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Deng K, Yuan L, Xu Z, Qin F, Zheng Z, Huang L, Jiang W, Qin J, Sun Y, Zheng T, Ou X, Zheng L, Li S. Study of LY9 as a potential biomarker for prognosis and prediction of immunotherapy efficacy in lung adenocarcinoma. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17816. [PMID: 39193519 PMCID: PMC11348898 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphocyte antigen 9 (LY9) participates in the development of several tumors and diseases but has not been reported yet in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods First, we analyzed the expression and prognostic value of LY9 in pan-cancer, including LUAD. Additionally, we conducted a correlation analysis of LY9 expression in LUAD with immune cell infiltration using the TIMER database and the CIBERSORT algorithm, and with immune checkpoints using the GEPIA database. Also, we constructed a potential ceRNA network for LY9. Furthermore, we explored LY9-related pathways by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Finally, validation of differential expression at the mRNA level was obtained from the GEO database. We collected LUAD tissues for Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to verify the expression of LY9, CD8, and CD4 and calculated the correlation between them. We also conducted immunohistochemistry (IHC) to verify the protein expression of LY9. Results Results showed that LY9 was highly expressed in various tumors, including LUAD. Besides, patients with high LY9 expression presented longer overall survival (OS) and more multiple lymphocyte infiltrations. The expression of LY9 in LUAD strongly and positively correlates with multiple immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoints. The functional enrichment analysis indicated that LY9 was involved in multiple immune-related pathways and non-small cell lung cancer. Moreover, a ceRNA regulatory network of LINC00943-hsa-miR-141-3p-LY9 might be involved. Finally, GSE68465 dataset confirmed differential expression of LY9 mRNA levels in LUAD and the qRT-PCR results verified LY9 had a strong and positive correlation with CD4 and CD8 T cells. Unfortunately, IHC did not detect the expression of LY9 protein level in tumor tissues and WB experiments validated the protein expression of LY9 in the OCI-AML-2 cell line. Conclusions Therefore, we hypothesized that LY9 could serve as a potential, novel prognostic biomarker for LUAD and could predict immunotherapy efficacy at the mRNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Deng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Liqiang Yuan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, People’s Hospital of Deyang, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhanyu Xu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fanglu Qin
- Department of Scientific Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiwen Zheng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liuliu Huang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junqi Qin
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tiaozhan Zheng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinhuai Ou
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- Catheterization Laboratory of Cardiovascular Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shikang Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Taheri MM, Javan F, Poudineh M, Athari SS. CAR-NKT Cells in Asthma: Use of NKT as a Promising Cell for CAR Therapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024:10.1007/s12016-024-08998-0. [PMID: 38995478 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
NKT cells, unique lymphocytes bridging innate and adaptive immunity, offer significant potential for managing inflammatory disorders like asthma. Activating iNKT induces increasing IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-2, and IL-10 potentially suppressing allergic asthma. However, their immunomodulatory effects, including granzyme-perforin-mediated cytotoxicity, and expression of TIM-3 and TRAIL warrant careful consideration and targeted approaches. Although CAR-T cell therapy has achieved remarkable success in treating certain cancers, its limitations necessitate exploring alternative approaches. In this context, CAR-NKT cells emerge as a promising approach for overcoming these challenges, potentially achieving safer and more effective immunotherapies. Strategies involve targeting distinct IgE-receptors and their interactions with CAR-NKT cells, potentially disrupting allergen-mast cell/basophil interactions and preventing inflammatory cytokine release. Additionally, targeting immune checkpoints like PDL-2, inducible ICOS, FASL, CTLA-4, and CD137 or dectin-1 for fungal asthma could further modulate immune responses. Furthermore, artificial intelligence and machine learning hold immense promise for revolutionizing NKT cell-based asthma therapy. AI can optimize CAR-NKT cell functionalities, design personalized treatment strategies, and unlock a future of precise and effective care. This review discusses various approaches to enhancing CAR-NKT cell efficacy and longevity, along with the challenges and opportunities they present in the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Javan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Poudineh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
- Cancer Gene therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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Xin X, Lin L, Yang Y, Wang N, Wang J, Xu J, Wei J, Huang L, Zheng M, Xiao Y, Meng F, Cao Y, Zhu X, Zhang Y. Prognostic differences between carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine and melphalan (BEAM) and carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan and fludarabine (BEAMF) regimens before autologous stem cell transplantation plus chimeric antigen receptor T therapy in patients with refractory/relapsed B-cell non-Hodgkin-lymphoma. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:456-465. [PMID: 38385909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The combination therapy of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) therapy has been employed to improve outcomes for relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell non-Hodgkin-lymphoma (B-NHL). The widely used conditioning regimen before ASCT plus CART therapy reported in the literature was carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine and melphalan (BEAM). However, whether adding fludarabine to the BEAM regimen (BEAMF) can improve the survival of patients with R/R B-NHL remains unknown. METHODS In total, 39 and 19 patients with R/R B-NHL were enrolled to compare clinical outcomes in the BEAM and BEAMF regimens before ASCT plus CD19/22 CART therapy, respectively. RESULTS The objective response (OR) rates at 3 months to BEAM and BEAMF regimens before ASCT plus CD19/22 CART therapy were 71.8% and 94.7%, respectively (P = 0.093). The BEAMF regimen showed a trend towards a superior duration of response compared with the BEAM regimen (P = 0.09). After a median follow-up of 28 months (range: 0.93-51.9 months), the BEAMF regimen demonstrated superior 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) (89.5% versus 63.9%; P = 0.048) and 2-year overall survival (OS) (100% vs 77.3%; P = 0.035) compared with the BEAM regimen. In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, OR at month 3 (responders) was remarkably correlated with better OS (hazard ratio: 0.112, P = 0.005) compared with OR (non-responders). CONCLUSIONS For patients with R/R B-NHL, the BEAMF regimen before ASCT plus CD19/22 CART therapy was correlated with superior PFS and OS than the BEAM regimen, and the BEAMF regimen is a promising alternative conditioning regimen for ASCT plus CAR-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangke Xin
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinhuan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Miao Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fankai Meng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Minina EP, Dianov DV, Sheetikov SA, Bogolyubova AV. CAR Cells beyond Classical CAR T Cells: Functional Properties and Prospects of Application. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:765-783. [PMID: 38880641 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924050018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are genetically engineered receptors that recognize antigens and activate signaling cascades in a cell. Signal recognition and transmission are mediated by the CAR domains derived from different proteins. T cells carrying CARs against tumor-associated antigens have been used in the development of the CAR T cell therapy, a new approach to fighting malignant neoplasms. Despite its high efficacy in the treatment of oncohematological diseases, CAR T cell therapy has a number of disadvantages that could be avoided by using other types of leukocytes as effector cells. CARs can be expressed in a wide range of cells of adaptive and innate immunity with the emergence or improvement of cytotoxic properties. This review discusses the features of CAR function in different types of immune cells, with a particular focus on the results of preclinical and clinical efficacy studies and the safety of potential CAR cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta P Minina
- National Medical Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 125167, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Dianov
- National Medical Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 125167, Russia
| | - Saveliy A Sheetikov
- National Medical Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 125167, Russia
| | - Apollinariya V Bogolyubova
- National Medical Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 125167, Russia.
