1
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Ohki T, Kunii N, Chao ZC. Efficient, continual, and generalized learning in the brain - neural mechanism of Mental Schema 2.0. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:839-868. [PMID: 36960579 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
There has been tremendous progress in artificial neural networks (ANNs) over the past decade; however, the gap between ANNs and the biological brain as a learning device remains large. With the goal of closing this gap, this paper reviews learning mechanisms in the brain by focusing on three important issues in ANN research: efficiency, continuity, and generalization. We first discuss the method by which the brain utilizes a variety of self-organizing mechanisms to maximize learning efficiency, with a focus on the role of spontaneous activity of the brain in shaping synaptic connections to facilitate spatiotemporal learning and numerical processing. Then, we examined the neuronal mechanisms that enable lifelong continual learning, with a focus on memory replay during sleep and its implementation in brain-inspired ANNs. Finally, we explored the method by which the brain generalizes learned knowledge in new situations, particularly from the mathematical generalization perspective of topology. Besides a systematic comparison in learning mechanisms between the brain and ANNs, we propose "Mental Schema 2.0," a new computational property underlying the brain's unique learning ability that can be implemented in ANNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Ohki
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoto Kunii
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zenas C Chao
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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2
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Tokuhama-Espinosa T, Simmers K, Batchelor D, Nelson AD, Borja C. A Theory of Mental Frameworks. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1220664. [PMID: 37546472 PMCID: PMC10400359 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1220664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Problem-solving skills are highly valued in modern society and are often touted as core elements of school mission statements, desirable traits for job applicants, and as some of the most complex thinking that the brain is capable of executing. While learning to problem-solve is a goal of education, and many strategies, methodologies, and activities exist to help teachers guide the development of these skills, there are few formal curriculum structures or broader frameworks that guide teachers toward the achievement of this educational objective. Problem-solving skills have been called "higher order cognitive functions" in cognitive neuroscience as they involve multiple complex networks in the brain, rely on constant rehearsal, and often take years to form. Children of all ages employ problem solving, from a newborn seeking out food to children learning in school settings, or adults tackling real-world conflicts. These skills are usually considered the end product of a good education when in fact, in order to be developed they comprise an ongoing process of learning. "Ways of thinking" have been studied by philosophers and neuroscientists alike, to pinpoint cognitive preferences for problem solving approaches that develop from exposure to distinct models, derived from and resulting in certain heuristics used by learners. This new theory paper suggests a novel understanding of the brain's approach to problem solving that structures existing problem-solving frameworks into an organized design. The authors surveyed problem-solving frameworks from business administration, design, engineering, philosophy, psychology, education, neuroscience and other learning sciences to assess their differences and similarities. This review lead to an appreciation that different problem-solving frameworks from different fields respond more or less accurately and efficiently depending on the kinds of problems being tackled, leading to our conclusion that a wider range of frameworks may help individuals approach more varied problems across fields, and that such frameworks can be organized in school curriculum. This paper proposes that explicit instruction of "mental frameworks" may help organize and formalize the instruction of thinking skills that underpin problem-solving-and by extension-that the more such models a person learns, the more tools they will have for future complex problem-solving. To begin, this paper explains the theoretical underpinnings of the mental frameworks concept, then explores some existing mental frameworks which are applicable to all age groups and subject areas. The paper concludes with a list of five limitations to this proposal and pairs them with counter-balancing benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa
- Harvard University Extension School, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Connections: The Learning Sciences Platform, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kristin Simmers
- Neag School of Education, CT Institute for Brain and Cognitive Science University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Danielle Batchelor
- Harvard University Extension School, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Allen Drew Nelson
- Harvard University Extension School, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Cynthia Borja
- Connections: The Learning Sciences Platform, Quito, Ecuador
- The Decision Lab, Independent Behavioral Science Research, Montreal, QC, Canada
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3
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Geva-Sagiv M, Mankin EA, Eliashiv D, Epstein S, Cherry N, Kalender G, Tchemodanov N, Nir Y, Fried I. Augmenting hippocampal-prefrontal neuronal synchrony during sleep enhances memory consolidation in humans. Nat Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41593-023-01324-5. [PMID: 37264156 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Memory consolidation during sleep is thought to depend on the coordinated interplay between cortical slow waves, thalamocortical sleep spindles and hippocampal ripples, but direct evidence is lacking. Here, we implemented real-time closed-loop deep brain stimulation in human prefrontal cortex during sleep and tested its effects on sleep electrophysiology and on overnight consolidation of declarative memory. Synchronizing the stimulation to the active phases of endogenous slow waves in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) enhanced sleep spindles, boosted locking of brain-wide neural spiking activity to MTL slow waves, and improved coupling between MTL ripples and thalamocortical oscillations. Furthermore, synchronized stimulation enhanced the accuracy of recognition memory. By contrast, identical stimulation without this precise time-locking was not associated with, and sometimes even degraded, these electrophysiological and behavioral effects. Notably, individual changes in memory accuracy were highly correlated with electrophysiological effects. Our results indicate that hippocampo-thalamocortical synchronization during sleep causally supports human memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Geva-Sagiv
