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Blanvillain G, Lorch JM, Joudrier N, Bury S, Cuenot T, Franzen M, Martínez-Freiría F, Guiller G, Halpern B, Kolanek A, Kurek K, Lourdais O, Michon A, Musilová R, Schweiger S, Szulc B, Ursenbacher S, Zinenko O, Hoyt JR. Contribution of host species and pathogen clade to snake fungal disease hotspots in Europe. Commun Biol 2024; 7:440. [PMID: 38600171 PMCID: PMC11006896 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are influenced by interactions between host and pathogen, and the number of infected hosts is rarely homogenous across the landscape. Areas with elevated pathogen prevalence can maintain a high force of infection and may indicate areas with disease impacts on host populations. However, isolating the ecological processes that result in increases in infection prevalence and intensity remains a challenge. Here we elucidate the contribution of pathogen clade and host species in disease hotspots caused by Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, the pathogen responsible for snake fungal disease, in 21 species of snakes infected with multiple pathogen strains across 10 countries in Europe. We found isolated areas of disease hotspots in a landscape where infections were otherwise low. O. ophidiicola clade had important effects on transmission, and areas with multiple pathogen clades had higher host infection prevalence. Snake species further influenced infection, with most positive detections coming from species within the Natrix genus. Our results suggest that both host and pathogen identity are essential components contributing to increased pathogen prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Blanvillain
- Biological Sciences Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Lorch
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicolas Joudrier
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Info fauna-Karch, Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune (CSCF) and Centre de coordination pour la protection des reptiles et des amphibiens de Suisse (karch), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stanislaw Bury
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
- NATRIX Herpetological Association, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Thibault Cuenot
- LPO Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Site de Franche-Comté, Maison de l'environnement de BFC, Besançon, France
| | - Michael Franzen
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (ZSM-SNSB), Munich, Germany
| | - Fernando Martínez-Freiría
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | | | - Bálint Halpern
- MME BirdLife Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE-MTM, Integrative Ecology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aleksandra Kolanek
- NATRIX Herpetological Association, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Geoinformatics and Cartography, Institute of Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kurek
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Science, Cracow, Poland
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, ULR CNRS UMR 7372, Villiers en Bois, France
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alix Michon
- LPO Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Site de Franche-Comté, Maison de l'environnement de BFC, Besançon, France
| | | | - Silke Schweiger
- First Zoological Department, Herpetological Collection, Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Szulc
- NATRIX Herpetological Association, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sylvain Ursenbacher
- Info fauna-Karch, Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune (CSCF) and Centre de coordination pour la protection des reptiles et des amphibiens de Suisse (karch), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Section of Conservation Biology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, Hungary
| | | | - Joseph R Hoyt
- Biological Sciences Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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2
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Darío Hernandes Córdoba O, Torres-Romero EJ, Villalobos F, Chapa-Vargas L, Santiago-Alarcon D. Energy input, habitat heterogeneity and host specificity drive avian haemosporidian diversity at continental scales. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232705. [PMID: 38444334 PMCID: PMC10915542 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The correct identification of variables affecting parasite diversity and assemblage composition at different spatial scales is crucial for understanding how pathogen distribution responds to anthropogenic disturbance and climate change. Here, we used a database of avian haemosporidian parasites to test how the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic structure of the genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon from three zoogeographic regions are related to surrogate variables of Earth's energy input, habitat heterogeneity (climatic diversity, landscape heterogeneity, host richness and human disturbance) and ecological interactions (resource use), which was measured by a novel assemblage-level metric related to parasite niche overlap (degree of generalism). We found that different components of energy input explained variation in richness for each genus. We found that human disturbance influences the phylogenetic structure of Haemoproteus while the degree of generalism explained richness and phylogenetic structure of Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon genera. Furthermore, landscape attributes related to human disturbance (human footprint) can filter Haemoproteus assemblages by their phylogenetic relatedness. Finally, assembly processes related to resource use within parasite assemblages modify species richness and phylogenetic structure of Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon assemblages. Overall, our study highlighted the genus-specific patterns with the different components of Earth's energy budget, human disturbances and degree of generalism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Joaquín Torres-Romero
