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Chen J, Liu C, Li L, Tao W, Zhang X, Zhao S, Wang C, Huang L. Exogenous leptin alleviates glutamate-excitotoxic injury caused by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in mice by affecting the expression of glutamate transporters. Brain Res 2024; 1845:149201. [PMID: 39197570 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is characterized by high morbidity and mortality and a lack of effective therapeutic interventions. Leptin plays an important role in regulating oxidative stress, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, etc. Although recent studies have found a neuroprotective effect of leptin, little is known about its role in cerebral ischemia. This study explores the possible roles and potential preventative mechanisms of leptin in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). An in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) mouse model was used to replicate the CIRI model, low (0.5 mg/kg), medium (1 mg/kg) and high (2 mg/kg) concentrations of leptin were injected intraperitoneally immediately after inserting the embolic line. After 1.5 h of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion, we examined the neural function of the mice, collected brain tissue for histological examination, and screened for the optimal concentrations of leptin intervention. On this basis, we observed the changes of cortical apoptosis injury, intracellular calcium fluorescence intensity and astrocyte glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and morphological changes. In addition, we also tested the expression of transporters and metabolism-related enzymes (VGLUT-1, VGLUT-2, GLAST, GLT-1, GS, ATP1α1), the expression of inflammatory factors and the content of glutamate (Glu). Compared with the I/R group, we found that leptin improved neurological deficits, reduced the area of infarcts, maintained the normal morphology of astrocytes (AST), downregulated the expression of VGLUT-1, and upregulates the expression of GLT-1 and GLAST, thereby reducing the content of Glu in the synaptic cleft. Our studies suggest that leptin may have a neuroprotective effect by decreasing the excitotoxicity of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China; Basic and Clinical Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China
| | - Chenxu Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China; Basic and Clinical Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China; Basic and Clinical Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China
| | - WeiTing Tao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China; Basic and Clinical Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China; Basic and Clinical Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China
| | - Shidi Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China; Basic and Clinical Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of General Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233040, China.
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China; Basic and Clinical Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China.
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Kawamura LRDSM, Sarmet M, de Campos PS, Takehara S, Kumei Y, Zeredo JLL. Apnea behavior in early- and late-stage mouse models of Parkinson's disease: Cineradiographic analysis of spontaneous breathing, acute stress, and swallowing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 323:104239. [PMID: 38395210 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the timing and frequency of spontaneous apneas during breathing and swallowing by using cineradiography on mouse models of early/initial or late/advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). C57BL/6 J mice received either 6-OHDA or vehicle injections into their right striatum, followed by respiratory movement recordings during spontaneous breathing and swallowing, and a stress challenge, two weeks later. Experimental group animals showed a significantly lower respiratory rate (158.66 ± 32.88 breaths/minute in late PD, 173.16 ± 25.19 in early PD versus 185.27 ± 25.36 in controls; p<0.001) and a significantly higher frequency of apneas (median 1 apnea/minute in both groups versus 0 in controls; p<0.001). Other changes included reduced food intake and the absence of swallow apneas in experimental mice. 6-OHDA-induced nigrostriatal degeneration in mice disrupted respiratory control, swallowing, stress responsiveness, and feeding behaviors, potentially hindering airway protection and elevating the risk of aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Sarmet
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Sachiko Takehara
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kumei
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jorge Luis Lopes Zeredo
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Regensburger M, Kinfe TM. Role of the adipocyte immune brain axis in Parkinson's disease: friend or foe? Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2399-2400. [PMID: 37282467 PMCID: PMC10360077 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.369112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Regensburger
- Division of Molecular Neurology; Center for Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas M Kinfe
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Leptin alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:232083. [PMID: 36367210 PMCID: PMC9744719 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a key factor for the prognosis of ischemic stroke (IS), the leading disease in terms of global disability and fatality rates. Recent studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) may be a target against CIRI and that leptin, a peptide hormone, has neuroprotective activity to mitigate CIRI. METHODS An in vitro CIRI model was induced in primary cortical neurons by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) after pretreatment with LY294002 (10 µmol/L) and/or leptin (0.4 mg/L), and cell viability, neuronal morphology and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction were evaluated. An in vivo CIRI model was established in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) after the injection of LY294002 (10 μmol/L) and/or leptin (1 mg/kg), and neurological function, infarct volume, cerebral pathological changes, the expression of ERS-related proteins and cell apoptosis were examined. RESULTS In vitro, leptin treatment improved the cell survival rate, ameliorated neuronal pathological morphology and alleviated OGD/R-induced ERS. In vivo, administration of leptin significantly reduced the infarct volume, neurological deficit scores and neuronal apoptosis as well as pathological alterations. In addition, leptin suppressed MCAO/R-induced ERS and may decrease apoptosis by inhibiting ERS-related death and caspase 3 activation. It also regulated expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the proapoptotic protein Bax in the cortex. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of leptin on ERS was significantly decreased by the effective phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that ERS plays an important role in CIRI and that leptin can inhibit the activation of ERS through the PI3K/Akt pathway, thereby alleviating CIRI. These findings provide novel therapeutic targets for IS.
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