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Parent MB, Whitley KE, Zafar U, Zickgraf HF, Sharp WG. Systematic review of pharmacological treatments that reduce conditioned taste aversions in rodents: A potential animal model of pediatric feeding disorder and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). Appetite 2024; 194:107172. [PMID: 38135183 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is diagnosed when food avoidance leads to clinically significant nutritional, weight/growth, or psychosocial impairment. As many as 81.5% of children and adolescents diagnosed with ARFID have a history of a medical condition associated with pain, fatigue, or malaise. ARFID is diagnosed and treatment begins after the medical condition is resolved but food avoidance remains. Effective treatment involves repeated exposure to eating food and related stimuli aimed at creating inhibitory learning to counteract learned fears and aversions. Treatment usually involves positive reinforcement of food approach behavior and escape extinction/response prevention to eliminate food avoidant behavior. To shed light on the neural mechanisms that may maintain ARFID and to identify candidate pharmacological treatments for adjuncts to behavioral interventions, this paper systematically reviews research on drug treatments that successfully reduce conditioned taste aversions (CTA) in animal models by disrupting reconsolidation or promoting extinction. The mechanism of action of these treatments, brain areas involved, and whether these CTA findings have been used to understand human eating behavior are assessed. Collectively, the results provide insight into possible neural mechanisms associated with resuming oral intake following CTA akin to the therapeutic goals of ARFID treatment and suggest that CTA animal models hold promise to facilitate the development of interventions to prevent feeding problems. The findings also reveal the need to investigate CTA reduction in juvenile and female animals and show that CTA is rarely studied to understand disordered human feeding even though CTA has been observed in humans and parallels many of the characteristics of rodent CTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Usama Zafar
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hana F Zickgraf
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William G Sharp
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Si Y, Chen J, Shen Y, Kubra S, Mei B, Qin ZS, Pan B, Meng B. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders and time-of-day-dependent memory deficiency in Presenilin1/2 conditional knockout mice with long noncoding RNA expression profiling changes. Sleep Med 2023; 103:146-158. [PMID: 36805914 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients exhibit sleep and circadian disturbances prior to the onset of cognitive decline, and these disruptions worsen with disease severity. However, the molecular mechanisms behind sleep and circadian disruptions in AD patients are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated sleep pattern and circadian rhythms in Presenilin-1/2 conditional knockout (DKO) mice. Assessment of EEG and EMG recordings showed that DKO mice displayed increased NREM sleep time but not REM sleep during the dark phase compared to WT mice at the age of two months; at the age of six months, the DKO mice showed increased wakefulness periods and decreased total time spent in both NREM and REM sleep. WT exhibited time-of-day dependent modulation of contextual and cued memory. Compared with WT mice, 4-month-old DKO mice exhibited the deficiency regardless trained and tested in the same light/night phase or not. Particularly interesting was that DKO showed circadian modulation deficiency when trained in the resting period but not in the active period. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are typically defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides, and they have rhythmic expression in mammals. To date no study has investigated rhythmic lncRNA expression in Alzheimer's disease. We applied RNA-seq technology to profile hippocampus expression of lncRNAs in DKO mice during the light (/resting) and dark (/active) phases and performed gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses of the cis lncRNA targets. Expression alteration of lncRNAs associated with immune response and metallodipeptidase activity may contribute to the circadian disruptions of DKO mice. Especially we identified some LncRNAs which expression change oppositely between day and light in DKO mice compared to WT mice and are worthy to be studied further. Our results exhibited the circadian rhythm sleep disorders and a noteworthy time-of-day-dependent memory deficiency in AD model mice and provide a useful resource for studying the expression and function of lncRNAs during circadian disruptions in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Si
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Syeda Kubra
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bing Mei
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhaohui S Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Boxi Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.
