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Huang Y, Bai J. Ferroptosis in the neurovascular unit after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2024; 381:114943. [PMID: 39242069 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms of secondary injury following spinal cord injury are complicated. The role of ferroptosis, which is a newly discovered form of regulated cell death in the neurovascular unit(NVU), is increasingly important. Ferroptosis inhibitors have been shown to improve neurovascular homeostasis and attenuate secondary spinal cord injury(SCI). This review focuses on the mechanisms of ferroptosis in NVU cells and NVU-targeted therapeutic strategies according to the stages of SCI, and analyzes possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Huang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Bai
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Beijing Boai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China; Department of Orthopedics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Michinaga S. Drug Discovery Research for Traumatic Brain Injury Focused on Functional Molecules in Astrocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:350-360. [PMID: 38296549 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is severe damage to the head caused by traffic accidents, falls, and sports. Because TBI-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) causes brain edema and neuroinflammation, which are major causes of death or serious disabilities, protection and recovery of BBB function may be beneficial therapeutic strategies for TBI. Astrocytes are key components of BBB integrity, and astrocyte-derived bioactive factors promote and suppress BBB disruption in TBI. Therefore, the regulation of astrocyte function is essential for BBB protection. In the injured cerebrum of TBI model mice, we found that the endothelin ETB receptor, histamine H2 receptor, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) were predominantly expressed in reactive astrocytes. We also showed that repeated administration of an ETB receptor antagonist, H2 receptor agonist, and TRPV4 antagonist alleviated BBB disruption and brain edema in a TBI mouse model. Furthermore, these drugs decreased the expression levels of astrocyte-derived factors promoting BBB disruption and increased the expression levels of astrocyte-derived protective factors in the injured cerebrum after TBI. These results suggest that the ETB receptor, H2 receptor, and TRPV4 are molecules that regulate astrocyte function, and might be attractive candidates for the development of therapeutic drugs for TBI.
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3
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Xu J, Li P, Lu F, Chen Y, Guo Q, Yang Y. Domino reaction of neurovascular unit in neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114273. [PMID: 36375510 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury is complex, and the communication between neurons, glia, and blood vessels in neurovascular units significantly affects the occurrence and development of neuropathic pain. After spinal cord injury, a domino chain reaction occurs in the neuron-glia-vessel, which affects the permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier and jointly promotes the development of neuroinflammation. This article discusses the signal transduction between neuro-glial-endothelial networks from a multidimensional point of view and reviews its role in neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87th Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87th Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan medical university, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yulu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87th Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87th Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87th Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China.
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4
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Li C, Meng X, Wang L, Ren S, Matei N, Wu G. Mitigating the effects of Endothelin-1 following a minimally invasive surgery reduces the blood-brain barrier permeability in a rabbit model of intracerebral hemorrhage. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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5
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Liu LR, Liu JC, Bao JS, Bai QQ, Wang GQ. Interaction of Microglia and Astrocytes in the Neurovascular Unit. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1024. [PMID: 32733433 PMCID: PMC7362712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between microglia and astrocytes significantly influences neuroinflammation. Microglia/astrocytes, part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), are activated by various brain insults. The local extracellular and intracellular signals determine their characteristics and switch of phenotypes. Microglia and astrocytes are activated into two polarization states: the pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1 and A1) and the anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2 and A2). During neuroinflammation, induced by stroke or lipopolysaccharides, microglia are more sensitive to pathogens, or damage; they are thus initially activated into the M1 phenotype and produce common inflammatory signals such as IL-1 and TNF-α to trigger reactive astrocytes into the A1 phenotype. These inflammatory signals can be amplified not only by the self-feedback loop of microglial activation but also by the unique anatomy structure of astrocytes. As the pathology further progresses, resulting in local environmental changes, M1-like microglia switch to the M2 phenotype, and M2 crosstalk with A2. While astrocytes communicate simultaneously with neurons and blood vessels to maintain the function of neurons and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), their subtle changes may be identified and responded by astrocytes, and possibly transferred to microglia. Although both microglia and astrocytes have different functional characteristics, they can achieve immune "optimization" through their mutual communication and cooperation in the NVU and build a cascaded immune network of amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rong Liu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,People's Hospital of Yaodu District, Linfen, China