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5
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Stergiopoulos GM, Iankov I, Galanis E. Personalizing Oncolytic Immunovirotherapy Approaches. Mol Diagn Ther 2024; 28:153-168. [PMID: 38150172 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Development of successful cancer therapeutics requires exploration of the differences in genetics, metabolism, and interactions with the immune system among malignant and normal cells. The clinical observation of spontaneous tumor regression following natural infection with microorganism has created the premise of their use as cancer therapeutics. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) originate from viruses with attenuated virulence in humans, well-characterized vaccine strains of known human pathogens, or engineered replication-deficient viral vectors. Their selectivity is based on receptor expression level and post entry restriction factors that favor replication in the tumor, while keeping the normal cells unharmed. Clinical trials have demonstrated a wide range of patient responses to virotherapy, with subgroups of patients significantly benefiting from OV administration. Tumor-specific gene signatures, including antiviral interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression profile, have demonstrated a strong correlation with tumor permissiveness to infection. Furthermore, the combination of OVs with immunotherapeutics, including anticancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors [ICIs, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or anti-CTLA-4 and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T or CAR-NK cells], could synergistically improve the therapeutic outcome. Creating response prediction algorithms represents an important step for the transition to individualized immunovirotherapy approaches in the clinic. Integrative predictors could include tumor mutational burden (TMB), inflammatory gene signature, phenotype of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, tumor microenvironment (TME), and immune checkpoint receptor expression on both immune and target cells. Additionally, the gut microbiota has recently been recognized as a systemic immunomodulatory factor and could further be used in the optimization of individualized immunovirotherapy algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ianko Iankov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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6
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Fischer L, Grieb N, Platzbecker U, Vucinic V, Merz M. CAR T cell therapy in multiple myeloma, where are we now and where are we heading for? Eur J Haematol 2024; 112:19-27. [PMID: 37547971 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells revolutionized treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) in recent years. Currently, two CAR T cell products-idecabtagene vicleucel and ciltacabtagene autoleucel-are approved in the United States and the European Union to treat patients with three prior lines of therapy, including a proteasome inhibitor, an immunomodulatory drug, and an anti-CD38 antibody. Moreover, seminal phase III trials of both agents in earlier lines of therapy have been published recently. Despite unprecedented rates of deep and lasting remissions in RRMM, there are still areas of uncertainty regarding the optimal use and distribution of CAR T cells in multiple myeloma. In the current review, we discuss the available data on approved CAR T cell products as well as unmet clinical needs and ongoing developments to optimize usage of this promising treatment modality in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Fischer
- Department of Hematology, Cellular Therapy, Hemostaseology and Infectiology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Grieb
- Department of Hematology, Cellular Therapy, Hemostaseology and Infectiology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Department of Hematology, Cellular Therapy, Hemostaseology and Infectiology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vladan Vucinic
- Department of Hematology, Cellular Therapy, Hemostaseology and Infectiology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Merz
- Department of Hematology, Cellular Therapy, Hemostaseology and Infectiology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Carriero F, Rubino V, Leone S, Montanaro R, Brancaleone V, Ruggiero G, Terrazzano G. Regulatory T R3-56 Cells in the Complex Panorama of Immune Activation and Regulation. Cells 2023; 12:2841. [PMID: 38132162 PMCID: PMC10742044 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between immune activation and immune regulation is a fundamental aspect of the functional harmony of the immune system. This delicate balance is essential to triggering correct and effective immune responses against pathogens while preventing excessive inflammation and the immunopathogenic mechanisms of autoimmunity. The knowledge of all the mechanisms involved in immune regulation is not yet definitive, and, probably, the overall picture is much broader than what has been described in the scientific literature so far. Given the plasticity of the immune system and the diversity of organisms, it is highly probable that numerous other cells and molecules are still to be ascribed to the immune regulation process. Here, we report a general overview of how immune activation and regulation interact, based on the involvement of molecules and cells specifically dedicated to these processes. In addition, we discuss the role of TR3-56 lymphocytes as a new cellular candidate in the immune regulation landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Carriero
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.C.); (R.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Valentina Rubino
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Stefania Leone
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera A. Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Rosangela Montanaro
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.C.); (R.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Brancaleone
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.C.); (R.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Ruggiero
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.C.); (R.M.); (V.B.)
