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Ugolini G, Graf W. Pathways from the superior colliculus and the nucleus of the optic tract to the posterior parietal cortex in macaque monkeys: Functional frameworks for representation updating and online movement guidance. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2792-2825. [PMID: 38544445 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) integrates multisensory and motor-related information for generating and updating body representations and movement plans. We used retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus combined with a conventional tracer in macaque monkeys to identify direct and disynaptic pathways to the arm-related rostral medial intraparietal area (MIP), the ventral lateral intraparietal area (LIPv), belonging to the parietal eye field, and the pursuit-related lateral subdivision of the medial superior temporal area (MSTl). We found that these areas receive major disynaptic pathways via the thalamus from the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and the superior colliculus (SC), mainly ipsilaterally. NOT pathways, targeting MSTl most prominently, serve to process the sensory consequences of slow eye movements for which the NOT is the key sensorimotor interface. They potentially contribute to the directional asymmetry of the pursuit and optokinetic systems. MSTl and LIPv receive feedforward inputs from SC visual layers, which are potential correlates for fast detection of motion, perceptual saccadic suppression and visual spatial attention. MSTl is the target of efference copy pathways from saccade- and head-related compartments of SC motor layers and head-related reticulospinal neurons. They are potential sources of extraretinal signals related to eye and head movement in MSTl visual-tracking neurons. LIPv and rostral MIP receive efference copy pathways from all SC motor layers, providing online estimates of eye, head and arm movements. Our findings have important implications for understanding the role of the PPC in representation updating, internal models for online movement guidance, eye-hand coordination and optic ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ugolini
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS - Université Paris-Saclay, Campus CEA Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Werner Graf
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
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Tanaka M, Kameda M, Okada KI. Temporal Information Processing in the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1455:95-116. [PMID: 38918348 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60183-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Temporal information processing in the range of a few hundred milliseconds to seconds involves the cerebellum and basal ganglia. In this chapter, we present recent studies on nonhuman primates. In the studies presented in the first half of the chapter, monkeys were trained to make eye movements when a certain amount of time had elapsed since the onset of the visual cue (time production task). The animals had to report time lapses ranging from several hundred milliseconds to a few seconds based on the color of the fixation point. In this task, the saccade latency varied with the time length to be measured and showed stochastic variability from one trial to the other. Trial-to-trial variability under the same conditions correlated well with pupil diameter and the preparatory activity in the deep cerebellar nuclei and the motor thalamus. Inactivation of these brain regions delayed saccades when asked to report subsecond intervals. These results suggest that the internal state, which changes with each trial, may cause fluctuations in cerebellar neuronal activity, thereby producing variations in self-timing. When measuring different time intervals, the preparatory activity in the cerebellum always begins approximately 500 ms before movements, regardless of the length of the time interval being measured. However, the preparatory activity in the striatum persists throughout the mandatory delay period, which can be up to 2 s, with different rate of increasing activity. Furthermore, in the striatum, the visual response and low-frequency oscillatory activity immediately before time measurement were altered by the length of the intended time interval. These results indicate that the state of the network, including the striatum, changes with the intended timing, which lead to different time courses of preparatory activity. Thus, the basal ganglia appear to be responsible for measuring time in the range of several hundred milliseconds to seconds, whereas the cerebellum is responsible for regulating self-timing variability in the subsecond range. The second half of this chapter presents studies related to periodic timing. During eye movements synchronized with alternating targets at regular intervals, different neurons in the cerebellar nuclei exhibit activity related to movement timing, predicted stimulus timing, and the temporal error of synchronization. Among these, the activity associated with target appearance is particularly enhanced during synchronized movements and may represent an internal model of the temporal structure of stimulus sequence. We also considered neural mechanism underlying the perception of periodic timing in the absence of movement. During perception of rhythm, we predict the timing of the next stimulus and focus our attention on that moment. In the missing oddball paradigm, the subjects had to detect the omission of a regularly repeated stimulus. When employed in humans, the results show that the fastest temporal limit for predicting each stimulus timing is about 0.25 s (4 Hz). In monkeys performing this task, neurons in the cerebellar nuclei, striatum, and motor thalamus exhibit periodic activity, with different time courses depending on the brain region. Since electrical stimulation or inactivation of recording sites changes the reaction time to stimulus omission, these neuronal activities must be involved in periodic temporal processing. Future research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of rhythm perception, which appears to be processed by both cortico-cerebellar and cortico-basal ganglia pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Masashi Kameda