| | - Jia-Chen Liu
- Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Gai-Qing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,SanYa Central Hospital, The Third People's Hospital of HaiNan Province, SanYa, China
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6
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Spampinato SF, Bortolotto V, Canonico PL, Sortino MA, Grilli M. Astrocyte-Derived Paracrine Signals: Relevance for Neurogenic Niche Regulation and Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1346. [PMID: 31824311 PMCID: PMC6881379 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential for proper regulation of the central nervous system (CNS). Importantly, these cells are highly secretory in nature. Indeed they can release hundreds of molecules which play pivotal physiological roles in nervous tissues and whose abnormal regulation has been associated with several CNS disorders. In agreement with these findings, recent studies have provided exciting insights into the key contribution of astrocyte-derived signals in the pleiotropic functions of these cells in brain health and diseases. In the future, deeper analysis of the astrocyte secretome is likely to further increase our current knowledge on the full potential of these cells and their secreted molecules not only as active participants in pathophysiological events, but as pharmacological targets or even as therapeutics for neurological and psychiatric diseases. Herein we will highlight recent findings in our and other laboratories on selected molecules that are actively secreted by astrocytes and contribute in two distinct functions with pathophysiological relevance for the astroglial population: i) regulation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny within adult neurogenic niches; ii) modulation of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Federica Spampinato
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Bortolotto
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Canonico
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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7
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Nagiri C, Shihoya W, Inoue A, Kadji FMN, Aoki J, Nureki O. Crystal structure of human endothelin ET B receptor in complex with peptide inverse agonist IRL2500. Commun Biol 2019; 2:236. [PMID: 31263780 PMCID: PMC6588608 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin receptors (ETA and ETB) are G-protein-coupled receptors activated by endothelin-1 and are involved in blood pressure regulation. IRL2500 is a peptide-mimetic of the C-terminal tripeptide of endothelin-1, and has been characterized as a potent ETB-selective antagonist, which has preventive effects against brain edema. Here, we report the crystal structure of the human ETB receptor in complex with IRL2500 at 2.7 Å-resolution. The structure revealed the different binding modes between IRL2500 and endothelin-1, and provides structural insights into its ETB-selectivity. Notably, the biphenyl group of IRL2500 penetrates into the transmembrane core proximal to D2.50, thus stabilizing the inactive conformation. Using the newly-established constitutively active mutant, we clearly demonstrate that IRL2500 functions as an inverse agonist for the ETB receptor. The current findings will expand the chemical space of ETR antagonists and facilitate the design of inverse agonists for other class A GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisae Nagiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578 Miyagi Japan
| | - Francois Marie Ngako Kadji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578 Miyagi Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578 Miyagi Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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8
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Michinaga S, Kimura A, Hatanaka S, Minami S, Asano A, Ikushima Y, Matsui S, Toriyama Y, Fujii M, Koyama Y. Delayed Administration of BQ788, an ET B Antagonist, after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Promotes Recovery of Blood-Brain Barrier Function and a Reduction of Cerebral Edema in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1481-1494. [PMID: 29316834 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is induced by immediate physical disruption of brain tissue, and causes death and disability. Studies on experimental TBI animal models show that disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) underlies brain edema and neuroinflammation during the delayed phase of TBI. In neurological disorders, endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in BBB dysfunction and brain edema. In this study, the effect of ET antagonists on BBB dysfunction and brain edema were examined in a mouse focal TBI model using lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI). ET-1 and ETB receptors were increased at 2-7 days after FPI, which was accompanied by extravasation of Evans blue (EB) and brain edema. Repeated intracerebroventricular administration of BQ788 (15 nmol/day), an ETB antagonist, from 2 days after FPI promoted recovery of EB extravasation and brain edema, while FR 139317, an ETA antagonist, had no effect. Delayed intravenous administration of BQ788 also promoted recovery from FPI-induced EB extravasation and brain edema. While FPI caused decreases in claudin-5, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 proteins, BQ788 reversed FPI-induced reductions of them. Immunohistochemical observation of the cerebrum after FPI showed that ETB receptors are predominantly expressed in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes. BQ788 reduced FPI-induced increases in GFAP-positive astrocytes. GFAP-positive astrocytes produced vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9). FPI-induced increases in VEGF-A and MMP-9 production were reversed by BQ788. These results suggest that ETB receptor antagonism during the delayed phase of focal TBI promotes recovery of BBB function and reduction of brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Michinaga