| | - Bo Meng
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Differential biochemical-inflammatory patterns in the astrocyte-neuron axis of the hippocampus and frontal cortex in Wistar rats with metabolic syndrome induced by high fat or carbohydrate diets. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 126:102186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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A short-term memory trace persists for days in the mouse hippocampus. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1168. [PMID: 36329137 PMCID: PMC9633825 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Active recall of short-term memory (STM) is known to last for a few hours, but whether STM has long-term functions is unknown. Here we show that STM can be optogenetically retrieved at a time point during which natural recall is not possible, uncovering the long-term existence of an STM engram. Moreover, re-training within 3 days led to natural long-term recall, indicating facilitated consolidation. Inhibiting offline CA1 activity during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activity, or protein synthesis after first exposure to the STM-forming event impaired the future re-exposure-facilitated consolidation, which highlights a role of protein synthesis, NMDAR and NREM sleep in the long-term storage of an STM trace. These results provide evidence that STM is not completely lost within hours and demonstrates a possible two-step STM consolidation, first long-term storage as a behaviorally inactive engram, then transformation into an active state by recurrence within 3 days. Short-term memory (STM) forms a protein synthesis-, NMDAR- and NREM sleep-dependent engram which lasts at least 3 days in the mouse hippocampus following a novel object location task, suggesting that STM is not completely lost within hours.
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Gong Z, Wang Z, Jiang L, Wang X, Zhang B, Vashisth MK, Zhou Q. Neuronal activity in the dorsal dentate gyrus during extinction regulates fear memory extinction and renewal. Exp Neurol 2022; 358:114224. [PMID: 36089058 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory extinction and renewal are major factors that limits the efficacy of exposure therapy. The dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG) plays a crucial role in spatial memory, and epigenetic modifications in the dDG play an important role in fear memory renewal. However, whether dDG activity regulates fear memory extinction and renewal remains unclear. In this study, we showed that an extinction procedure that prevents fear memory renewal (extinction within the reconsolidation window) leads to increased c-fos expression in the dDG. Chemicogenetic activation of dDG excitatory neurons during extinction training elevated fear memory extinction and prevented renewal, whereas inhibition of dDG excitatory neurons inhibited fear memory extinction. We also demonstrated that inhibiting fear engram cells (neurons active during fear acquisition) during extinction training inhibits fear memory extinction. Therefore, dDG activity during fear extinction plays an important role in fear memory extinction and renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Gong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Zongliang Wang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Bensi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Manoj Kumar Vashisth
- Department of Anatomy, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.
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Zhang Y, Smolen P, Alberini CM, Baxter DA, Byrne JH. Computational analysis of memory consolidation following inhibitory avoidance (IA) training in adult and infant rats: Critical roles of CaMKIIα and MeCP2. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010239. [PMID: 35759520 PMCID: PMC9269953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Key features of long-term memory (LTM), such as its stability and persistence, are acquired during processes collectively referred to as consolidation. The dynamics of biological changes during consolidation are complex. In adult rodents, consolidation exhibits distinct periods during which the engram is more or less resistant to disruption. Moreover, the ability to consolidate memories differs during developmental periods. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying consolidation are poorly understood, the initial stages rely on interacting signaling pathways that regulate gene expression, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α (CaMKIIα) dependent feedback loops. We investigated the ways in which these pathways may contribute to developmental and dynamical features of consolidation. A computational model of molecular processes underlying consolidation following inhibitory avoidance (IA) training in rats was developed. Differential equations described the actions of CaMKIIα, multiple feedback loops regulating BDNF expression, and several transcription factors including methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), and SIN3 transcription regulator family member A (Sin3a). This model provides novel explanations for the (apparent) rapid forgetting of infantile memory and the temporal progression of memory consolidation in adults. Simulations predict that dual effects of MeCP2 on the expression of bdnf, and interaction between MeCP2 and CaMKIIα, play critical roles in the rapid forgetting of infantile memory and the progress of memory resistance to disruptions. These insights suggest new potential targets of therapy for memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy; W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy; W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cristina M. Alberini
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Baxter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy; W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John H. Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy; W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Reyes-Resina I, Samer S, Kreutz MR, Oelschlegel AM. Molecular Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation That Operate During Sleep. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:767384. [PMID: 34867190 PMCID: PMC8636908 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of sleep for brain function has been in the focus of interest for many years. It is now firmly established that sleep and the corresponding brain activity is of central importance for memory consolidation. Less clear are the underlying molecular mechanisms and their specific contribution to the formation of long-term memory. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of such mechanisms and we discuss the several unknowns that hinder a deeper appreciation of how molecular mechanisms of memory consolidation during sleep impact synaptic function and engram formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Reyes-Resina