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8
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Xu Y, Lan P, Wang T. The Role of Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1984. [PMID: 38004032 PMCID: PMC10672798 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease of unknown etiology with limited treatment options. The role of the immune system in IPF has received increasing attention. Uncontrolled immune responses drive the onset and progression of IPF. This article provides an overview of the role of innate immune cells (including macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells, nature killer cells, nature kill cells and γδ T cells) and adaptive immune cells (including Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th9 cells, Th17 cells, Th22 cells, cytotoxic T cells, B lymphocytes and Treg cells) in IPF. In addition, we review the current status of pharmacological treatments for IPF and new developments in immunotherapy. A deeper comprehension of the immune system's function in IPF may contribute to the development of targeted immunomodulatory therapies that can alter the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;
- The Center for Biomedical Research, National Health Committee (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Peixiang Lan
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;
- The Center for Biomedical Research, National Health Committee (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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9
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Yang K, Yu W, Liu H, Lou F, Cao S, Wang H, He Z. Mutational pattern off homologous recombination repair (HRR)-related genes in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Med 2023; 12:15304-15316. [PMID: 37387466 PMCID: PMC10417099 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homologous recombination (HR) repair (HRR) has been indicated to be a biomarker for immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors inhibitors (PARPis). Nonetheless, their molecular correlates in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) have not been well studied. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism and tumor immune profile of HRR genes and the relevance of their prognostic value in patients with UTUC. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and ninety-seven tumors and matched blood samples from Chinese UTUC were subjected to next-generation sequencing. A total of 186 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas were included. Comprehensive analysis was performed. RESULTS In Chinese patients with UTUC, 5.01% harbored germline HRR gene mutations, and 1.01% had Lynch syndrome-related genes. A total of 37.6% (74/197) of patients carried somatic or germline HRR gene mutations. There was marked discrepancy in the mutation landscapes, genetic interactions, and driver genes between the HRR-mut cohorts and HRR-wt cohorts. Aristolochic acid signatures and defective DNA mismatch repair signatures only existed in individuals in the HRR-mut cohorts. Inversely, the unknown signature (signature A) and signature SBS55 only existed in patients in the HRR-wt cohorts. HRR gene mutations regulated immune activities by NKT cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, hematopoietic stem cell, and M1 macrophages. In patients with local recurrence, patients with HRR gene mutations had poorer DFS rates than patients with wild-type HRR genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that the detection of HRR gene mutations can predict recurrence in patients with UC. In addition, this study provides a path to explore the role of HRR-directed therapies, including PARPis, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwei Yang
- Department of urologyPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of urologyPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | | | - Feng Lou
- AcornMed Biotechnology Co., Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Shanbo Cao
- AcornMed Biotechnology Co., Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Huina Wang
- AcornMed Biotechnology Co., Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Zhisong He
- Department of urologyPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
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Hadiloo K, Tahmasebi S, Esmaeilzadeh A. CAR-NKT cell therapy: a new promising paradigm of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:86. [PMID: 37158883 PMCID: PMC10165596 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, cancer treatment is one of the fundamental problems facing clinicians and researchers worldwide. Efforts to find an excellent way to treat this illness continue, and new therapeutic strategies are developed quickly. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a practical approach that has been emerged to improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients. In the ACT, one of the best ways to arm the immune cells against tumors is by employing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) via genetic engineering. CAR equips cells to target specific antigens on tumor cells and selectively eradicate them. Researchers have achieved promising preclinical and clinical outcomes with different cells by using CARs. One of the potent immune cells that seems to be a good candidate for CAR-immune cell therapy is the Natural Killer-T (NKT) cell. NKT cells have multiple features that make them potent cells against tumors and would be a powerful replacement for T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. NKT cells are cytotoxic immune cells with various capabilities and no notable side effects on normal cells. The current study aimed to comprehensively provide the latest advances in CAR-NKT cell therapy for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Hadiloo
- Student Research Committee, Department of immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Student Research Committee, Department of immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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11
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Cell Immunotherapy against Melanoma: Clinical Trials Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032413. [PMID: 36768737 PMCID: PMC9916554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and therapy-resistant types of cancer, the incidence rate of which grows every year. However, conventional methods of chemo- and radiotherapy do not allow for completely removing neoplasm, resulting in local, regional, and distant relapses. In this case, adjuvant therapy can be used to reduce the risk of recurrence. One of the types of maintenance cancer therapy is cell-based immunotherapy, in which immune cells, such as T-cells, NKT-cells, B cells, NK cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells are used to recognize and mobilize the immune system to kill cancer cells. These cells can be isolated from the patient's peripheral blood or biopsy material and genetically modified, cultured ex vivo, following infusion back into the patient for powerful induction of an anti-tumor immune response. In this review, the advantages and problems of the most relevant methods of cell-based therapy and ongoing clinical trials of adjuvant therapy of melanoma are discussed.
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Role of NKT cells in cancer immunotherapy-from bench to bed. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:29. [PMID: 36460881 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a specific T cell subset known to express the αβ-T cell receptor (TCR) for antigens identification and express typical NK cell specifications, such as surface expression of CD56 and CD16 markers as well as production of granzyme. Human NKT cells are divided into two subgroups based on their cytokine receptor and TCR repertoire. Both of them are CD1-restricted and recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d molecules. Studies have demonstrated that these cells are essential in defense against malignancies. These cells secret proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines that stimulate or suppress immune system responses. In several murine tumor models, activation of type I NKT cells induces tumor rejection and inhibits metastasis's spread. However, type II NKT cells are associated with an inhibitory and regulatory function during tumor immune responses. Variant NKT cells may suppress tumor immunity via different mechanisms that require cross-talk with other immune-regulatory cells. NKT-like cells display high tumor-killing abilities against many tumor cells. In the recent decade, different studies have been performed based on the application of NKT-based immunotherapy for cancer therapy. Moreover, manipulation of NKT cells through administering autologous dendritic cell (DC) loaded with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and direct α-GalCer injection has also been tested. In this review, we described different subtypes of NKT cells, their function in the anti-tumor immune responses, and the application of NKT cells in cancer immunotherapy from bench to bed.
