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Li Y, Wang Y, Du X, Zhao C, He P, Meng F. Spatial distribution dynamics for Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. from 1970 to 2020. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11010. [PMID: 38390006 PMCID: PMC10881348 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
At different time scales, a species will experience diverse distribution changes. For Epimedium brevicornum Maxim, the phenomenon is obvious, but the understanding of the spatial dynamics of E. brevicornum under distinct time scales is poor. In this study, we modeled the potential distribution for E. brevicornum for five time scales, 1970-1979, 1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-2009, and 2010-2019, with different occurrence data, and the Kuenm package was used to optimize the parameter combination. Then, SDM tools and a Venn diagram were utilized to simulate the changes in highly suitable areas and spatial dynamics, respectively. Comprehensive results show that temperature seasonality (BIO4, 37.54%) has the greatest effect on the distribution of E. brevicornum, followed by minimum temperature (TMIN, 21.42%). The areas of distribution for E. brevicornum are 35.06 × 105 km2, 25.7 × 105 km2, 67.64 × 105 km2, 27.29 × 105 km2, and 9.87× 105 km2, which are mainly concentrated in Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Henan, respectively. In addition, the largest regions for expansion, stability, and contraction under various time scales are 5.6 × 105 km2, 3.54 × 105 km2, and 3.47 × 105 km2, respectively. These changes indicate that approximately 7.96% of the regions are highly stable, and three critical counties, Wanyuan, Chenggu, and Hechuan, and Xixiang, have become significant areas for migration. Overall, our results indicate that there are different spatial distribution patterns and dynamics for E. brevicornum for different time scales. Given these results, this study also proposes comprehensive strategies for the conservation and management of E. brevicornum, which will further improve the current resource utilization status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengde Medical University Chengde Hebei China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengde Medical University Chengde Hebei China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengde Medical University Chengde Hebei China
| | - Chunying Zhao
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengde Medical University Chengde Hebei China
| | - Ping He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Fanyun Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization Beijing Normal University Beijing China
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2
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Nixon KJA, Parzer HF. Got milkweed? Genetic assimilation as potential source for the evolution of nonmigratory monarch butterfly wing shape. Evol Dev 2024; 26:e12463. [PMID: 37971877 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are well studied for their annual long-distance migration from as far north as Canada to their overwintering grounds in Central Mexico. At the end of the cold season, monarchs start to repopulate North America through short-distance migration over the course of multiple generations. Interestingly, some populations in various tropical and subtropical islands do not migrate and exhibit heritable differences in wing shape and size, most likely an adaptation to island life. Less is known about forewing differences between long- and short-distance migrants in relation to island populations. Given their different migratory behaviors, we hypothesized that these differences would be reflected in wing morphology. To test this, we analyzed forewing shape and size of three different groups: nonmigratory, lesser migratory (migrate short-distances), and migratory (migrate long-distances) individuals. Significant differences in shape appear in all groups using geometric morphometrics. As variation found between migratory and lesser migrants has been shown to be caused by phenotypic plasticity, and lesser migrants develop intermediate forewing shapes between migratory and nonmigratory individuals, we suggest that genetic assimilation might be an important mechanism to explain the heritable variation found between migratory and nonmigratory populations. Additionally, our research confirms previous studies which show that forewing size is significantly smaller in nonmigratory populations when compared to both migratory phenotypes. Finally, we found sexual dimorphism in forewing shape in all three groups, but for size in nonmigratory populations only. This might have been caused by reduced constraints on forewing size in nonmigratory populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra J A Nixon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, New Jersey, USA
| | - Harald F Parzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Raposeira H, Horta P, Heleno R, Rebelo H. Changing with the times: Seasonal environmental gradients unveil dynamic bat assemblages and vulnerability. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10246. [PMID: 37470030 PMCID: PMC10352094 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the temporal and spatial dynamics of biological communities in response to biotic and abiotic drivers is essential to predict the effects of environmental change on biodiversity. Similarly, estimating species vulnerability in the face of such dynamics is crucial for implementing effective conservation actions. We explored how bat diversity changes over the year across an altitudinal gradient and identified the environmental drivers that shape bat communities. By analysing species' marginality within the biophysical niche space, we evaluated bats' vulnerability to foreseeable environmental changes. Our results suggest that altitude, the proportion of forest cover and shrub cover are the main drivers shaping bat communities year-round. Additionally, while some bat species are restricted to a single ecological assemblage (or ecological preferences group), others show greater plasticity throughout the year. Importantly, we found that although bats associated with highland habitats and forests could be particularly vulnerable to environmental changes (in particular Myotis mystacinus), this vulnerability correlates poorly with their national conservation status. We suggest that species' ecological plasticity is critical for the resilience of biological communities exposed to environmental changes and should be considered when planning tailored conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Raposeira
- CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associated LaboratoryUniversity of PortoVairãoPortugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- OII – Observatory Inovation ResearchLinharesPortugal
- Department of Life Sciences, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Center for Functional EcologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIOVairãoPortugal
| | - Pedro Horta
- CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associated LaboratoryUniversity of PortoVairãoPortugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- OII – Observatory Inovation ResearchLinharesPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIOVairãoPortugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Department of Life Sciences, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Center for Functional EcologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Hugo Rebelo
- CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associated LaboratoryUniversity of PortoVairãoPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIOVairãoPortugal
- ESS, Instituto Politécnico de SetúbalSetúbalPortugal
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4
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von Schmalensee L, Caillault P, Gunnarsdóttir KH, Gotthard K, Lehmann P. Seasonal specialization drives divergent population dynamics in two closely related butterflies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3663. [PMID: 37339960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasons impose different selection pressures on organisms through contrasting environmental conditions. How such seasonal evolutionary conflict is resolved in organisms whose lives span across seasons remains underexplored. Through field experiments, laboratory work, and citizen science data analyses, we investigate this question using two closely related butterflies (Pieris rapae and P. napi). Superficially, the two butterflies appear highly ecologically similar. Yet, the citizen science data reveal that their fitness is partitioned differently across seasons. Pieris rapae have higher population growth during the summer season but lower overwintering success than do P. napi. We show that these differences correspond to the physiology and behavior of the butterflies. Pieris rapae outperform P. napi at high temperatures in several growth season traits, reflected in microclimate choice by ovipositing wild females. Instead, P. rapae have higher winter mortality than do P. napi. We conclude that the difference in population dynamics between the two butterflies is driven by seasonal specialization, manifested as strategies that maximize gains during growth seasons and minimize harm during adverse seasons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loke von Schmalensee
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pauline Caillault
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, 1D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
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5
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Chowdhury S, Aich U, Rokonuzzaman M, Alam S, Das P, Siddika A, Ahmed S, Labi MM, Marco MD, Fuller RA, Callaghan CT. Increasing biodiversity knowledge through social media: A case study from tropical Bangladesh. Bioscience 2023; 73:453-459. [PMID: 37397834 PMCID: PMC10308356 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Citizen science programs are becoming increasingly popular among naturalists but remain heavily biased taxonomically and geographically. However, with the explosive popularity of social media and the near-ubiquitous availability of smartphones, many post wildlife photographs on social media. Here, we illustrate the potential of harvesting these data to enhance our biodiversity understanding using Bangladesh, a tropical biodiverse country, as a case study. We compared biodiversity records extracted from Facebook with those from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), collating geospatial records for 1013 unique species, including 970 species from Facebook and 712 species from GBIF. Although most observation records were biased toward major cities, the Facebook records were more evenly spatially distributed. About 86% of the Threatened species records were from Facebook, whereas the GBIF records were almost entirely Of Least Concern species. To reduce the global biodiversity data shortfall, a key research priority now is the development of mechanisms for extracting and interpreting social media biodiversity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, in Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, in Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Ecosystem Services, in Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, in Leipzig, Germany
| | - Upama Aich
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, in Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Md Rokonuzzaman
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, in Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shofiul Alam
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, in Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Priyanka Das
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, in Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Siddika
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, in Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, in Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, in Rome, Italy
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, in Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Corey T Callaghan
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
- Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, Florida, United States
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6
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Chowdhury S. Threatened species could be more vulnerable to climate change in tropical countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159989. [PMID: 36347284 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major threat impacting insects globally, yet the impact on tropical insects is largely unknown. Here, I assessed the climatic vulnerability of Bangladeshi butterflies (242 species). About 42 % of species could experience range contraction, and the impact could be significantly more severe among threatened species. Depending on Socio-Economic Pathways (ssps), the future climatic condition could be unsuitable for 2 (ssp126) - 34 % (ssp585) species. The mean elevation of the suitable habitat could increase by 238 %, and the situation could be more severe for the threatened butterflies. Further, 54 % of the realised niche of butterflies could be altered. Although there might be no significant association between the shift in habitat suitability along the elevational gradient, migratory species could experience a more significant shift than non-migrants. Overall, climate change could have a severe impact on Bangladeshi butterflies. To mitigate insect decline globally and meet the Post 2020 Biodiversity Framework targets, immediate detection of climate change impact on tropical insects and developing effective conservation strategies is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Ecosystem Services, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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7
