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Nakayama Y, Sugawara SK, Fukunaga M, Hamano YH, Sadato N, Nishimura Y. The dorsal premotor cortex encodes the step-by-step planning processes for goal-directed motor behavior in humans. Neuroimage 2022; 256:119221. [PMID: 35447355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) plays an essential role in visually guided goal-directed motor behavior. Although there are several planning processes for achieving goal-directed behavior, the separate neural processes are largely unknown. Here, we created a new visuo-goal task to investigate the step-by-step planning processes for visuomotor and visuo-goal behavior in humans. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found activation in different portions of the bilateral PMd during each processing step. In particular, the activated area for rule-based visuomotor and visuo-goal mapping was located at the ventrorostral portion of the bilateral PMd, that for action plan specification was at the dorsocaudal portion of the left PMd, that for transformation was at the rostral portion of the left PMd, and that for action preparation was at the caudal portion of the bilateral PMd. Thus, the left PMd was involved throughout all of the processes, but the right PMd was involved only in rule-based visuomotor and visuo-goal mapping and action preparation. The locations related to each process were generally spatially separated from each other, but they overlapped partially. These findings revealed that there are functional subregions in the bilateral PMd in humans and these subregions form a functional gradient to achieve goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Nakayama
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Frontal Lobe Function Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Sho K Sugawara
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Yuki H Hamano
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Yukio Nishimura
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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Fischer P. Mechanisms of Network Interactions for Flexible Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Mediated Action Control. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0009-21.2021. [PMID: 33883192 PMCID: PMC8205496 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0009-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, finely tuned γ synchronization (60-90 Hz) rapidly appears at movement onset in a motor control network involving primary motor cortex, the basal ganglia and motor thalamus. Yet the functional consequences of brief movement-related synchronization are still unclear. Distinct synchronization phenomena have also been linked to different forms of motor inhibition, including relaxing antagonist muscles, rapid movement interruption and stabilizing network dynamics for sustained contractions. Here, I will introduce detailed hypotheses about how intrasite and intersite synchronization could interact with firing rate changes in different parts of the network to enable flexible action control. The here proposed cause-and-effect relationships shine a spotlight on potential key mechanisms of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) communication. Confirming or revising these hypotheses will be critical in understanding the neuronal basis of flexible movement initiation, invigoration and inhibition. Ultimately, the study of more complex cognitive phenomena will also become more tractable once we understand the neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Fischer
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, United Kingdom
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Prefrontal neural dynamics in consciousness. Neuropsychologia 2019; 131:25-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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