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Alesci A, Lauriano ER, Fumia A, Irrera N, Mastrantonio E, Vaccaro M, Gangemi S, Santini A, Cicero N, Pergolizzi S. Relationship between Immune Cells, Depression, Stress, and Psoriasis: Could the Use of Natural Products Be Helpful? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061953. [PMID: 35335319 PMCID: PMC8954591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is one of the most widespread chronic inflammatory skin diseases, affecting about 2%-3% of the worldwide adult population. The pathogenesis of this disease is quite complex, but an interaction between genetic and environmental factors has been recognized with an essential modulation of inflammatory and immune responses in affected patients. Psoriatic plaques generally represent the clinical psoriatic feature resulting from an abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, which cause dermal hyperplasia, skin infiltration of immune cells, and increased capillarity. Some scientific pieces of evidence have reported that psychological stress may play a key role in psoriasis, and the disease itself may cause stress conditions in patients, thus reproducing a vicious cycle. The present review aims at examining immune cell involvement in psoriasis and the relationship of depression and stress in its pathogenesis and development. In addition, this review contains a focus on the possible use of natural products, thus pointing out their mechanism of action in order to counteract clinical and psychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.R.L.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.R.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98147 Messina, Italy; (A.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine—Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | | | - Mario Vaccaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine—Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98147 Messina, Italy; (A.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.R.L.); (S.P.)
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ERCC6L is a biomarker and therapeutic target for non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma. Med Oncol 2022; 39:51. [PMID: 35150321 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounts for the majority of lung cancer which is one of the most common cancer types and results in high percentage of cancer-related deaths. Although NSCLC patients have been benefiting from the existing standard treatments, more candidate biomarkers for effective diagnosis and targets for therapy are still required to be uncovered. The expression pattern and biological function of Excision repair cross-complementation group 6 like (ERCC6L) in NSCLC are ill-investigated. METHODS We performed bioinformatic analyses in NSCLC patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) or lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), respectively. Patient survival determination and meta-analysis were carried out to check the clinical significance of ERCC6L. Datamining was also performed to evaluate the ERCC6L mRNA and protein expression levels in patients with LUAD and the correlation with immune cell infiltration. In silico prediction indicated the potential interacting proteins and correlated pathways of ERCC6L in LUAD. Loss-of-function studies were performed to determine the role of ERCC6L in LUAD cells. RESULTS Here, we found that ERCC6L is upregulated in patients with LUAD and LUSC and is strongly associated with poor outcomes of LUAD, but not LUSC, patients. In addition, ERCC6L mRNA and protein were shown to be more expressed in patients with advanced stages of LUAD. Finally, functional analyses reveal the promoting effects of ERCC6L on LUAD cell survival, migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Cohort data analysis and experimental validation shed light on the promising prognostic and therapeutic application of ERCC6L in LUAD, but maybe not LUSC, patients.
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Makkouk A, Yang XC, Barca T, Lucas A, Turkoz M, Wong JTS, Nishimoto KP, Brodey MM, Tabrizizad M, Gundurao SRY, Bai L, Bhat A, An Z, Abbot S, Satpayev D, Aftab BT, Herrman M. Off-the-shelf Vδ1 gamma delta T cells engineered with glypican-3 (GPC-3)-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and soluble IL-15 display robust antitumor efficacy against hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003441. [PMID: 34916256 PMCID: PMC8679077 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican-3 (GPC-3) is an oncofetal protein that is highly expressed in various solid tumors, but rarely expressed in healthy adult tissues and represents a rational target of particular relevance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) αβ T cell therapies have established significant clinical benefit in hematologic malignancies, although efficacy in solid tumors has been limited due to several challenges including T cell homing, target antigen heterogeneity, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are highly cytolytic effectors that can recognize and kill tumor cells through major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent antigens upregulated under stress. The Vδ1 subset is preferentially localized in peripheral tissue and engineering with CARs to further enhance intrinsic antitumor activity represents an attractive approach to overcome challenges for conventional T cell therapies in solid tumors. Allogeneic Vδ1 CAR T cell therapy may also overcome other hurdles faced by allogeneic αβ T cell therapy, including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). METHODS We developed the first example of allogeneic CAR Vδ1 T cells that have been expanded from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and genetically modified to express a 4-1BB/CD3z CAR against GPC-3. The CAR construct (GPC-3.CAR/secreted interleukin-15 (sIL)-15) additionally encodes a constitutively-secreted form of IL-15, which we hypothesized could sustain proliferation and antitumor activity of intratumoral Vδ1 T cells expressing GPC-3.CAR. RESULTS GPC-3.CAR/sIL-15 Vδ1 T cells expanded from PBMCs on average 20,000-fold and routinely reached >80% purity. Expanded Vδ1 T cells showed a primarily naïve-like memory phenotype with limited exhaustion marker expression and displayed robust in vitro proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic activity against HCC cell lines expressing low (PLC/PRF/5) and high (HepG2) GPC-3 levels. In a subcutaneous HepG2 mouse model in immunodeficient NSG mice, GPC-3.CAR/sIL-15 Vδ1 T cells primarily accumulated and proliferated in the tumor, and a single dose efficiently controlled tumor growth without evidence of xenogeneic GvHD. Importantly, compared with GPC-3.CAR Vδ1 T cells lacking sIL-15, GPC-3.CAR/sIL-15 Vδ1 T cells displayed greater proliferation and resulted in enhanced therapeutic activity. CONCLUSIONS Expanded Vδ1 T cells engineered with a GPC-3 CAR and sIL-15 represent a promising platform warranting further clinical evaluation as an off-the-shelf treatment of HCC and potentially other GPC-3-expressing solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taylor Barca
- Adicet Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lu Bai
- Adicet Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Arun Bhat
- Adicet Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Zili An
- Adicet Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA
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Keane JT, Posey AD. Chimeric Antigen Receptors Expand the Repertoire of Antigenic Macromolecules for Cellular Immunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123356. [PMID: 34943864 PMCID: PMC8699116 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell therapies have made significant improvements in cancer treatment over the last decade. One cellular therapy utilizing T-cells involves the use of a chimeric MHC-independent antigen-recognition receptor, typically referred to as a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). CAR molecules, while mostly limited to the recognition of antigens on the surface of tumor cells, can also be utilized to exploit the diverse repertoire of macromolecules targetable by antibodies, which are incorporated into the CAR design. Leaning into this expansion of target macromolecules will enhance the diversity of antigens T-cells can target and may improve the tumor-specificity of CAR T-cell therapy. This review explores the types of macromolecules targetable by T-cells through endogenous and synthetic antigen-specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Keane