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
- División de Biología, Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus Zacapoaxtla, Subdirección de Investigación y Posgrado, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, AC Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Chapa-Vargas
- División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, AC, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Diego Santiago-Alarcon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 12037 USF Beard Drive, SCA 110, Tampa, FL, USA
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3
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McMahon TA, Nordheim CL, Detmering SE, Johnson PTJ, Rohr JR, Civitello DJ. Pseudacris regilla metamorphs acquire resistance to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis after exposure to the killed fungus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 155:193-198. [PMID: 37767886 DOI: 10.3354/dao03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is associated with drastic global amphibian declines. Prophylactic exposure to killed zoospores and the soluble chemicals they produce (Bd metabolites) can induce acquired resistance to Bd in adult Cuban treefrogs Osteopilus septentrionalis. Here, we exposed metamorphic frogs of a second species, the Pacific chorus frog Pseudacris regilla, to one of 2 prophylactic treatments prior to live Bd exposures: killed Bd zoospores with metabolites, killed zoospores alone, or a water control. Prior exposure to killed Bd zoospores with metabolites reduced Bd infection intensity in metamorphic Pacific chorus frogs by 60.4% compared to control frogs. Interestingly, Bd intensity in metamorphs previously exposed to killed zoospores alone did not differ in magnitude relative to the control metamorphs, nor to those treated with killed zoospores plus metabolites. Previous work indicated that Bd metabolites alone can induce acquired resistance in tadpoles, and so these findings together indicate that it is possible that the soluble Bd metabolites may contain immunomodulatory components that drive this resistance phenotype. Our results expand the generality of this prophylaxis work by identifying a second amphibian species (Pacific chorus frog) and an additional amphibian life stage (metamorphic frog) that can acquire resistance to Bd after metabolite exposure. This work increases hopes that a Bd-metabolite prophylaxis might be widely effective across amphibian species and life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegan A McMahon
- Connecticut College, Department of Biology, New London, Connecticut 06320, USA
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4
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Robles-Fernández ÁL, Santiago-Alarcon D, Lira-Noriega A. Wildlife susceptibility to infectious diseases at global scales. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122851119. [PMID: 35994656 PMCID: PMC9436312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122851119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease transmission prediction across wildlife is crucial for risk assessment of emerging infectious diseases. Susceptibility of host species to pathogens is influenced by the geographic, environmental, and phylogenetic context of the specific system under study. We used machine learning to analyze how such variables influence pathogen incidence for multihost pathogen assemblages, including one of direct transmission (coronaviruses and bats) and two vector-borne systems (West Nile Virus [WNV] and birds, and malaria and birds). Here we show that this methodology is able to provide reliable global spatial susceptibility predictions for the studied host-pathogen systems, even when using a small amount of incidence information (i.e., [Formula: see text] of information in a database). We found that avian malaria was mostly affected by environmental factors and by an interaction between phylogeny and geography, and WNV susceptibility was mostly influenced by phylogeny and by the interaction between geographic and environmental distances, whereas coronavirus susceptibility was mostly affected by geography. This approach will help to direct surveillance and field efforts providing cost-effective decisions on where to invest limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel L. Robles-Fernández
- Facultad de Física, Universidad Veracruzana, 91000 Xalapa, México
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281
| | | | - Andrés Lira-Noriega
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., 91073 Xalapa, México
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5