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Samer
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anja M Oelschlegel
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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Kjaergaard M, Petersen NC, Sørensen JB, Takeuchi T. Introducing the special issue on "Proteins and Circuits in Memory". Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6691-6695. [PMID: 34664317 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Kjaergaard
- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Proteins in Memory - PROMEMO, Danish National Research Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Caesar Petersen
- Centre for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Proteins in Memory - PROMEMO, Danish National Research Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Zanta NC, Suchecki D, Girardi CEN. Early life stress alters emotional learning in a sex- and age-dependent manner with no impact on emotional behaviors. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22182. [PMID: 34423425 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal adversity can impact neurodevelopmental trajectories. This study examined the long-term effects of maternal deprivation on day 9 (DEP9), associated or not to a stressor (saline injection [SAL]), on contextual fear conditioning (Experiment 1) and emotional behaviors (Experiment 2) in Wistar rats. Whole litters were either assigned to DEP9 or control groups, and on day 10, half of the litters in each group received an SAL or not (NSAL). DEP9-SAL male adolescents showed the longest freezing time and DEP9 adult males froze more than females. Females exhibited less anxiety-like behavior than males; DEP9-SAL females spent more time in the open arms and DEP9 males visited less the extremity of the open arm in the elevated plus maze. Early life stress increased conditioned and innate fear in males, but not in females, indicating a clear sexual dimorphism in the response to potentially threatening stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália C Zanta
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Rezaie M, Nasehi M, Vaseghi S, Alimohammadzadeh K, Islami Vaghar M, Mohammadi-Mahdiabadi-Hasani MH, Zarrindast MR. The interaction effect of sleep deprivation and cannabinoid type 1 receptor in the CA1 hippocampal region on passive avoidance memory, depressive-like behavior and locomotor activity in rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112901. [PMID: 32920013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows the interaction effect of cannabinoids and sleep on cognitive functions. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the interaction effect of cannabinoids type 1 receptor (CB1r) in the CA1 hippocampal region and sleep deprivation (SD) on passive avoidance memory and depressive-like behavior in male Wistar rats. We used water box apparatus to induce total SD (TSD) for 24 h. The shuttle-box was applied to assess passive avoidance memory and locomotion apparatus was applied to assess locomotor activity. Forced swim test (FST) was used to evaluate rat's behavior. ACPA (CB1r agonist) at the doses of 0.01, 0.001 and 0.0001 μg/rat, and AM251 (CB1r antagonist) at the doses of 100, 10 and 1 ng/rat were injected intra-CA1, five minutes after training via stereotaxic surgery. Results showed SD impaired memory. ACPA at the doses of 0.01 and 0.001 μg/rat impaired memory and at all doses did not alter the effect of SD on memory. AM251 by itself did not alter memory, while at lowest dose (1 ng/rat) restored SD-induced memory deficit. Both drugs induced depressive-like behavior in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, both drugs decreased swimming at some doses (ACPA at 0.0001 μg/rat, AM251 at 0.001 and 0.01 ng/rat). Also, ACPA at the highest dose increased climbing of SD rats. In conclusion, we suggest CB1r may interact with the effect of SD on memory. Additionally, cannabinoids may show a dose-dependent manner in modulating mood and behavior. Interestingly, CB1r agonists and antagonists may exhibit a similar effect in some behavioral assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maede Rezaie
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khalil Alimohammadzadeh
- Department of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Health Economics Policy Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Islami Vaghar
- Department of Nursing, Faculity of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroendocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kornhuber J, Zoicas I. Social Fear Memory Requires Two Stages of Protein Synthesis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155537. [PMID: 32748831 PMCID: PMC7432563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that long-term consolidation of newly acquired information, including information related to social fear, require de novo protein synthesis. However, the temporal dynamics of protein synthesis during the consolidation of social fear memories is unclear. To address this question, mice received a single systemic injection with the protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, at different time-points before or after social fear conditioning (SFC), and memory was assessed 24 h later. We showed that anisomycin impaired the consolidation of social fear memories in a time-point-dependent manner. Mice that received anisomycin 20 min before, immediately after, 6 h, or 8 h after SFC showed reduced expression of social fear, indicating impaired social fear memory, whereas anisomycin caused no effects when administered 4 h after SFC. These results suggest that consolidation of social fear memories requires two stages of protein synthesis: (1) an initial stage starting during or immediately after SFC, and (2) a second stage starting around 6 h after SFC and lasting for at least 5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Iulia Zoicas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-46005
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