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Avery D. Posey
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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Endo-Umeda K, Nakashima H, Uno S, Toyoshima S, Umeda N, Komine-Aizawa S, Seki S, Makishima M. Liver X receptors regulate natural killer T cell population and antitumor activity in the liver of mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22595. [PMID: 34799646 PMCID: PMC8604965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors liver X receptor α (LXRα) and LXRβ are lipid sensors that regulate lipid metabolism and immunity. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a T cell subset expressing surface markers of both natural killer cells and T lymphocytes and involved in antitumor immunity, are another abundant immune cell type in the liver. The potential function of the metabolic regulators LXRα/β in hepatic NKT cells remains unknown. In this study, we examined the role of LXRα and LXRβ in NKT cells using mice deficient for LXRα and/or LXRβ, and found that hepatic invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are drastically decreased in LXRα/β-KO mice. Cytokine production stimulated by the iNKT cell activator α-galactosylceramide was impaired in LXRα/β-KO hepatic mononuclear cells and in LXRα/β-KO mice. iNKT cell-mediated antitumor effect was also disturbed in LXRα/β-KO mice. LXRα/β-KO mice transplanted with wild-type bone marrow showed decreased iNKT cells in the liver and spleen. The thymus of LXRα/β-KO mice showed a decreased population of iNKT cells. In conclusion, LXRα and LXRβ are essential for NKT cell-mediated immunity, such as cytokine production and hepatic antitumor activity, and are involved in NKT cell development in immune tissues, such as the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Endo-Umeda
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Uno
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Toyoshima
- Allergy and Immunology Research Project Team, Research Institute of Medical Science, Center for Institutional Research and Medical Education, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Umeda
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shihoko Komine-Aizawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhji Seki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered Natural Killer (CAR NK) Cells in Cancer Treatment; Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2081-2106. [PMID: 34472037 PMCID: PMC8410173 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are critical members of the innate immunity lymphocytes and have a critical role in host defense against malignant cells. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) redirects the specificity of the immune cell against a target-specific antigen. ACT has recently created an outstanding opportunity for cancer treatment. Unlike CAR-armored T cells which hadnsome shortcomings as the CAR-receiving construct, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independency, shorter lifespan, the potential to produce an off-the-shelf immune product, and potent anti-tumor properties of the NK cells has introduced NK cells as a potent alternative target for expression of CAR. Here, we aim to provide an updated overview on the current improvements in CAR NK design and immunobiology and describe the potential of CAR-modified NK cells as an alternative “off-the-shelf” carrier of CAR. We also provide lists for the sources of NK cells in the process of CAR NK cell production, different methods for transduction of the CAR genetic sequence to NK cells, the differences between CAR T and CAR NK, and CAR NK-targeted tumor antigens in current studies. Additionally, we provide data on recently published preclinical and clinical studies of CAR NK therapy and a list of finished and ongoing clinical trials. For achieving CAR NK products with higher efficacy and safety, we discuss current challenges in transduction and expansion of CAR NK cells, CAR NK therapy side effects, and challenges that limit the optimal efficacy of CAR NK cells and recommend possible solutions to enhance the persistence, function, safety, and efficacy of CAR NK cells with a special focus on solid tumors.
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Globerson Levin A, Rivière I, Eshhar Z, Sadelain M. CAR T cells: Building on the CD19 paradigm. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2151-2163. [PMID: 34196410 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spearheaded by the therapeutic use of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting CD19, synthetic immunology has entered the clinical arena. CARs are recombinant receptors for antigen that engage cell surface molecules through the variable region of an antibody and signal through arrayed T-cell activating and costimulatory domains. CARs allow redirection of T-cell cytotoxicity against any antigen of choice, independent of MHC expression. Patient T cells engineered to express CARs specific for CD19 have yielded remarkable outcomes in subjects with relapsed/refractory B- cell malignancies, setting off unprecedented interest in T-cell engineering and cell-based cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we present the challenges to extend the use of CAR T cells to solid tumors and other pathologies. We further highlight progress in CAR design, cell manufacturing, and genome editing, which in aggregate hold the promise of generating safer and more effective genetically instructed immunity. Novel engineered cell types, including innate T-cell types, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immune cells, are on the horizon, as are applications of CAR T cells to treat autoimmunity, severe infections, and senescence-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zelig Eshhar
- Immunology Lab, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Made to Measure: Patient-Tailored Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Using Cell-Based Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147536. [PMID: 34299154 PMCID: PMC8304207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is still no cure for multiple sclerosis (MS), which is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Treatment options predominantly consist of drugs that affect adaptive immunity and lead to a reduction of the inflammatory disease activity. A broad range of possible cell-based therapeutic options are being explored in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including MS. This review aims to provide an overview of recent and future advances in the development of cell-based treatment options for the induction of tolerance in MS. Here, we will focus on haematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, regulatory T cells and dendritic cells. We will also focus on less familiar cell types that are used in cell therapy, including B cells, natural killer cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We will address key issues regarding the depicted therapies and highlight the major challenges that lie ahead to successfully reverse autoimmune diseases, such as MS, while minimising the side effects. Although cell-based therapies are well known and used in the treatment of several cancers, cell-based treatment options hold promise for the future treatment of autoimmune diseases in general, and MS in particular.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Success from checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell therapy has brought a new hope in cancer immunotherapy. Adoptive cell therapy involves the isolation of immune cells, ex vivo activation and/or expansion, and reinfusion into the patients, and their effect can be dramatically increased by the incorporation of chimeric antigen receptors specific to molecules expressed on tumor cells. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells have shown exciting results in the treatment of liquid malignancies; nevertheless, they suffer from limitations including severe adverse effects such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity seen in patients as well as a potential for causing graft-versus-host disease in an allogeneic setting. It is thus imperial to explore innate immune cells including natural killer cells, macrophages, natural killer T cells, and γδ T cells. Here, we provide a broad overview of the major innate immune cells and their potential for adoptive cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor engineering.