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka Ohtani University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Akimasa Kimura
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka Ohtani University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunichi Hatanaka
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka Ohtani University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuho Minami
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka Ohtani University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Arisa Asano
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka Ohtani University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Ikushima
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka Ohtani University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsui
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka Ohtani University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Toriyama
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka Ohtani University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Manami Fujii
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka Ohtani University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University , Kobe, Japan
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9
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Jha MK, Kim JH, Song GJ, Lee WH, Lee IK, Lee HW, An SSA, Kim S, Suk K. Functional dissection of astrocyte-secreted proteins: Implications in brain health and diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 162:37-69. [PMID: 29247683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, which are homeostatic cells of the central nervous system (CNS), display remarkable heterogeneity in their morphology and function. Besides their physical and metabolic support to neurons, astrocytes modulate the blood-brain barrier, regulate CNS synaptogenesis, guide axon pathfinding, maintain brain homeostasis, affect neuronal development and plasticity, and contribute to diverse neuropathologies via secreted proteins. The identification of astrocytic proteome and secretome profiles has provided new insights into the maintenance of neuronal health and survival, the pathogenesis of brain injury, and neurodegeneration. Recent advances in proteomics research have provided an excellent catalog of astrocyte-secreted proteins. This review categorizes astrocyte-secreted proteins and discusses evidence that astrocytes play a crucial role in neuronal activity and brain function. An in-depth understanding of astrocyte-secreted proteins and their pathways is pivotal for the development of novel strategies for restoring brain homeostasis, limiting brain injury/inflammation, counteracting neurodegeneration, and obtaining functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Koyama Y, Ukita A, Abe K, Iwamae K, Tokuyama S, Tanaka K, Kotake Y. Dexamethasone Downregulates Endothelin Receptors and Reduces Endothelin-Induced Production of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cultured Rat Astrocytes. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:57-66. [PMID: 28461586 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In brain disorders, astrocytes change phenotype to reactive astrocytes and are involved in the induction of neuroinflammation and brain edema. The administration of glucocorticoids (GCs), such as dexamethasone (Dex), reduces astrocytic activation, but the mechanisms underlying this inhibitory action are not well understood. Endothelins (ETs) promote astrocytic activation. Therefore, the effects of Dex on ET receptor expressions were examined in cultured rat astrocytes. Treatment with 300 nM Dex for 6-48 hours reduced the mRNA expression of astrocytic ETA and ETB receptors to 30-40% of nontreated cells. Levels of ETA and ETB receptor proteins became about 50% of nontreated cells after Dex treatment. Astrocytic ETA and ETB receptor mRNAs were decreased by 300 nM hydrocortisone. The effects of Dex and hydrocortisone on astrocytic ET receptors were abolished in the presence of mifepristone, a GC receptor antagonist. Although Dex did not decrease the basal levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 and MMP9 mRNAs, pretreatment with Dex reduced ET-induced increases in MMP mRNAs. The effects of ET-1 on the release of MMP3 and MMP9 proteins were attenuated by pretreatment with Dex. ET-1 stimulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in cultured astrocytes. Pretreatment with Dex reduced the ET-induced increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In contrast, pretreatment with Dex did not affect MMP production or ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by phorbol myristate acetate, a protein kinase C activator. These results indicate that Dex downregulates astrocytic ET receptors and reduces ET-induced MMP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Ayano Ukita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Kana Abe
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Kuniaki Iwamae
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Yuki Kotake
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
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11