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Okada
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Hinson SR, Honorat JA, Grund EM, Clarkson BD, Miske R, Scharf M, Zivelonghi C, Al-Lozi MT, Bucelli RC, Budhram A, Cho T, Choi E, Grell J, Lopez-Chiriboga AS, Levin M, Merati M, Montalvo M, Pittock SJ, Wilson MR, Howe CL, McKeon A. Septin-5 and -7-IgGs: Neurologic, Serologic, and Pathophysiologic Characteristics. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:1090-1101. [PMID: 36053822 PMCID: PMC9672904 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We sought to determine clinical significance of neuronal septin autoimmunity and evaluate for potential IgG effects. METHODS Septin-IgGs were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFAs; mouse tissue and cell based) or Western blot. IgG binding to (and internalization of) extracellular septin epitopes were evaluated for by live rat hippocampal neuron assay. The impact of purified patient IgGs on murine cortical neuron function was determined by recording extracellular field potentials in a multielectrode array platform. RESULTS Septin-IgGs were identified in 23 patients. All 8 patients with septin-5-IgG detected had cerebellar ataxia, and 7 had prominent eye movement disorders. One of 2 patients with co-existing septin-7-IgG had additional psychiatric phenotype (apathy, emotional blunting, and poor insight). Fifteen patients had septin-7 autoimmunity, without septin-5-IgG detected. Disorders included encephalopathy (11; 2 patients with accompanying myelopathy, and 2 were relapsing), myelopathy (3), and episodic ataxia (1). Psychiatric symptoms (≥1 of agitation, apathy, catatonia, disorganized thinking, and paranoia) were prominent in 6 of 11 patients with encephalopathic symptoms. Eight of 10 patients with data available (from 23 total) improved after immunotherapy, and a further 2 patients improved spontaneously. Staining of plasma membranes of live hippocampal neurons produced by patient IgGs (subclasses 1 and 2) colocalized with pre- and post-synaptic markers. Decreased spiking and bursting behavior in mixed cultures of murine glutamatergic and GABAergic cortical neurons produced by patient IgGs were attributable to neither antigenic crosslinking and internalization nor complement activation. INTERPRETATION Septin-IgGs are predictive of distinct treatment-responsive autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Live neuron binding and induced electrophysiologic effects by patient IgGs may support septin-specific pathophysiology. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:1090-1101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R. Hinson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Josephe A. Honorat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ethan M. Grund
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,
USA
| | | | - Ramona Miske
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to
EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Madeleine Scharf
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to
EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Cecilia Zivelonghi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Adrian Budhram
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,
USA
| | - Tracey Cho
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa,
USA
| | - Ellie Choi
- Overlake Hospital, Bellevue, Washington, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Grell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Marc Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Palo Alto Medical Foundation,
Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Melody Merati
- Department of Neurology, Michigan State University,
Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mayra Montalvo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,
USA
| | - Sean J. Pittock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,
USA
| | - Michael R. Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of
Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Andrew McKeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,
USA
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Todd NPM, Govender S, Colebatch JG. Non-invasive recording from the human cerebellum during a classical conditioning paradigm using the otolith-evoked blink reflex. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136270. [PMID: 34582972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied nine normal volunteers with a classical conditioning paradigm using a mastoid tap, believed to activate otolith receptors, as an unconditional stimulus (US) and the consequent blink as the unconditioned response (UR). Both visual (alternation of stripes) and an auditory tone were used as conditional stimuli (CS). Recordings were made below the eyes at IO1 and IO2, from over the frontal eye fields (C3' and C4') and over the posterior fossa, the latter at sites we have previously reported that we were able to record an evoked climbing fibre response (CFR) at short latency. Behavioural analysis confirmed that weak conditioning did occur early, which subsequently showed extinction on repeated CS alone trials. Further, a UR was more likely to occur following a preceding CFR when preceded by a CS, supporting a correlation between the CFRs and behaviour. For further statistical analysis, the time period of interest was divided into a series of epochs, based around