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Forrester GE, Finley RJ. Host-parasite Interactions between a Copepod ( Pharodes tortugensis) and Small Reef-associated Gobies ( Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands. Zool Stud 2022; 61:e32. [PMID: 36381977 PMCID: PMC9638048 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2022.61-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of parasitic copepods on free-living hosts are infrequently documented, and the copepod Pharodes tortugensis has remained virtually unstudied since described. For the first time, we document its host range in the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the prevalence and intensity of infections on wild hosts, and its impacts on host morphology and performance. Infections were observed on four benthic gobies in the BVI (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, C. venezuelae, C. dicrus and C. eidolon) but not on other host species previously reported from other parts of the western Atlantic. Infected gobies were widespread in the BVI (detected at 33 of 52 sites, prevalence from 1-25%) but extremely rare elsewhere in the Caribbean (detected at 2 of 16 sites, prevalence < 0.006%). As is typical of macroparasite infections, P. tortugensis was over-dispersed in BVI host populations (mean intensity = 4.7, range = 1-17). Infections were most common in juvenile and female hosts, and rarely found in larger male hosts. The copepods attach in the branchial chamber of the goby; female copepods show high attachment fidelity to the ventral surface of the chamber, while male copepods attached most often to the first two gill arches and in the branchial chamber adjacent to the female. Infections caused substantial damage to the host's branchial chamber and gill filaments. Parasitized gobies also had larger livers and smaller gonads than unparasitized individuals of similar length. The changes in organ mass of infected gobies were not sizeable enough to affect total body mass, and host condition (the body-length vs. body-mass relationship) was similar for gobies with and without infections. Parasitized gobies were, however, significantly smaller in body mass at a given age, reflecting slower overall growth. Effects of P. tortugensis on individual hosts were broadly similar to those of other parasitic copepods that infect fish gills and, for unknown reasons, the BVI appears to be a persistent hotspot of infections on these goby hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham E Forrester
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA. E-mail: (Forrester)
| | - Rachel J Finley
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA. E-mail: (Finley)
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6
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Wilber MQ, DeMarchi J, Fefferman NH, Silk MJ. High prevalence does not necessarily equal maintenance species: Avoiding biased claims of disease reservoirs when using surveillance data. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1740-1754. [PMID: 35838341 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Many pathogens of public health and conservation concern persist in host communities. Identifying candidate maintenance and reservoir species is therefore a central component of disease management. The term maintenance species implies that if all species but the putative maintenance species were removed, then the pathogen would still persist. In the absence of field manipulations, this statement inherently requires a causal or mechanistic model to assess. 2. However, we lack a systematic understanding of i) how often conclusions are made about maintenance and reservoir species without reference to mechanistic models ii) what types of biases may be associated with these conclusions and iii) how explicitly invoking causal or mechanistic modeling can help ameliorate these biases. Filling these knowledge gaps is critical for robust inference on pathogen persistence and spillover in multihost parasite systems, with clear implications for human and wildlife health. 3. To address these gaps, we performed a literature review on the evidence previous studies have used to make claims regarding maintenance or reservoir species. We then developed a multihost-parasite model to explore and demonstrate common biases that could arise when inferring maintenance potential from observational prevalence data. Finally, we developed new theory to show how model-driven inference of maintenance species can minimize and eliminate emergent biases. 4. In our review, we found that 83% of studies used some form of observational prevalence data to draw conclusions on maintenance potential and only 6% of these studies combined observational data with mechanistic modeling. Using our model, we demonstrate how the community, spatial, and temporal context of observational data can lead to substantial biases in inferences of maintenance potential. Importantly, our theory identifies that model-driven inference of maintenance species elucidates other streams of observational data that can be leveraged to correct these biases. 5. Model-driven inference is an essential, yet underused, component of multidisciplinary studies that make inference on host reservoir and maintenance species. Better integration of wildlife disease surveillance and mechanistic models is necessary to improve the robustness and reproducibility of our conclusions regarding maintenance and reservoir species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Q Wilber
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 37996, Knoxville, TN
| | - Joseph DeMarchi
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 37996, Knoxville, TN
| | - Nina H Fefferman
- Department Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 37996, Knoxville, TN.,Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, 37996, Knoxville, TN
| | - Matthew J Silk
- Department Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 37996, Knoxville, TN
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7