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Wendel P, Reindl LM, Bexte T, Künnemeyer L, Särchen V, Albinger N, Mackensen A, Rettinger E, Bopp T, Ullrich E. Arming Immune Cells for Battle: A Brief Journey through the Advancements of T and NK Cell Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061481. [PMID: 33807011 PMCID: PMC8004685 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review is intended to provide an overview on the history and recent advances of T cell and natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy. While the thymus was discovered as the origin of T cells in the 1960s, and NK cells were first described in 1975, the clinical application of adoptive cell therapies (ACT) only began in the early 1980s with the first lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell product for the treatment of cancer patients. Over the past decades, further immunotherapies have been developed, including ACT using cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, products based on the NK cell line NK-92 as well as specific T and NK cell preparations. Recent advances have successfully improved the effectiveness of T, NK, CIK or NK-92 cells towards tumor-targeting antigens generated by genetic engineering of the immune cells. Herein, we summarize the promising development of ACT over the past decades in the fight against cancer. Abstract The promising development of adoptive immunotherapy over the last four decades has revealed numerous therapeutic approaches in which dedicated immune cells are modified and administered to eliminate malignant cells. Starting in the early 1980s, lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells were the first ex vivo generated NK cell-enriched products utilized for adoptive immunotherapy. Over the past decades, various immunotherapies have been developed, including cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, as a peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)-based therapeutic product, the adoptive transfer of specific T and NK cell products, and the NK cell line NK-92. In addition to allogeneic NK cells, NK-92 cell products represent a possible “off-the-shelf” therapeutic concept. Recent approaches have successfully enhanced the specificity and cytotoxicity of T, NK, CIK or NK-92 cells towards tumor-specific or associated target antigens generated by genetic engineering of the immune cells, e.g., to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Here, we will look into the history and recent developments of T and NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wendel
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Reindl
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Bexte
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Leander Künnemeyer
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Särchen
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Nawid Albinger
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Medicine 5, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Eva Rettinger
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Painter GF, Burn OK, Hermans IF. Using agonists for iNKT cells in cancer therapy. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:1-6. [PMID: 33340930 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) to act as an anti-cancer agent in mice through the specific stimulation of type I NKT (iNKT) cells has prompted extensive investigation to translate this finding to the clinic. However, low frequencies of iNKT cells in cancer patients and their hypo-responsiveness to repeated stimulation have been seen as barriers to its efficacy. Currently the most promising clinical application of α-GalCer, or its derivatives, is as stimuli for ex vivo expansion of iNKT cells for adoptive therapy, although some encouraging clinical results have recently been reported using α-GalCer pulsed onto large numbers of antigen presenting cells (APCs). In on-going preclinical studies, attempts to improve efficacy of injected iNKT cell agonists have focussed on optimising presentation in vivo, through encapsulation in particulate vectors, making structural changes that help binding to the presenting molecule CD1d, or injecting agonists covalently attached to recombinant CD1d. Variations on these same approaches are being used to enhance the APC-licencing function of iNKT cells in vivo to induce adaptive immune responses to associated tumour antigens. Looking ahead, a unique capacity of in vivo-activated iNKT cells to facilitate formation of resident memory CD8+ T cells is a new observation that could find a role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin F Painter
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Olivia K Burn
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand; Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Reindl LM, Albinger N, Bexte T, Müller S, Hartmann J, Ullrich E. Immunotherapy with NK cells: recent developments in gene modification open up new avenues. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1777651. [PMID: 33457093 PMCID: PMC7781759 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1777651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have achieved remarkable success. However, application-related toxicities, such as cytokine release syndrome or neurotoxicity, moved natural killer (NK) cells into focus as novel players in immunotherapy. CAR-NK cells provide an advantageous dual killing-capacity by CAR-dependent and -independent mechanisms and induce few side effects. While the majority of trials still use CAR-T cells, CAR-NK cell trials are on the rise with 19 ongoing studies worldwide. This review illuminates the current state of research and clinical application of CAR-NK cells, as well as future developmental potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Reindl
- Children’s Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nawid Albinger
- Children’s Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Bexte
- Children’s Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan Müller
- Children’s Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jessica Hartmann
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Children’s Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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25
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Liu D, Badeti S, Dotti G, Jiang JG, Wang H, Dermody J, Soteropoulos P, Streck D, Birge RB, Liu C. The Role of Immunological Synapse in Predicting the Efficacy of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Immunotherapy. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:134. [PMID: 32843053 PMCID: PMC7446110 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) immunotherapy utilizes genetically-engineered immune cells that express a unique cell surface receptor that combines tumor antigen specificity with immune cell activation. In recent clinical trials, the adoptive transfer of CAR-modified immune cells (including CAR-T and CAR-NK cells) into patients has been remarkably successful in treating multiple refractory blood cancers. To improve safety and efficacy, and expand potential applicability to other cancer types, CARs with different target specificities and sequence modifications are being developed and tested by many laboratories. Despite the overall progress in CAR immunotherapy, conventional tools to design and evaluate the efficacy and safety of CAR immunotherapies can be inaccurate, time-consuming, costly, and labor-intensive. Furthermore, existing tools cannot always determine how responsive individual patients will be to a particular CAR immunotherapy. Recent work in our laboratory suggests that the quality of the immunological synapse (IS) can accurately predict CAR-modified cell efficacy (and toxicity) that can correlate with clinical outcomes. Here we review current efforts to develop a Synapse Predicts Efficacy (SPE) system for easy, rapid and cost-effective evaluation of CAR-modified immune cell immunotherapy. Ultimately, we hypothesize the conceptual basis and clinical application of SPE will serve as an important parameter in evaluating CAR immunotherapy and significantly advance precision cancer immunotherapy. Video abstract
