shared etiology along the schizophrenia spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn Langdon
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Laloyaux J, Larøi F, Nuyens F, Billieux J. Subtyping attenuated psychotic symptoms: A cluster analytic approach. J Clin Psychol 2018; 74:2117-2133. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Laloyaux
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- NORMENT - Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Frank Larøi
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- NORMENT - Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Filip Nuyens
- International Gaming Research Unit; Nottingham Trent University; Nottingham United Kingdom
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgum
| | - Joël Billieux
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgum
- Institute for Health and Behavior; University of Luxembourg; Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smits ML, Feenstra DJ, Bales DL, de Vos J, Lucas Z, Verheul R, Luyten P. Subtypes of borderline personality disorder patients: a cluster-analytic approach. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2017; 4:16. [PMID: 28680639 PMCID: PMC5494904 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-017-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The borderline personality disorder (BPD) population is notably heterogeneous, and this has potentially important implications for intervention. Identifying distinct subtypes of patients may represent a first step in identifying which treatments work best for which individuals. METHODS A cluster-analysis on dimensional personality disorder (PD) features, as assessed with the SCID-II, was performed on a sample of carefully screened BPD patients (N = 187) referred for mentalization-based treatment. The optimal cluster solution was determined using multiple indices of fit. The validity of the clusters was explored by investigating their relationship with borderline pathology, symptom severity, interpersonal problems, quality of life, personality functioning, attachment, and trauma history, in addition to demographic and clinical features. RESULTS A three-cluster solution was retained, which identified three clusters of BPD patients with distinct profiles. The largest cluster (n = 145) consisted of patients characterized by "core BPD" features, without marked elevations on other PD dimensions. A second "Extravert/externalizing" cluster of patients (n = 27) was characterized by high levels of histrionic, narcissistic, and antisocial features. A third, smaller "Schizotypal/paranoid" cluster (n = 15) consisted of patients with marked schizotypal and paranoid features. Patients in these clusters showed theoretically meaningful differences in terms of demographic and clinical features. CONCLUSIONS Three meaningful subtypes of BPD patients were identified with distinct profiles. Differences were small, even when controlling for severity of PD pathology, suggesting a strong common factor underlying BPD. These results may represent a stepping stone toward research with larger samples aimed at replicating the findings and investigating differential trajectories of change, treatment outcomes, and treatment approaches for these subtypes. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was retrospectively registered 16 April 2010 in the Nederlands Trial Register, no. NTR2292.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maaike L Smits
- Viersprong Institute for Studies on Personality Disorders, Halsteren, The Netherlands
| | - Dine J Feenstra
- Viersprong Institute for Studies on Personality Disorders, Halsteren, The Netherlands
| | - Dawn L Bales
- Viersprong Institute for Studies on Personality Disorders, Halsteren, The Netherlands.,Expertisecentrum MBT-NL, Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmijn de Vos
- Netherlands Psychoanalytic Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roel Verheul
- Viersprong Institute for Studies on Personality Disorders, Halsteren, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Body plasticity in borderline personality disorder: A link to dissociation. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 69:36-44. [PMID: 27423343 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often report an unstable sense of self, which is further enhanced in dissociative states. As one consequence, BPD patients show a labile body percept, which might result in a higher degree of body plasticity. However, experimental data on body plasticity in BPD are not yet available. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rubber hand illusion (RHI) probes the plasticity of one's body by inducing the feeling of ownership for an artificial limb. We tested the proneness to perceive the RHI in female patients with current and remitted BPD compared to healthy controls, and related their perceptions to state and trait dissociation. RESULTS Participants with current BPD, compared to healthy controls, reported higher proneness to perceive the RHI (p<.05, with an effect size [Cohen's d] of 0.68). Remission was associated with a stabilization of perceptions. RHI vividness was positively related to state and trait dissociation across the groups, and specifically in current BPD when controlling for symptom severity (all Pearson's r≥.30, p<.05). DISCUSSION These results indicate enhanced body plasticity related to dissociation in BPD, point to shared neurobiological mechanisms, and might help to elucidate the body-related perceptual disturbances associated with BPD. CONCLUSION The results provide initial empirical evidence for significant alterations in body ownership processing associated with a current BPD diagnosis, resulting in enhanced body plasticity. Dissociation significantly correlated with illusory limb ownership experiences, making body plasticity a marker for BPD.
Collapse
|
8
|
Baryshnikov I, Suvisaari J, Aaltonen K, Koivisto M, Näätänen P, Karpov B, Melartin T, Oksanen J, Suominen K, Heikkinen M, Paunio T, Joffe G, Isometsä E. Self-reported symptoms of schizotypal and borderline personality disorder in patients with mood disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 33:37-44. [PMID: 26854985 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinguishing between symptoms of schizotypal (SPD) and borderline personality disorders (BPD) is often difficult due to their partial overlap and frequent co-occurrence. We investigated correlations in self-reported symptoms of SPD and BPD in questionnaires at the levels of both total scores and individual items, examining overlapping dimensions. METHODS Two questionnaires, the McLean Screening Instrument (MSI) for BPD and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Brief (SPQ-B) for SPD, were filled in by patients with mood disorders (n=282) from specialized psychiatric care in a study of the Helsinki University Psychiatric Consortium. Correlation coefficients between total scores and individual items of the MSI and SPQ-B were estimated. Multivariate regression analysis (MRA) was conducted to examine the relationships between SPQ-B and MSI. RESULTS The Spearman's correlation between total scores of the MSI and SPQ-B was strong (rho=0.616, P<0.005). Items of MSI reflecting disrupted relatedness and affective dysregulation correlated moderately (rφ varied between 0.2 and 0.4, P<0.005) with items of SPQ. Items of MSI reflecting behavioural dysregulation correlated only weakly with items of SPQ. In MRA, depressive symptoms, sex and MSI were significant predictors of SPQ-B score, whereas symptoms of anxiety, age and SPQ-B were significant predictors of MSI score. CONCLUSIONS Items reflecting cognitive-perceptual distortions and affective symptoms of BPD appear to overlap with disorganized and cognitive-perceptual symptoms of SPD. Symptoms of depression may aggravate self-reported features of SPQ-B, and symptoms of anxiety features of MSI. Symptoms of behavioural dysregulation of BPD and interpersonal deficits of SPQ appear to be non-overlapping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Baryshnikov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 22, (Välskärinkatu 12 A), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Suvisaari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 22, (Välskärinkatu 12 A), 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Social Services and Health Care, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Aaltonen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 22, (Välskärinkatu 12 A), 00014 Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mental Health Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Koivisto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 22, (Välskärinkatu 12 A), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Näätänen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 22, (Välskärinkatu 12 A), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - B Karpov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 22, (Välskärinkatu 12 A), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Melartin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 590, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Oksanen
- Department of Social Services and Health Care, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Suominen
- City of Helsinki, Social Services and Healthcare, Helsinki, Finland; Aurora Hospital, P.O. Box 6800, 00099 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Heikkinen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 22, (Välskärinkatu 12 A), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Paunio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 22, (Välskärinkatu 12 A), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Joffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 22, (Välskärinkatu 12 A), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Isometsä
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 22, (Välskärinkatu 12 A), 00014 Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mental Health Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|