the events occurring at the time. Grand averages, plus analysis of variance, confirmed evidence of weak conditioning for the blink response following both modalities. The EMG associated with the eyeblink for the UR occurred at a similar time to the expected post-CFR pause in the spontaneous cerebellar activity, or electrocerebellogram (ECeG), while hypothesised conditioned pausing in the ECeG was also observed in CS alone trials. A correlation was found between the size of the CFR and the RMS amplitudes of the segments covering the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential oVEMP, (periocular) EMG and the EOG. The slope was greater for the non-oVEMP segments than for the oVEMP segment suggesting the correlation was not simply due to differing sizes of the vestibular volley. We suggest that these recorded events fit with the proposed role of the CFR in Purkinje neurons in classical conditioning, gating the excitability of the cerebellar nuclei, and thereby neurons in the reticular formation mediating the otolith blink reflex. This effect appears to apply to polysynaptic reflexes only as there was no evidence of changes to the oVEMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P M Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QC, UK; Prince of Wales Clinical School and UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Sendhil Govender
- Prince of Wales Clinical School and UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - James G Colebatch
- Prince of Wales Clinical School and UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Abstract
Since most gaze shifts are to targets that lie at a different distance from the viewer than the current target, gaze changes commonly require a change in the angle between the eyes. As part of this response, lens curvature must also be adjusted with respect to target distance by the ciliary muscle. It has been suggested that projections by the cerebellar fastigial and posterior interposed nuclei to the supraoculomotor area (SOA), which lies immediately dorsal to the oculomotor nucleus and contains near response neurons, support this behavior. However, the SOA also contains motoneurons that supply multiply innervated muscle fibers (MIFs) and the dendrites of levator palpebrae superioris motoneurons. To better determine the targets of the fastigial nucleus in the SOA, we placed an anterograde tracer into this cerebellar nucleus in Macaca fascicularis monkeys and a retrograde tracer into their contralateral medial rectus, superior rectus, and levator palpebrae muscles. We only observed close associations between anterogradely labeled boutons and the dendrites of medial rectus MIF and levator palpebrae motoneurons. However, relatively few of these associations were present, suggesting these are not the main cerebellar targets. In contrast, labeled boutons in SOA, and in the adjacent central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF), densely innervated a subpopulation of neurons. Based on their location, these cells may represent premotor near response neurons that supply medial rectus and preganglionic Edinger-Westphal motoneurons. We also identified lens accommodation-related cerebellar afferent neurons via retrograde trans-synaptic transport of the N2c rabies virus from the ciliary muscle. They were found bilaterally in the fastigial and posterior interposed nuclei, in a distribution which mirrored that of neurons retrogradely labeled from the SOA and cMRF. Our results suggest these cerebellar neurons coordinate elements of the near response during symmetric vergence and disjunctive saccades by targeting cMRF and SOA premotor neurons.
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Viruses in connectomics: Viral transneuronal tracers and genetically modified recombinants as neuroscience research tools. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 346:108917. [PMID: 32835704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Connectomic studies have become 'viral', as viral pathogens have been turned into irreplaceable neuroscience research tools. Highly sensitive viral transneuronal tracing technologies are available, based on the use of alpha-herpesviruses and a rhabdovirus (rabies virus), which function as self-amplifying markers by replicating in recipient neurons. These viruses highly differ with regard to host range, cellular receptors, peripheral uptake, replication, transport direction and specificity. Their characteristics, that make them useful for different purposes, will be highlighted and contrasted. Only transneuronal tracing with rabies virus is entirely specific. The neuroscientist toolbox currently include wild-type alpha-herpesviruses and rabies virus strains enabling polysynaptic tracing of neuronal networks across multiple synapses, as well as genetically modified viral tracers for dual transneuronal tracing, and complementary viral tools including defective and chimeric recombinants that function as single step or monosynaptically restricted tracers, or serve for monitoring and manipulating neuronal activity and gene expression. Methodological issues that are crucial for appropriate use of these technologies will be summarized. Among wild-type and genetically engineered viral tools, rabies virus and chimeric recombinants based on rabies virus as virus backbone are the most powerful, because of the ability of rabies virus to propagate exclusively among connected neurons unidirectionally (retrogradely), without affecting neuronal function. Understanding in depth viral properties is essential for neuroscientists who intend to exploit alpha-herpesviruses, rhabdoviruses or derived recombinants as research tools. Key knowledge will be summarized regarding their cellular receptors, intracellular trafficking and strategies to contrast host defense that explain their different pathophysiology and properties as research tools.
