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Kohlmeier KA, Polli FS. Plasticity in the Brainstem: Prenatal and Postnatal Experience Can Alter Laterodorsal Tegmental (LDT) Structure and Function. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:3. [PMID: 32116639 PMCID: PMC7019863 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The brainstem has traditionally been considered an area of the brain with autonomous control of mostly homeostatic functions such as heart rate, respiration, and the sleep and wakefulness state, which would preclude the necessity to exhibit the high degree of synaptic or cellular mechanisms of plasticity typical of regions of the brain responsible for flexible, executive control, such as the medial prefrontal cortex or the hippocampus. The perception that the brainstem does not share the same degree of flexibility to alter synaptic strength and/or wiring within local circuits makes intuitive sense, as it is not easy to understand how "soft wiring" would be an advantage when considering the importance of faithful and consistent performance of the homeostatic, autonomic functions that are controlled by the brainstem. However, many of the molecular and cellular requirements which underlie strengthening of synapses seen in brain regions involved in higher-level processing are present in brainstem nuclei, and recent research suggest that the view of the brainstem as "hard wired," with rigid and static connectivity and with unchanging synaptic strength, is outdated. In fact, information from studies within the last decades, including work conducted in our group, leads us to propose that the brainstem can dynamically alter synaptic proteins, and change synaptic connections in response to prenatal or postnatal stimuli, and this would likely alter functionality and output. This article reviews recent research that has provided information resulting in our revision of the view of the brainstem as static and non-changing by using as example recent information gleaned from a brainstem pontine nucleus, the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT). The LDT has demonstrated mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity, and plasticity has been exhibited in the postnatal LDT following exposure to drugs of abuse. Further, exposure of the brain during gestation to drugs of abuse results in alterations in development of signaling pathways in the LDT. As the LDT provides a high degree of innervation of mesoaccumbal and mesocortical circuits involved in salience, as well as thalamocortical circuits involved in control of arousal and orientation, changes in synaptic strength would be expected to alter output, which would significantly impact behavioral state, motivated behavior and directed attention. Further, alterations in developmental trajectory within the LDT following prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse would be expected to impact on later life expression of motivation and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi A. Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Murillo-Rodríguez E, Arankowsky-Sandoval G, Pertwee RG, Parker L, Mechoulam R. Sleep and neurochemical modulation by cannabidiolic acid methyl ester in rats. Brain Res Bull 2020; 155:166-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Murillo-Rodríguez E, Arankowsky-Sandoval G, Rocha NB, Peniche-Amante R, Veras AB, Machado S, Budde H. Systemic Injections of Cannabidiol Enhance Acetylcholine Levels from Basal Forebrain in Rats. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1511-1518. [PMID: 29876791 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a plant that contains more than 500 components, of which the most studied are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Several studies have indicated that CBD displays neurobiological effects, including wake promotion. Moreover, experimental evidence has shown that injections of CBD enhance wake-related compounds, such as monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine). However, no clear evidence is available regarding the effects of CBD on additional wake-related neurochemicals such as acetylcholine (ACh). Here, we demonstrate that systemic injections of CBD (0, 5, 10 or 30 mg/kg, i.p.) at the beginning of the lights-on period, increase the extracellular levels of ACh collected from the basal forebrain and measured by microdialysis and HPLC means. Moreover, the time course effects on the contents of ACh were present 5 h post-injection of CBD. Altogether, these data demonstrate that CBD increases ACh levels in a brain region related to wake control. This study is the first to show the effects of ACh levels in CBD-treated rats and suggests that the basal forebrain might be a site of action of CBD for wakefulness modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Carretera Mérida-Progreso Km. 15.5, A.P. 96 Cordemex, C.P. 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. .,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Gloria Arankowsky-Sandoval
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Peniche-Amante
- Coordinación de Psicología Organizacional, División de Estudios Profesionales, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - André Barciela Veras