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center of Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Emily A Mankin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dawn Eliashiv
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shdema Epstein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Natalie Cherry
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guldamla Kalender
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Tchemodanov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuval Nir
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Baghdadi G, Kamarajan C, Hadaeghi F. Editorial: Role of brain oscillations in neurocognitive control systems. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1182496. [PMID: 37064159 PMCID: PMC10102580 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1182496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Baghdadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Golnaz Baghdadi
| | - Chella Kamarajan
- Department of Psychiatry, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Fatemeh Hadaeghi
- Institute for Computational Neuroscience, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Abstract
A schema refers to a structured body of prior knowledge that captures common patterns across related experiences. Schemas have been studied separately in the realms of episodic memory and spatial navigation across different species and have been grounded in theories of memory consolidation, but there has been little attempt to integrate our understanding across domains, particularly in humans. We propose that experiences during navigation with many similarly structured environments give rise to the formation of spatial schemas (for example, the expected layout of modern cities) that share properties with but are distinct from cognitive maps (for example, the memory of a modern city) and event schemas (such as expected events in a modern city) at both cognitive and neural levels. We describe earlier theoretical frameworks and empirical findings relevant to spatial schemas, along with more targeted investigations of spatial schemas in human and non-human animals. Consideration of architecture and urban analytics, including the influence of scale and regionalization, on different properties of spatial schemas may provide a powerful approach to advance our understanding of spatial schemas.
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6
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Tagawa M, Takei Y, Kato Y, Suto T, Hironaga N, Ohki T, Takahashi Y, Fujihara K, Sakurai N, Ujita K, Tsushima Y, Fukuda M. Disrupted local beta band networks in schizophrenia revealed through graph analysis: A magnetoencephalography study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:309-320. [PMID: 35397141 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Schizophrenia (SZ) is characterized by psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment, and is hypothesized to be a 'dysconnection' syndrome due to abnormal neural network formation. Although numerous studies have helped elucidate the pathophysiology of SZ, many aspects of the mechanism underlying psychotic symptoms remain unknown. This study used graph theory analysis to evaluate the characteristics of the resting-state network (RSN) in terms of microscale and macroscale indices, and to identify candidates as potential biomarkers of SZ. Specifically, we discriminated topological characteristics in the frequency domain and investigated them in the context of psychotic symptoms in patients with SZ. METHODS We performed graph theory analysis of electrophysiological RSN data using magnetoencephalography to compare topological characteristics represented by microscale (degree centrality and clustering coefficient) and macroscale (global efficiency, local efficiency, and small-worldness) indices in 29 patients with SZ and 38 healthy controls. In addition, we investigated the aberrant topological characteristics of the RSN in patients with SZ and their relationship with SZ symptoms. RESULTS SZ was associated with a decreased clustering coefficient, local efficiency, and small-worldness, especially in the high beta band. In addition, macroscale changes in the low beta band are closely associated with negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The local networks of patients with SZ may disintegrate at both the microscale and macroscale levels, mainly in the beta band. Adopting an electrophysiological perspective of SZ as a failure to form local networks in the beta band will provide deeper insights into the pathophysiology of SZ as a 'dysconnection' syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Tagawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.,Gunma Prefectural Psychiatric Medical Center, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takei
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kato
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.,Tsutsuji Mental Hospital, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suto
- Gunma Prefectural Psychiatric Medical Center, Gunma, Japan
| | - Naruhito Hironaga
- Brain Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takefumi Ohki
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Fujihara
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.,Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakurai
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koichi Ujita
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masato Fukuda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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7
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Aghayan Golkashani H, Leong RLF, Ghorbani S, Ong JL, Fernández G, Chee MWL. A sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge. Sleep 2022; 45:6516991. [PMID: 35090173 PMCID: PMC8996033 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
The learning brain establishes schemas (knowledge structures) that benefit subsequent learning. We investigated how sleep and having a schema might benefit initial learning followed by rearranged and expanded memoranda. We concurrently examined the contributions of sleep spindles and slow-wave sleep to learning outcomes.