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Abstract
Extraocular muscles contain two types of muscle fibers according to their innervation pattern: singly innervated muscle fibers (SIFs), similar to most skeletal muscle fibers, and multiply innervated muscle fibers (MIFs). Morphological studies have revealed that SIF and MIF motoneurons are segregated anatomically and receive different proportions of certain afferents, suggesting that while SIF motoneurons would participate in the whole repertoire of eye movements, MIF motoneurons would contribute only to slow eye movements and fixations. We have tested that proposal by performing single-unit recordings, in alert behaving cats, of electrophysiologically identified MIF and SIF motoneurons in the abducens nucleus. Our results show that both types of motoneuron discharge in relation to eye position and velocity, displaying a tonic-phasic firing pattern for different types of eye movement (saccades, vestibulo-ocular reflex, vergence) and gaze-holding. However, MIF motoneurons presented an overall reduced firing rate compared with SIF motoneurons, and had significantly lower recruitment threshold and also lower eye position and velocity sensitivities. Accordingly, MIF motoneurons could control mainly gaze in the off-direction, when less force is needed, whereas SIF motoneurons would contribute to increase muscle tension progressively toward the on-direction as more force is required. Anatomically, MIF and SIF motoneurons distributed intermingled within the abducens nucleus, with MIF motoneurons being smaller and having a lesser somatic synaptic coverage. Our data demonstrate the functional participation of both MIF and SIF motoneurons in fixations and slow and phasic eye movements, although their discharge properties indicate a functional segregation.
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Shiferaw B, Downey L, Crewther D. A review of gaze entropy as a measure of visual scanning efficiency. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 96:353-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Acosta SA, Mashkouri S, Nwokoye D, Lee JY, Borlongan CV. Chronic inflammation and apoptosis propagate in ischemic cerebellum and heart of non-human primates. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102820-102834. [PMID: 29262526 PMCID: PMC5732692 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The major pathological consequences of cerebral ischemia are characterized by neurological deficits commonly ascribed to the infarcted tissue and its surrounding region, however, brain areas, as well as peripheral organs, distal from the original injury may manifest as subtle disease sequelae that can increase the risks of co-morbidities complicating the disease symptoms. To evaluate the vulnerability of the cerebellum and the heart to secondary injuries in the late stage of transient global ischemia (TGI) model in non-human primates (NHP), brain and heart tissues were collected at six months post-TGI. Unbiased stereological analyses of immunostained tissues showed significant Purkinje cells loss in lobule III and lobule IX of the TGI cerebellum relative to sham cerebellum, with corresponding upregulation of inflammatory and apoptotic cells. Similarly, TGI hearts revealed significant activation of inflammatory and apoptotic cells relative to sham hearts. Aberrant inflammation and apoptosis in the cerebellum and the heart of chronic TGI-exposed NHPs suggest distal secondary injuries manifesting both centrally and peripherally. These results advance our understanding on the sustained propagation of chronic secondary injuries after TGI, highlighting the need to develop therapeutic interventions targeting the brain, as well as the heart, in order to abrogate cerebral ischemia and its related co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Acosta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sherwin Mashkouri
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Diana Nwokoye
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jea Y Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Ashmore RC, Sommer MA. Delay activity of saccade-related neurons in the caudal dentate nucleus of the macaque cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:2129-44. [PMID: 23365182 PMCID: PMC3628037 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00906.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The caudal dentate nucleus (DN) in lateral cerebellum is connected with two visual/oculomotor areas of the cerebrum: the frontal eye field and lateral intraparietal cortex. Many neurons in frontal eye field and lateral intraparietal cortex produce "delay activity" between stimulus and response that correlates with processes such as motor planning. Our hypothesis was that caudal DN neurons would have prominent delay activity as well. From lesion studies, we predicted that this activity would be related to self-timing, i.e., the triggering of saccades based on the internal monitoring of time. We recorded from neurons in the caudal DN of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that made delayed saccades with or without a self-timing requirement. Most (84%) of the caudal DN neurons had delay activity. These neurons conveyed at least three types of information. First, their activity was often correlated, trial by trial, with saccade initiation. Correlations were found more frequently in a task that required self-timing of saccades (53% of neurons) than in a task that did not (27% of neurons). Second, the delay activity was often tuned for saccade direction (in 65% of neurons). This tuning emerged continuously during a trial. Third, the time course of delay activity associated with self-timed saccades differed significantly from that associated with visually guided saccades (in 71% of neurons). A minority of neurons had sensory-related activity. None had presaccadic bursts, in contrast to DN neurons recorded more rostrally. We conclude that caudal DN neurons convey saccade-related delay activity that may contribute to the motor preparation of when and where to move.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Ashmore
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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