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Merchán M, Coveñas R, Plaza I, Abecia JA, Palacios C. Anatomy of hypothalamic and diencephalic nuclei involved in seasonal fertility regulation in ewes. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1101024. [PMID: 36876003 PMCID: PMC9978410 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe in detail the anatomy of nuclei involved in seasonal fertility regulation (SFR) in ewes. For this purpose, the intergeniculate leaflet of the visual thalamus, the caudal hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, and suprachiasmatic, paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rostral hypothalamus were morphometrically and qualitatively analyzed in Nissl-stained serial sections, in the three anatomical planes. In addition, data were collected on calcium-binding proteins and cell phenotypes after immunostaining alternate serial sections for calretinin, parvalbumin and calbindin. For a complete neuroanatomical study, glial architecture was assessed by immunostaining and analyzing alternate sections for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1). The results showed a strong microglial and astroglia reaction around the hypothalamic nuclei of interest and around the whole 3rd ventricle of the ewe brain. Moreover, we correlated cytoarchitectonic coordinates of panoramic serial sections with their macroscopic localization and extension in midline sagittal-sectioned whole brain to provide guidelines for microdissecting nuclei involved in SFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Merchán
- Animal Production Area, Department of Construction and Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Recognized Research Group - Molecular Bases of Development (Grupo de Investigación Reconocido - Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo - GIR-BMD), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Recognized Research Group - Molecular Bases of Development (Grupo de Investigación Reconocido - Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo - GIR-BMD), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Plaza
- Auditory Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Alfonso Abecia
- Environmental Science Institute (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Palacios
- Animal Production Area, Department of Construction and Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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8
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Chowdhury S, Jennions MD, Zalucki MP, Maron M, Watson JEM, Fuller RA. Protected areas and the future of insect conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:85-95. [PMID: 36208964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic pressures are driving insect declines across the world. Although protected areas (PAs) play a prominent role in safeguarding many vertebrate species from human-induced threats, insects are not widely considered when designing PA systems or building strategies for PA management. We review the effectiveness of PAs for insect conservation and find substantial taxonomic and geographic gaps in knowledge. Most research focuses on the representation of species, and few studies assess threats to insects or the role that effective PA management can play in insect conservation. We propose a four-step research agenda to help ensure that insects are central in efforts to expand the global PA network under the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Ecosystem Services, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - James E M Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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9
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Gonzales D, Hempel de Ibarra N, Anderson K. Remote Sensing of Floral Resources for Pollinators – New Horizons From Satellites to Drones. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.869751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect pollinators are affected by the spatio-temporal distribution of floral resources, which are dynamic across time and space, and also influenced heavily by anthropogenic activities. There is a need for spatial data describing the time-varying spatial distribution of flowers, which can be used within behavioral and ecological studies. However, this information is challenging to obtain. Traditional field techniques for mapping flowers are often laborious and limited to relatively small areas, making it difficult to assess how floral resources are perceived by pollinators to guide their behaviors. Conversely, remote sensing of plant traits is a relatively mature technique now, and such technologies have delivered valuable data for identifying and measuring non-floral dynamics in plant systems, particularly leaves, stems and woody biomass in a wide range of ecosystems from local to global scales. However, monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of plant floral resources has been notably scarce in remote sensing studies. Recently, lightweight drone technology has been adopted by the ecological community, offering a capability for flexible deployment in the field, and delivery of centimetric resolution data, providing a clear opportunity for capturing fine-grained information on floral resources at key times of the flowering season. In this review, we answer three key questions of relevance to pollination science – can remote sensing deliver information on (a) how isolated are floral resources? (b) What resources are available within a flower patch? And (c) how do floral patches change over time? We explain how such information has potential to deepen ecological understanding of the distribution of floral resources that feed pollinators and the parameters that determine their navigational and foraging choices based on the sensory information they extract at different spatial scales. We provide examples of how such data can be used to generate new insights into pollinator behaviors in distinct landscape types and their resilience to environmental change.