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Byrne AQ, Waddle AW, Saenz V, Ohmer M, Jaeger JR, Richards-Zawacki CL, Voyles J, Rosenblum EB. Host species is linked to pathogen genotype for the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261047. [PMID: 35286323 PMCID: PMC8920232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen specificity can arise from certain selective environments mediated by both the host and pathogen. Therefore, understanding the degree to which host species identity is correlated with pathogen genotype can help reveal historical host-pathogen dynamics. One animal disease of particular concern is chytridiomycosis, typically caused by the global panzootic lineage of the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd), termed Bd-GPL. This pathogen lineage has caused devastating declines in amphibian communities around the world. However, the site of origin for the common ancestor of modern Bd-GPL and the fine-scale transmission dynamics of this lineage have remained a mystery. This is especially the case in North America where Bd-GPL is widespread, but disease outbreaks occur sporadically. Herein, we use Bd genetic data collected throughout the United States from amphibian skin swabs and cultured isolate samples to investigate Bd genetic patterns. We highlight two case studies in Pennsylvania and Nevada where Bd-GPL genotypes are strongly correlated with host species identity. Specifically, in some localities bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) are infected with Bd-GPL lineages that are distinct from those infecting other sympatric amphibian species. Overall, we reveal a previously unknown association of Bd genotype with host species and identify the eastern United States as a Bd diversity hotspot and potential site of origin for Bd-GPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Q. Byrne
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthony W. Waddle
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Veronica Saenz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michel Ohmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Jef R. Jaeger
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Corinne L. Richards-Zawacki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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8
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Bienentreu JF, Schock DM, Greer AL, Lesbarrères D. Ranavirus Amplification in Low-Diversity Amphibian Communities. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:755426. [PMID: 35224079 PMCID: PMC8863596 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.755426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era where emerging infectious diseases are a serious threat to biodiversity, epidemiological patterns need to be identified, particularly the complex mechanisms driving the dynamics of multi-host pathogens in natural communities. Many amphibian species have faced unprecedented population declines associated with diseases. Yet, specific processes shaping host-pathogen relationships within and among communities for amphibian pathogens such as ranaviruses (RV) remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive study of RV in low-diversity amphibian communities in north-western Canada to assess the effects of biotic factors (species identity, species richness, abundance) and abiotic factors (conductivity, pH) on the pathogen prevalence and viral loads. Across 2 years and 18 sites, with communities of up to three hosts (wood frog, Rana sylvatica; boreal chorus frog, Pseudacris maculata; Canadian toad, Anaxyrus hemiophrys), we observed that RV prevalence nearly doubled with each additional species in a community, suggesting an amplification effect in aquatic, as well as terrestrial life-history stages. Infection intensity among infected wood frogs and boreal chorus frogs also significantly increased with an increase in species richness. Interestingly, we did not observe any effects of host abundance or abiotic factors, highlighting the importance of including host identity and species richness when investigating multi-host pathogens. Ultimately, only such a comprehensive approach can improve our understanding of complex and often highly context-dependent host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe-Felix Bienentreu
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Joe-Felix Bienentreu
| | - Danna M. Schock
- Sciences and Environmental Technology, Keyano College, Fort McMurray, AB, Canada
| | - Amy L. Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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9
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Effects of an alternative host on the prevalence and infection intensity of a bumble bee parasite. Parasitology 2022; 149:562-567. [PMID: 35067238 PMCID: PMC10090601 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202200004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Several bee parasites are transmitted through flowers, and some of them can infect multiple host species. Given the shared use of flowers by bee species, parasites can potentially encounter multiple host species, which could affect the evolution of parasite virulence. We used the trypanosomatid parasite Crithidia bombi and its host, the common eastern bumble bee (Bombus impatiens), to explore the effect of infecting an alternative host, the alfalfa leaf-cutter bee (Megachile rotundata), on parasite infectivity and ability to replicate. We conducted a serial passage experiment on primary and alternative hosts, assessing infectivity and intensity of infection during five passes. Parasite cells from each pass through the alternative host were also used to infect a group of primary hosts. We found that serial passes through the alternative host increased infectivity, but there was no effect on intensity of infection. Interestingly, both the probability and intensity of infection on the primary host increased after serial passage through the alternative host. This increase in intensity of infection could be due to maladaptation after selection of new C. bombi strains has occurred in the alternative host. This study suggests that host switching has the potential to affect the adaptation of bee parasites to their hosts.