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Universidade Catolica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Salgado de Oliveira University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program-Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Physical Activity, Physical Education, Health and Sport Research Centre (PAPESH), Sports Science Department, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Zhang T, Chen T, Chen P, Zhang B, Hong J, Chen L. MPTP-Induced Dopamine Depletion in Basolateral Amygdala via Decrease of D2R Activation Suppresses GABA A Receptors Expression and LTD Induction Leading to Anxiety-Like Behaviors. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:247. [PMID: 28824377 PMCID: PMC5545577 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders commonly occur in Parkinson’s disease. Using field potential recording and patch-clamp recording, we evaluated influence of MPTP-reduced dopaminergic afferent in basolateral amygdala (BLA), a main region for affective regulation, on excitatory–inhibitory circuits and synaptic plasticity. Field excitatory post-synaptic potential (fEPSP) slopes at external capsule-BLA synapses were increased in MPTP-mice with decreases in paired-pulse facilitation and long-term potentiation amplitude, which were corrected by bath-application of D2R agonist quinpirole or cannabinoid type 1 receptors agonist WIN55,212-2, but not D1R agonist SKF38393. Compared to single waveform fEPSP in control mice, a multi-spike waveform fEPSP was observed in MPTP-mice with prolongation of duration and an increase in paired-pulse inhibition, which were recovered by BLA-injection of quinpirole for 2 days rather than bath-application. Density of GABA-evoked current (IGABA) in BLA principal neurons and GABAAR-α2 subunit expression were reduced in MPTP-mice, which were recovered by administration of quinpirole. Decline of PKC phosphorylation in BLA of MPTP-mice was corrected by bath-application of quinpirole, but not SKF38393. In MPTP-mice, BLA-injection of quinpirole or PKC activator PMA could recover GABAAR expression, which was sensitive to PKC inhibitor GF109203X. The impairment of long-term depression (LTD) in MPTP-mice was rescued by bath-application of GABAAR agonist muscimol or BLA-injection of quinpirole and PMA. Finally, BLA-injection of muscimol, quinpirole or PMA relieved anxiety-like behaviors in MPTP-mice. The results indicate that the MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in BLA principal neurons through reducing D2R-mediated PKC phosphorylation suppresses GABAAR expression and activity, which impairs GABAAR-mediated inhibition and LTD induction leading to anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Peipei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Baofeng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Juan Hong
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
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Roncacè V, Polli FS, Zojicic M, Kohlmeier KA. Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide with cellular actions in arousal and anxiety-related nuclei: Functional implications for effects of NPS on wakefulness and mood. Neuropharmacology 2017; 126:292-317. [PMID: 28655610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a peptide recently recognized to be present in the CNS, and believed to play a role in vigilance and mood control, as behavioral studies have shown it promotes arousal and has an anxiolytic effect. Although NPS precursor is found in very few neurons, NPS positive fibers are present throughout the brain stem. Given the behavioral actions of this peptide and the wide innervation pattern, we examined the cellular effects of NPS within two brain stem nuclei known to play a critical role in anxiety and arousal: the dorsal raphe (DR) and laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT). In mouse brain slices, NPS increased cytoplasmic levels of calcium in DR and LDT cells. Calcium rises were independent of action potential generation, reduced by low extracellular levels of calcium, attenuated by IP3 - and ryanodine (RyR)-dependent intracellular calcium store depletion, and eliminated by the receptor (NPSR) selective antagonist, SHA 68. NPS also exerted an effect on the membrane of DR and LDT cells inducing inward and outward currents, which were driven by an increase in conductance, and eliminated by SHA 68. Membrane actions of NPS were found to be dependent on store-mediated calcium as depletion of IP3 and RyR stores eliminated NPS-induced currents. Finally, NPS also had actions on synaptic events, suggesting facilitation of glutamatergic and GABAergic presynaptic transmission. When taken together, actions of NPS influenced the excitability of DR and LDT neurons, which could play a role in the anxiolytic and arousal-promoting effects of this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Roncacè
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Filip Souza Polli
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Minella Zojicic