Graphical abstract Graphic abstract for manuscript CCAS-D-20-00136 by Liu, D., et al., ‘The Role of Immunological Synapse in Predicting the Efficacy of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Immunotherapy”. The various branches of evaluating cancer immunotherapy metaphorically represented as a Rubik’s cube. The development of a novel approach to predict the effectiveness of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-modified cells by quantifying the quality of CAR IS will introduce a new parameter to the rapidly expanding field of cancer immunotherapy. Currently, no single parameter can predict the clinical outcome or efficacy of a specific type of CAR-modified cell. IS quality will serve as a quantifiable measure to evaluate CAR products and can be used in conjunction with other conventional parameters to form a composite clinical predictor. Much like a Rubik’s cube has countless configurations, several methods and combinations of clinical metrics have arisen for evaluating the ability of a given immunotherapeutic strategy to treat cancer. The quality of IS depicting cancer immunotherapy is metaphorically expressed as a Rubik’s cube. Each face/color represents one aspect of cancer therapy. Each grid in one face indicates one factor within that aspect of cancer therapy. For example, the green color represents the tumor microenvironment, and one out of the nine grids in the green color indicates suppressor cells (suppressors in green). Changes in one factor may completely alter the entire strategy of cancer therapy. However, the quality of IS (illuminated center red grid) makes the effectiveness of CAR immunotherapy predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers University- New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA.
| | - Saiaditya Badeti
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers University- New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jie-Gen Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers University- New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - He Wang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers University- New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - James Dermody
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Deanna Streck
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers University- New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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Ge S, Chu M, Choi J, Louie S, Vo A, Jordan SC, Toyoda M. Imlifidase Inhibits HLA Antibody-mediated NK Cell Activation and Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) In Vitro. Transplantation 2020; 104:1574-1579. [PMID: 32732834 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an important pathway responsible for antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Imlifidase (IdeS) cleaves human IgG into F(ab')2 and Fc fragments, potentially inhibiting ADCC. Here we examined the effect of IdeS on allo-antibody-mediated NK cell activation (Allo-CFC) and ADCC in vitro. METHODS For Allo-CFC, normal whole blood was incubated with third-party peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) pretreated with anti-HLA antibody positive (HS) or negative (NC) sera to measure IFNγ+ NK cell%. For ADCC, normal PBMCs were incubated with Farage B (FB) cells with HS or NC sera to measure 7-AAD+ lysed FB cell%. To assess the effect of IdeS on these assays, serum-treated PBMCs (Allo-CFC-1) and serum used for PBMC pretreatment (Allo-CFC-2) in Allo-CFC, and serum used for ADCC were preincubated with IdeS. Sera from IdeS-treated patients were also tested for Allo-CFC (Allo-CFC-3). RESULTS IFNγ+ NK cell% were significantly elevated in HS versus NC sera in Allo-CFC-1 (10 ± 3% versus 2 ± 1%, P = 0.001), Allo-CFC-2 (20 ± 10% versus 4 ± 2%, P = 0.01) and 7AAD+ FB cell% (11 ± 3% versus 4 ± 2%, P = 0.02) in ADCC. These were significantly reduced by IdeS treatment. Patient sera with significantly reduced anti-HLA antibody levels at 1 day postimlifidase lost the capacity to activate NK cells in Allo-CFC-3, but those at 1-3 months postimlifidase regained the capacity. CONCLUSIONS IdeS inhibited NK cell activation and ADCC in vitro and in treated patients. These results and reported inhibition of complement activating anti-HLA antibodies by IdeS suggest its possible role in treatment of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Ge
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maggie Chu
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jua Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sabrina Louie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ashley Vo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stanley C Jordan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mieko Toyoda
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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27
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Zhao Y, Zhou X. Engineering chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:653-664. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer has attracted considerable attention as a treatment for cancer. The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cells for the treatment of haematologic tumors has demonstrated the potential of CAR. In this review, we describe the current CAR-engineered natural killer (CAR-NK) cell construction strategies, including the design principles and structural characteristics of the extracellular, transmembrane and intracellular regions of the CAR structure. In addition, we review different cellular carriers used to develop CAR-NK cells, highlighting existing problems and challenges. We further discuss possible ways to optimize CAR from the perspective of the tumor microenvironment to harness the strength of CAR-NK cells and provided rationales to combine CAR-NK cells with other treatment regimens to enhance antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Nantong University, School of Medicine
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nantong University, School of Medicine
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28
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Sabry M, Lowdell MW. Killers at the crossroads: The use of innate immune cells in adoptive cellular therapy of cancer. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:974-984. [PMID: 32416056 PMCID: PMC7445022 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is an approach to cancer treatment that involves the use of antitumor immune cells to target residual disease in patients after completion of chemo/radiotherapy. ACT has several advantages compared with other approaches in cancer immunotherapy, including the ability to specifically expand effector cells in vitro before selection for adoptive transfer, as well as the opportunity for host manipulation in order to enhance the ability of transferred cells to recognize and kill established tumors. One of the main challenges to the success of ACT in cancer clinical trials is the identification and generation of antitumor effector cells with high avidity for tumor recognition. Natural killer (NK) cells, cytokine‐induced killers and natural killer T cells are key innate or innate‐like effector cells in cancer immunosurveillance that act at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, to have a greater influence over immune responses to cancer. In this review, we discuss recent studies that highlight their potential in cancer therapy and summarize clinical trials using these effector immune cells in adoptive cellular therapy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Sabry