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10
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Basanta MD, Rebollar EA, García-Castillo MG, Rosenblum EB, Byrne AQ, Piovia-Scott J, Parra-Olea G. Genetic variation of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is linked to skin bacterial diversity in the Pacific treefrog Hyliola regilla (hypochondriaca). Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:494-506. [PMID: 34959256 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacterial communities are crucial to combating infections and contribute to host health. The amphibian skin microbiome plays an important role in protecting their hosts against pathogens such as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), one of the causative agents of chytridiomycosis, which is responsible for dramatic amphibian population declines worldwide. Although symbiotic skin bacteria are known to inhibit Bd growth, an understanding of the relationship between Bd genetic variability, environmental conditions, and skin bacterial communities is limited. Therefore, we examined the associations between Bd infection load, Bd genetic diversity and skin bacterial communities in five populations of Hyliola regilla (hypochondriaca) from environmentally contrasting sites in Baja California, Mexico. We observed differences in Bd genetics and infection load among sites and environments. Genetic analysis of Bd isolates revealed patterns of spatial structure corresponding to the five sites sampled. Amphibian skin bacterial diversity and community structure differed among environments and sites. Bacterial community composition was correlated with Bd genetic differences and infection load, with specific bacterial taxa enriched on infected and un-infected frogs. Our results indicate that skin-associated bacteria and Bd strains likely interact on the host skin, with consequences for microbial community structure and Bd infection intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Delia Basanta
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, AP 70-153, C.P. 04510, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Eria A Rebollar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mirna G García-Castillo
- Universidad Politécnica de Huatusco, Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico.,Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región: Orizaba-Córdoba, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Allison Q Byrne
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonah Piovia-Scott
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA
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11
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Rosenthal LM, Simler-Williamson AB, Rizzo DM. Community-level prevalence of a forest pathogen, not individual-level disease risk, declines with tree diversity. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2477-2489. [PMID: 34510681 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding why diversity sometimes limits disease is essential for managing outbreaks; however, mechanisms underlying this 'dilution effect' remain poorly understood. Negative diversity-disease relationships have previously been detected in plant communities impacted by an emerging forest disease, sudden oak death. We used this focal system to empirically evaluate whether these relationships were driven by dilution mechanisms that reduce transmission risk for individuals or from the fact that disease was averaged across the host community. We integrated laboratory competence measurements with plant community and symptom data from a large forest monitoring network. Richness increased disease risk for bay laurel trees, dismissing possible dilution mechanisms. Nonetheless, richness was negatively associated with community-level disease prevalence because the disease was aggregated among hosts that vary in disease susceptibility. Aggregating observations (which is surprisingly common in other dilution effect studies) can lead to misinterpretations of dilution mechanisms and bias towards a negative diversity-disease relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Rosenthal
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - David M Rizzo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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12
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Corti P, Collado B, Salgado M, Moraga CA, Radic-Schilling S, Tejeda C, Ruiz-Aravena M. Dynamic of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in a domestic-wildlife interface: Domestic sheep and guanaco as reservoir community. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e161-e174. [PMID: 34347393 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural herbivore populations have experienced uninterrupted pressures from direct and evident domestic-wildlife interactions and competition, to indirect or less obvious ones such as pathogen transmission. Thus, pathogen spillover between wild and domestic animals is a constant concern because the domestic-wildlife interface represents the ecological frontier in which pathogen transmission takes place in both directions. In Patagonian steppe communities, extensive sheep ranching and guanaco (Lama guanicoe) populations coexist, and guanaco have shown to be infected by pathogens such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) likely transmitted from livestock. MAP causes chronic enteritis and affects mostly domestic ruminants. We evaluated MAP prevalence and pathogen shedding in both species' faeces collected in non-shared and shared sites according to presence/absence of sheep and guanaco along a year, in four different seasons (autumn, winter, and spring 2018, and summer 2019). Our results indicate that MAP circulates in both sheep and guanaco populations with self-sustained transmission; however, both species differ in their levels of competence. We detected higher pathogen shedding in sites occupied by sheep, suggesting that sheep populations may be the main source of infection for susceptible animals due to their large numbers which drive MAP dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Corti
- Laboratorio de Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Instituto de Ciencia Animal y Programa de Investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Bernardita Collado
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio A Moraga
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Sergio Radic-Schilling
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Carlos Tejeda