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Piazza M, Munasinghe J, Murayi R, Edwards N, Montgomery B, Walbridge S, Merrill M, Chittiboina P. Simulating vasogenic brain edema using chronic VEGF infusion. J Neurosurg 2017; 127:905-916. [PMID: 28059647 DOI: 10.3171/2016.9.jns1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study peritumoral brain edema (PTBE), it is necessary to create a model that accurately simulates vasogenic brain edema (VBE) without introducing a complicated tumor environment. PTBE associated with brain tumors is predominantly a result of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secreted by brain tumors, and VEGF infusion alone can lead to histological blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in the absence of tumor. VBE is intimately linked to BBB breakdown. The authors sought to establish a model for VBE with chronic infusion of VEGF that can be validated by serial in-vivo MRI and histological findings. METHODS Male Fischer rats (n = 182) underwent stereotactic striatal implantation of MRI-safe brain cannulas for chronic infusion of VEGF (2-20 µg/ml). Following a preinfusion phase (4-6 days), the rats were exposed to VEGF or control rat serum albumin (1.5 µl/hr) for as long as 144 hours. Serial MRI was performed during infusion on a high-field (9.4-T) machine at 12-24, 24-36, 48-72, and 120-144 hours. Rat brains were then collected and histological analysis was performed. RESULTS Control animals and animals infused with 2 µg/ml of VEGF experienced no neurological deficits, seizure activity, or abnormal behavior. Animals treated with VEGF demonstrated a significantly larger volume (42.90 ± 3.842 mm3) of T2 hyper-attenuation at 144 hours when compared with the volume (8.585 ± 1.664 mm3) in control animals (mean difference 34.31 ± 4.187 mm3, p < 0.0001, 95% CI 25.74-42.89 mm3). Postcontrast T1 enhancement in the juxtacanalicular region indicating BBB breakdown was observed in rats undergoing infusion with VEGF. At the later time periods (120-144 hrs) the volume of T1 enhancement (34.97 ± 8.99 mm3) was significantly less compared with the region of edema (p < 0.0001). Histologically, no evidence of necrosis or inflammation was observed with VEGF or control infusion. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated astrocyte activation, vascular remodeling, and increased claudin-5 expression in juxtacanalicular regions. Aquaporin-4 expression was increased in both control and VEGF animals in the juxtacanalicular regions. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that chronic brain infusion of VEGF creates a reliable model of VBE. This model lacks necrosis and inflammation that are characteristic of previous models of VBE. The model allows for a precise investigation into the mechanism of VBE formation. The authors also anticipate that this model will allow for investigation into the mechanism of glucocorticoid action in abrogating VBE, and to test novel therapeutic strategies targeting PTBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Piazza
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
| | | | - Roger Murayi
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
| | - Nancy Edwards
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
| | - Blake Montgomery
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
| | - Stuart Walbridge
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
| | - Marsha Merrill
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
| | - Prashant Chittiboina
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
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12
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Keskin I, Gunal MY, Ayturk N, Kilic U, Ozansoy M, Kilic E. Dose-dependent neuroprotective effect of enoxaparin on cold-induced traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:761-764. [PMID: 28616032 PMCID: PMC5461613 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.206646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence exists that enoxaparin can reduce brain injury because of its anticoagulant activity. To investigate the potential therapeutic effect of enoxaparin on cold-induced traumatic brain injury, at 20 minutes after modeling, male BALB/c mouse models of cold-induced traumatic brain injury were intraperitoneally administered 3 and 10 mg/kg enoxaparin or isotonic saline solution. Twenty-four hours later, enoxaparin at 10 mg/kg greatly reduced infarct volume, decreased cell apoptosis in the cortex and obviously increased serum level of total antioxidant status. By contrast, administration of enoxaparin at 3 mg/kg did not lead to these changes. These findings suggest that enoxaparin exhibits neuroprotective effect on cold-induced traumatic brain injury in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Keskin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Yalcin Gunal
- Department of Physiology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Ayturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulkan Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozansoy
- Department of Physiology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Department of Physiology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Michinaga S, Koyama Y. Protection of the Blood–Brain Barrier as a Therapeutic Strategy for Brain Damage. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:569-575. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Michinaga
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University
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14
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Kim DS, Min SJ, Kim MJ, Kim JE, Kang TC. Leptomycin B ameliorates vasogenic edema formation induced by status epilepticus via inhibiting p38 MAPK/VEGF pathway. Brain Res 2016; 1651:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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The pathophysiological role of astrocytic endothelin-1. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:88-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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