- Department of HaematologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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29
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Abstract
Advances in academic and clinical studies during the last several years have resulted in practical outcomes in adoptive immune therapy of cancer. Immune cells can be programmed with molecular modules that increase their therapeutic potency and specificity. It has become obvious that successful immunotherapy must take into account the full complexity of the immune system and, when possible, include the use of multifactor cell reprogramming that allows fast adjustment during the treatment. Today, practically all immune cells can be stably or transiently reprogrammed against cancer. Here, we review works related to T cell reprogramming, as the most developed field in immunotherapy. We discuss factors that determine the specific roles of αβ and γδ T cells in the immune system and the structure and function of T cell receptors in relation to other structures involved in T cell target recognition and immune response. We also discuss the aspects of T cell engineering, specifically the construction of synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and the use of engineered T cells in integrative multifactor therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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30
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Zabel M, Tauber PA, Pickl WF. The making and function of CAR cells. Immunol Lett 2019; 212:53-69. [PMID: 31181279 PMCID: PMC7058416 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) present a new treatment option for patients with cancer. Recent clinical trials of B cell leukemia have demonstrated a response rate of up to 90%. However, CAR cell therapy is frequently accompanied by severe side effects such as cytokine release syndrome and the development of target cell resistance. Consequently, further optimization of CARs to obtain greater long-term efficacy and increased safety is urgently needed. Here we high-light the various efforts of adjusting the intracellular signaling domains of CARs to these major requirements to eventually obtain high-level target cell cytotoxicity paralleled by the establishment of longevity of the CAR expressing cell types to guarantee for extended tumor surveillance over prolonged periods of time. We are convinced that it will be crucial to identify the molecular pathways and signaling requirements utilized by such ‘efficient CARs’ in order to provide a rational basis for their further hypothesis-based improvement. Furthermore, we here discuss timely attempts of how to: i) control ‘on-tumor off-target’ effects; ii) introduce Signal 3 (cytokine responsiveness of CAR cells) as an important building-block into the CAR concept; iii) most efficiently eliminate CAR cells once full remission has been obtained. We also argue that universal systems for the variable and pharmacokinetically-controlled attachment of extracellular ligand recognition domains of choice along with the establishment of ‘off-the-shelf’ cell preparations with suitability for all patients in need of a highly-potent cellular therapy may become future mainstays of CAR cell therapy. Such therapies would have the attraction to work independent of the patients’ histo-compatibility make-up and the availability of functionally intact patient’s cells. Finally, we summarize the evidence that CAR cells may obtain a prominent place in the treatment of non-malignant and auto-reactive T and B lymphocyte expansions in the near future, e.g., for the alleviation of autoimmune diseases and allergies. After the introduction of red blood cell transfusions, which were made possible by the landmark discoveries of the ABO blood groups by Karl Landsteiner, and the establishment of bone marrow transplantation by E. Donnall Thomas to exchange the entire hematopoietic system of a patient suffering from leukemia, the introduction of patient-tailored cytotoxic cellular populations to eradicate malignant cell populations in vivo pioneered by Carl H. June, represents the third major and broadly applicable milestone in the development of human cellular therapies within the rapidly developing field of applied biomedical research of the last one hundred years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Zabel
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter A Tauber
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes with the expression of T cell receptor (TCR) and NK cell lineage receptors. These cells can rapidly release large quantities of cytokines and function as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. To date, multiple reports have investigated the role of NKT cells under various pathological conditions, such as cancer, autoimmune disease, and infection. Knowledge about NKT cells in neurological diseases is increasing, albeit limited. Here, we review evidence for the involvement of NKT cells in neurological diseases, and discuss immunotherapeutic potential and future study goals. As the development and function of NKT cells become increasingly well understood, the next few years should yield many new insights into NKT cell function, and mechanistic regulation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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32
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Cell-based immunotherapy approaches for multiple myeloma. Br J Cancer 2018; 120:38-44. [PMID: 30518815 PMCID: PMC6325139 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the arrival of novel therapies, multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable and new treatment options are needed. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are genetically modified T cells that express a CAR directed against specific tumour antigens. CAR T cells are able to kill target tumour cells and may result in long-lasting immune responses in vivo. The rapid development of CAR technologies has led to clinical trials in haematological cancers including MM, and CAR T cells might evolve into a standard treatment in the next few years. Only small patient cohorts with relapsed or refractory disease have so far been investigated, but promising preliminary results with high response rates have been obtained in phase I clinical trials with B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), CD19, CD38 and κ-light-chain CAR T cells. Additional preclinical studies on CD38 and SLAMF7-CAR T cells in MM treatment yielded preclinical results that merit further investigation. Beyond the T cell approach, recent studies have focussed on CAR natural killer (NK) cells in order to increase the reactivity of these effector cells. Finally, to investigate the targeting of intracellular antigens, cellular therapies based on engineered T cell receptors (TCRs) are in development. In this review, we discuss results from preclinical and early-phase clinical trials testing the feasibility and safety of CAR T cell administration in MM, as well as early studies into approaches that utilise CAR NK cell and genetically modified TCRs.
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