Methods
Fifty-three adolescents were randomly assigned to an 8 h Nap schedule (6.5 h nocturnal sleep with a 90-minute daytime nap) or an 8 h No-Nap, nocturnal-only sleep schedule. The study spanned 14 nights, simulating successive school weeks. We utilized a transitive inference task involving hierarchically ordered faces. Initial learning to set up the schema was followed by rearrangement of the hierarchy (accommodation) and hierarchy expansion (assimilation). The expanded sequence was restudied. Recall of hierarchical knowledge was tested after initial learning and at multiple points for all subsequent phases. As a control, both groups underwent a No-schema condition where the hierarchy was introduced and modified without opportunity to set up a schema. Electroencephalography accompanied the multiple sleep opportunities.
Results
There were main effects of Nap schedule and Schema condition evidenced by superior recall of initial learning, reordered and expanded memoranda. Improved recall was consistently associated with higher fast spindle density but not slow-wave measures. This was true for both nocturnal sleep and daytime naps.
Conclusion
A sleep schedule incorporating regular nap opportunities compared to one that only had nocturnal sleep benefited building of robust and flexible schemas, facilitating recall of the subsequently rearranged and expanded structured knowledge. These benefits appear to be strongly associated with fast spindles.
Clinical Trial registration
NCT04044885 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04044885).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Aghayan Golkashani
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shohreh Ghorbani
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Lynn Ong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Ohki T. Measuring Phase-Amplitude Coupling between Neural Oscillations of Different Frequencies via the Wasserstein Distance. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 374:109578. [PMID: 35339506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) is a key neuronal mechanism. Here, a novel method for quantifying PAC via the Wasserstein distance is presented. NEW METHOD The Wasserstein distance is an optimization algorithm for minimizing transportation cost and distance. For the first time, the author has applied this distance function to quantify PAC and named the Wasserstein Modulation Index (wMI). As the wMI accommodates the product of the amplitude value in each phase position and the coupling phase position, it allows for extraction of more detailed PAC features from the data. RESULTS The validity of the wMI calculations was examined using various simulation data, including sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waves and empirical data sets. The current findings showed that the wMI is a more robust and stable index for quantifying PAC under various measuring conditions. Specifically, it can better reflect the timing of coupling and distinguish the shape of the coupling distribution than other measurements, both of which are the most significant parameters related to the functionality of PAC. Furthermore, the wMI is also suitable for many applications, such as more data-driven approaches and direct comparisons. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Compared with Euler-based PAC methods and the MI, the wMI is not easily affected by the non-sinusoidal nature of neural oscillation and the short data length and enables better reflection of the natures of PAC, such as the timing of coupling and the amplitude distribution in the phase plane, than the MI. CONCLUSION The wMI is expected to extract more detailed PAC characteristics, which could considerably contribute to the neuroscience field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Ohki
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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9
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Haraguchi R, Hoshi H, Ichikawa S, Hanyu M, Nakamura K, Fukasawa K, Poza J, Rodríguez-González V, Gómez C, Shigihara Y. The Menstrual Cycle Alters Resting-State Cortical Activity: A Magnetoencephalography Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:652789. [PMID: 34381340 PMCID: PMC8350571 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.652789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state neural oscillations are used as biomarkers for functional diseases such as dementia, epilepsy, and stroke. However, accurate interpretation of clinical outcomes requires the identification and minimisation of potential confounding factors. While several studies have indicated that the menstrual cycle also alters brain activity, most of these studies were based on visual inspection rather than objective quantitative measures. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the effect of the menstrual cycle on spontaneous neural oscillations based on quantitative magnetoencephalography (MEG) parameters. Resting-state MEG activity was recorded from 25 healthy women with normal menstrual cycles. For each woman, resting-state brain activity was acquired twice using MEG: once during their menstrual period (MP) and once outside of this period (OP). Our results indicated that the median frequency and peak alpha frequency of the power spectrum were low, whereas Shannon spectral entropy was high, during the MP. Theta intensity within the right temporal cortex and right limbic system was significantly lower during the MP than during the OP. High gamma intensity in the left parietal cortex was also significantly lower during the MP than during the OP. Similar differences were also observed in the parietal and occipital regions between the proliferative (the late part of the follicular phase) and secretory phases (luteal phase). Our findings suggest that the menstrual cycle should be considered to ensure accurate interpretation of functional neuroimaging in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Haraguchi
- Clinical Laboratory, Kumagaya General Hospital, Kumagaya, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hoshi
- Precision Medicine Centre, Hokuto Hospital, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Sayuri Ichikawa
- Clinical Laboratory, Kumagaya General Hospital, Kumagaya, Japan
| | - Mayuko Hanyu
- Department of Gynaecology, Kumagaya General Hospital, Kumagaya, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakamura
- Department of Gynaecology, Kumagaya General Hospital, Kumagaya, Japan.,Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Centre, Keio University School of Medicine, Minato, Japan
| | | | - Jesús Poza
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Higher Technical School of Telecommunications Engineering, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas (IMUVA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Víctor Rodríguez-González
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Higher Technical School of Telecommunications Engineering, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Higher Technical School of Telecommunications Engineering, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Yoshihito Shigihara
- Precision Medicine Centre, Hokuto Hospital, Obihiro, Japan.,Precision Medicine Centre, Kumagaya General Hospital, Kumagaya, Japan
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10
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Drews HJ. Connecting sleep, the neurocognitive memory system, and Bourdieu's habitus concept: Is sleep a generative force of the habitus? JOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jtsb.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Johannes Drews
- Department of Mental Health Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Department of Sociology Christian‐Albrechts‐University Kiel Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Christian‐Albrechts‐University Kiel Germany
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11
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Durrant SJ, Johnson JM. Sleep’s Role in Schema Learning and Creative Insights. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-021-00202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
A recent resurgence of interest in schema theory has influenced research on sleep-dependent memory consolidation and led to a new understanding of how schemata might be activated during sleep and play a role in the reorganisation of memories. This review is aimed at synthesising recent findings into a coherent narrative and draw overall conclusions.
Recent Findings
Rapid consolidation of schematic memories has been shown to benefit from an interval containing sleep. These memories have shown reduced reliance on the hippocampus following consolidation in both humans and rodents. Using a variety of methodologies, notably including the DRM paradigm, it has been shown that activation of a schema can increase the rate of false memory as a result of activation of semantic associates during slow wave sleep (SWS). Memories making use of a schema have shown increased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, which may reflect both the schematic activation itself and a cognitive control component selecting an appropriate schema to use. SWS seems to be involved in assimilation of new memories within existing semantic frameworks and in making memories more explicit, while REM sleep may be more associated with creating entirely novel associations while keeping memories implicit.
Summary
Sleep plays an important role in schematic memory consolidation, with more rapid consolidation, reduced hippocampal involvement, and increased prefrontal involvement as the key characteristics. Both SWS and REM sleep may have a role to play.