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Aravena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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13
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Chen L, Liu X, Peng Z, Zhou S. Species distribution patterns and the scale of host interactions quantitatively but not qualitatively affect the diversity–disease relationship. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Brannelly LA, McCallum HI, Grogan LF, Briggs CJ, Ribas MP, Hollanders M, Sasso T, Familiar López M, Newell DA, Kilpatrick AM. Mechanisms underlying host persistence following amphibian disease emergence determine appropriate management strategies. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:130-148. [PMID: 33067922 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases have caused many species declines, changes in communities and even extinctions. There are also many species that persist following devastating declines due to disease. The broad mechanisms that enable host persistence following declines include evolution of resistance or tolerance, changes in immunity and behaviour, compensatory recruitment, pathogen attenuation, environmental refugia, density-dependent transmission and changes in community composition. Here we examine the case of chytridiomycosis, the most important wildlife disease of the past century. We review the full breadth of mechanisms allowing host persistence, and synthesise research on host, pathogen, environmental and community factors driving persistence following chytridiomycosis-related declines and overview the current evidence and the information required to support each mechanism. We found that for most species the mechanisms facilitating persistence have not been identified. We illustrate how the mechanisms that drive long-term host population dynamics determine the most effective conservation management strategies. Therefore, understanding mechanisms of host persistence is important because many species continue to be threatened by disease, some of which will require intervention. The conceptual framework we describe is broadly applicable to other novel disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Brannelly
- Veterinary BioSciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic, 3030, Australia
| | - Hamish I McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld., 4111, Australia
| | - Laura F Grogan
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld., 4111, Australia.,Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Cheryl J Briggs
- Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Maria P Ribas
- Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia.,Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Matthijs Hollanders
- Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Thais Sasso
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld., 4111, Australia
| | - Mariel Familiar López
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld., 4215, Australia
| | - David A Newell
- Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Auston M Kilpatrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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15
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Kozakiewicz CP, Ricci L, Patton AH, Stahlke AR, Hendricks SA, Margres MJ, Ruiz-Aravena M, Hamilton DG, Hamede R, McCallum H, Jones ME, Hohenlohe PA, Storfer A. Comparative landscape genetics reveals differential effects of environment on host and pathogen genetic structure in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and their transmissible tumour. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3217-3233. [PMID: 32682353 PMCID: PMC9805799 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic structure in host species is often used to predict disease spread. However, host and pathogen genetic variation may be incongruent. Understanding landscape factors that have either concordant or divergent influence on host and pathogen genetic structure is crucial for wildlife disease management. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) was first observed in 1996 and has spread throughout almost the entire Tasmanian devil geographic range, causing dramatic population declines. Whereas DFTD is predominantly spread via biting among adults, devils typically disperse as juveniles, which experience low DFTD prevalence. Thus, we predicted little association between devil and tumour population structure and that environmental factors influencing gene flow differ between devils and tumours. We employed a comparative landscape genetics framework to test the influence of environmental factors on patterns of isolation by resistance (IBR) and isolation by environment (IBE) in devils and DFTD. Although we found evidence for broad-scale costructuring between devils and tumours, we found no relationship between host and tumour individual genetic distances. Further, the factors driving the spatial distribution of genetic variation differed for each. Devils exhibited a strong IBR pattern driven by major roads, with no evidence of IBE. By contrast, tumours showed little evidence for IBR and a weak IBE pattern with respect to elevation in one of two tumour clusters we identify herein. Our results warrant caution when inferring pathogen spread using host population genetic structure and suggest that reliance on environmental barriers to host connectivity may be ineffective for managing the spread of wildlife diseases. Our findings demonstrate the utility of comparative landscape genetics for identifying differential factors driving host dispersal and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Ricci
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Austin H. Patton
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amanda R. Stahlke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Sarah A. Hendricks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Mark J. Margres
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Aravena
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - David G. Hamilton
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Hamede
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Menna E. Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Paul A. Hohenlohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Andrew Storfer
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA,corresponding author: Andrew Storfer, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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