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10
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Luo MX, Lu HP, Huang BH, Huang CL, Hsu YF, Liao PC. Local adaptation and migratory habits balance spatial-genetic structure between continental and insular chestnut tiger butterflies in East Asia. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:1864-1878. [PMID: 35067991 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Geographic and climatic differences between islands and continents may affect the evolution of their biota, and promote divergent selection in species distributed in both landscapes. To assess spatial-genetic structure, we genotyped 18 expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) loci and sequenced two mtDNA markers (ND5 and COI) and one nuclear marker (EF1α) in two subspecies of the butterfly Parantica sita. Compared with nuclear markers, mtDNA had a stronger signal of population structure. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) suggested that a continuous-gene-flow model best described the data. According to this model, the two subspecies diverged approximately 23.1 kya, with ten times more introgression from the continental (ssp. sita) to the insular subspecies (ssp. niphonica) than vice versa. Ecological niche modeling was performed to predict the paleo- and current potential distributions and elucidate the geohistorical process, which revealed a northeastern, insular origin. Winter precipitation and annual temperature range were the main determinants of the subspecies distributions. Maximum-likelihood population-effects models showed that the population differentiation of the insular and continental subspecies was primarily affected by environmental resistance and local climate. Sex-biased migration capacity and long-term precipitation-driven divergence between the continental and insular lineages shaped the current genetic structure of P. sita. Evidence from the nuclear markers confirmed inter-subspecific gene flow despite adaptive divergence between the subspecies. These results imply that the continental subspecies is still capable of returning to the island and introgressing with the insular subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Xin Luo
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88 Ting-Chow Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 116059, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Pei Lu
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88 Ting-Chow Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 116059, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hong Huang
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88 Ting-Chow Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 116059, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lung Huang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yu-Feng Hsu
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88 Ting-Chow Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 116059, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Liao
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88 Ting-Chow Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 116059, Taiwan
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11
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Rabelo RM, Pereira GCN, Valsecchi J, Magnusson WE. The Role of River Flooding as an Environmental Filter for Amazonian Butterfly Assemblages. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.693178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazonian flooded (várzea) and upland (terra firme) forests harbor distinct assemblages of most taxonomic groups. These differences are mainly attributed to flooding, which may affect directly or indirectly the persistence of species. Here, we compare the abundance, richness and composition of butterfly assemblages in várzea and terra firme forests, and evaluate whether environmental gradients between and within these forest types can be used to predict patterns of assemblage structure. We found that both total abundance and number of species per plot are higher in várzea than in terra firme forests. Várzea assemblages had a higher dominance of abundant species than terra firme assemblages, in which butterfly abundances were more equitable. Rarefied species richness for várzea and terra firme forests was similar. There was a strong turnover in species composition from várzea to terra firme forests associated with environmental change between these forest types, but with little evidence for an effect of the environmental gradients within forest types. Despite a smaller total area in the Amazon basin, less defined vegetation strata and the shorter existence over geological time of floodplain forests, Nymphalid-butterfly assemblages were not more species-poor in várzea forests than in unflooded forests. We highlight the role of flooding as a primary environmental filter in Amazonian floodplain forests, which strongly determines the composition of butterfly assemblages.
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