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Soni N, Prabhala BK, Mehta V, Mirza O, Kohlmeier KA. Anandamide and 2-AG are endogenously present within the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus: Functional implications for a role of eCBs in arousal. Brain Res 2017; 1665:74-79. [PMID: 28404451 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we presented electrophysiological evidence for presence in mice brain slices of functional cannabinoid type I receptors (CB1Rs) within the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT), a brain stem nucleus critical in control of arousal and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Further, using pharmacological agents, we provided data suggestive of the endogenous presence of cannabinoids (CBs) acting at LDT CB1Rs. However, in those studies, identification of the type(s) of CB ligands endogenously present in the LDT remained outstanding, and this information has not been provided elsewhere. Accordingly, we used the highly-sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method to determine whether N-arachidonoylethanolamide (Anandamide or AEA) and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG), which are both endogenous CB ligands acting at CB1Rs, are present in the LDT. Mice brain tissue samples of the LDT were assayed using ion trap LC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode. Chromatographic analysis and product-ion MS scans identified presence of the CBs, AEA and 2-AG, from LDT mouse tissue. Data using the LC-MS method show that AEA and 2-AG are endogenously present within the LDT and when coupled with our electrophysiological findings, lead to the suggestion that AEA and 2-AG act at electropharmacologically-demonstrated CB1Rs in this nucleus. Accordingly, AEA and 2-AG likely play a role in processes governed by the LDT, including control of states of cortical gamma band activity seen in alert, aroused states, as well as cortical and motor activity characteristic of REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Soni
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bala Krishna Prabhala
- Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Ved Mehta
- Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Osman Mirza
- Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kristi Anne Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
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Ashabi G, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Khalifeh S, Elhampour L, Zarrindast MR. NMDA receptor adjusted co-administration of ecstasy and cannabinoid receptor-1 agonist in the amygdala via stimulation of BDNF/Trk-B/CREB pathway in adult male rats. Brain Res Bull 2017; 130:221-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Revealing the role of the endocannabinoid system modulators, SR141716A, URB597 and VDM-11, in sleep homeostasis. Neuroscience 2016; 339:433-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kovács A, Bordás C, Bíró T, Hegyi Z, Antal M, Szücs P, Pál B. Direct presynaptic and indirect astrocyte-mediated mechanisms both contribute to endocannabinoid signaling in the pedunculopontine nucleus of mice. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:247-266. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Endocannabinoid CB1 receptor-mediated rises in Ca(2+) and depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition within the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1255-77. [PMID: 25573246 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs) are functionally active within the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT), which is critically involved in control of rapid eye movement sleep, cortical arousal, and motivated states. To further characterize the cellular consequences of activation of CB1Rs in this nucleus, we examined whether CB1R activation led to rises in intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) and whether processes shown in other regions to involve endocannabinoid (eCB) transmission were present in the LDT. Using a combination of Ca(2+) imaging in multiple cells loaded with Ca(2+) imaging dye via 'bulk-loading' or in single cells loaded with dye via a patch-clamp electrode, we found that WIN 55212-2 (WIN-2), a potent CB1R agonist, induced increases in [Ca(2+)]i which were sensitive to AM251, a CB1R antagonist. A proportion of rises persisted in TTX and/or low-extracellular Ca(2+) conditions. Attenuation of these increases by a reversible inhibitor of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPases, suggests these rises occurred following release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. Under voltage clamp conditions, brief, direct depolarization of LDT neurons resulted in a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of AM251-sensitive, inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), which was an action sensitive to presence of a Ca(2+) chelator. Finally, actions of DHPG, a mGlu1R agonist, on IPSC activity were examined and found to result in an AM251- and BAPTA-sensitive inhibition of both the frequency and amplitude of sIPSCs. Taken together, our data further characterize CB1R and eCB actions in the LDT and indicate that eCB transmission could play a role in the processes governed by this nucleus.
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