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12
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Ohki T, Matsuda T, Gunji A, Takei Y, Sakuma R, Kaneko Y, Inagaki M, Hanakawa T, Ueda K, Fukuda M, Hiraki K. Timing of phase-amplitude coupling is essential for neuronal and functional maturation of audiovisual integration in adolescents. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01635. [PMID: 32342667 PMCID: PMC7303405 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability to integrate audiovisual information matures late in adolescents, but its neuronal mechanism is still unknown. Recent studies showed that phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) of neuronal oscillations, which is defined as the modulation of high-frequency amplitude by low-frequency phase, is associated with audiovisual integration in adults. Thus, we investigated how PAC develops in adolescents and whether it is related to the functional maturation of audiovisual integration. In particular, we focused on the timing of PAC (or the coupling phase), which is defined as the low-frequency phase with maximum high-frequency amplitude. METHODS Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) on 15 adults and 14 adolescents while they performed an audiovisual speech integration task, we examined PAC in association cortexes with a trial-by-trial analysis. RESULTS Whereas delta-beta coupling was consistently observed in both adults and adolescents, we found that the timing of delta-beta PAC was delayed by 20-40 milliseconds in adolescents compared with adults. In addition, a logistic regression analysis revealed that the task performance improves as the timing of delta-beta PAC in the right temporal pole (TP) got closer to the trough position (180 degrees). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the timing of PAC is essential for binding audiovisual information and underlies the developmental process in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Ohki
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Osaka University Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeru Matsuda
- Department of Mathematical Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Mathematical Informatics Collaboration Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsuko Gunji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,College of Education, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takei
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Sakuma
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical Center for Developmental Disorders, Shirayuri College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuu Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Center Hospital, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumi Inagaki
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ueda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Fukuda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hiraki
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Hironaga N, Takei Y, Mitsudo T, Kimura T, Hirano Y. Prospects for Future Methodological Development and Application of Magnetoencephalography Devices in Psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:863. [PMID: 32973591 PMCID: PMC7472776 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional neuroimaging tool that can record activity from the entire cortex on the order of milliseconds. MEG has been used to investigate numerous psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, dementia, and autism spectrum disorder. Although several review papers on the subject have been published, perspectives and opinions regarding the use of MEG in psychiatric research have primarily been discussed from a psychiatric research point of view. Owing to a newly developed MEG sensor, the use of MEG devices will soon enter a critical period, and now is a good time to discuss the future of MEG use in psychiatric research. In this paper, we will discuss MEG devices from a methodological point of view. We will first introduce the utilization of MEG in psychiatric research and the development of its technology. Then, we will describe the principle theory of MEG and common algorithms, which are useful for applying MEG tools to psychiatric research. Next, we will consider three topics-child psychiatry, resting-state networks, and cortico-subcortical networks-and address the future use of MEG in psychiatry from a broader perspective. Finally, we will introduce the newly developed device, the optically-pumped magnetometer, and discuss its future use in MEG systems in psychiatric research from a methodological point of view. We believe that state-of-the-art electrophysiological tools, such as this new MEG system, will further contribute to our understanding of the core pathology in various psychiatric disorders and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruhito Hironaga
- Brain Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takei
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takako Mitsudo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Mazaheri A, Slagter HA, Thut G, Foxe JJ. Orchestration of brain oscillations: principles and functions. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 48:2385-2388. [PMID: 30276895 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazaheri
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Heleen A Slagter
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregor Thut
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John J Foxe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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15
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Almeida-Filho DG, Queiroz CM, Ribeiro S. Memory corticalization triggered by REM sleep: mechanisms of cellular and systems consolidation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3715-3740. [PMID: 30054638 PMCID: PMC11105475 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Once viewed as a passive physiological state, sleep is a heterogeneous and complex sequence of brain states with essential effects on synaptic plasticity and neuronal functioning. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep has been shown to promote calcium-dependent plasticity in principal neurons of the cerebral cortex, both during memory consolidation in adults and during post-natal development. This article reviews the plasticity mechanisms triggered by REM sleep, with a focus on the emerging role of kinases and immediate-early genes for the progressive corticalization of hippocampus-dependent memories. The body of evidence suggests that memory corticalization triggered by REM sleep is a systemic phenomenon with cellular and molecular causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Almeida-Filho
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59056-450, Brazil
| | - Claudio M Queiroz
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59056-450, Brazil
| | - Sidarta Ribeiro
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59056-450, Brazil.
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