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Zhong J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Ge Y, He W, Liang C, Gao Y, Zhu Z, Machado RAR, Zhou W. Heat stress reprograms herbivory-induced defense responses in potato plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:677. [PMID: 39014327 PMCID: PMC11253553 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase the occurrence of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, which may thereby impact the outcome of plant-herbivore interactions. While elevated temperature is known to directly affect herbivore growth, it remains largely unclear if it indirectly influences herbivore performance by affecting the host plant they feed on. In this study, we investigated how transient exposure to high temperature influences plant herbivory-induced defenses at the transcript and metabolic level. To this end, we studied the interaction between potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants and the larvae of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) under different temperature regimes. We found that P. operculella larvae grew heavier on leaves co-stressed by high temperature and insect herbivory than on leaves pre-stressed by herbivory alone. We also observed that high temperature treatments altered phylotranscriptomic patterns upon herbivory, which changed from an evolutionary hourglass pattern, in which transcriptomic responses at early and late time points after elicitation are more variable than the ones in the middle, to a vase pattern. Specifically, transcripts of many herbivory-induced genes in the early and late defense stage were suppressed by HT treatment, whereas those in the intermediate stage peaked earlier. Additionally, we observed that high temperature impaired the induction of jasmonates and defense compounds upon herbivory. Moreover, using jasmonate-reduced (JA-reduced, irAOC) and -elevated (JA-Ile-elevated, irCYP94B3s) potato plants, we showed that high temperature suppresses JA signaling mediated plant-induced defense to herbivore attack. Thus, our study provides evidences on how temperature reprograms plant-induced defense to herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chengjuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zengrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Ricardo A R Machado
- Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China.
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Yi J, Wan J, Tielbörger K, Tao Z, Siemann E, Huang W. Specialist reassociation and residence time modulate the evolution of defense in invasive plants: A meta-analysis. Ecology 2024; 105:e4253. [PMID: 38272490 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Invasive plants typically escape specialist herbivores but are often attacked by generalist herbivores in their introduced ranges. The shifting defense hypothesis suggests that this will cause invasive plants to evolve lower resistance against specialists, higher resistance against generalists, and greater tolerance to herbivore damage. However, the duration and direction of selective pressures can shape the evolutionary responses of resistance and tolerance for invasive plants. Two critical factors are (1) residence time (length of time that an invasive species has been in its introduced range) and (2) specialist herbivore reassociation (attack by purposely or accidentally introduced specialists). Yet, these two factors have not been considered simultaneously in previous quantitative syntheses. Here, we performed a meta-analysis with 367 effect sizes from 70 studies of 35 invasive plant species from native and invasive populations. We tested how the residence time of invasive plant species and specialist reassociation in their introduced ranges affected evolutionary responses of defenses against specialists and generalists, including herbivore resistance traits (physical barriers, digestibility reducers and toxins), resistance effects (performance of and damage caused by specialists or generalists) and tolerance to damage (from specialists or generalists). We found that residence time and specialist reassociation each significantly altered digestibility reducers, specialist performance, generalist damage, and tolerance to specialist damage. Furthermore, residence time and specialist reassociation strongly altered toxins and generalist performance, respectively. When we restricted consideration to invasive plant species with both longer residence times and no reassociation with specialists, invasive populations had lower resistance to specialists, similar resistance to generalists, and higher tolerance to damage from both herbivore types, compared with native populations. We conclude that the duration and direction of selective pressure shape the evolutionary responses of invasive plants. Under long-term (long residence time) and stable (no specialist reassociation) selective pressure, invasive plants generally decrease resistance to specialists and increase tolerance to generalist damage that provides mixed support for the shifting defense hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution and Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhibin Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution and Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Evan Siemann
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution and Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Müller-Schärer H, Sun Y, Schaffner U. When a plant invader meets its old enemy abroad: what can be learnt from accidental introductions of biological control agents. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:19-27. [PMID: 36710367 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Accidental introductions of biological weed control (BWC) agents (i) offer opportunities to assess host use of agents with a potentially broader fundamental host-range than those approved for field release directly in target areas; (ii) urge national authorities to rapidly respond as they may threaten native species or crops, and by this (iii) help advancing post-release studies, a neglected aspect of BWC. Through detailed insights gained from studying the recent accidental introduction of the ragweed leaf beetle Ophraella communa into Europe, we derive suggestions for overcoming barriers to adoption of BWC by re-evaluating the predictive power of pre-release studies and, thus, the presently strict criteria for deciding upon their release that might exclude safe and efficient agents. By using the allergenic weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia and the accidentally introduced BWC agent O. communa as study system, we also hope to raise the awareness of authorities to consider biological control more prominently as a key approach for pest management in the 'One Health' concept, which aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Müller-Schärer
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Sahoo RK, Manu S, Chandrakumaran NK, Vasudevan K. Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genome Assemblies of the Beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata, a Globally Important Biocontrol Agent of Invasive Weed Parthenium hysterophorus. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad188. [PMID: 37831427 PMCID: PMC10603765 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Implementing a genetic-based approach to achieve the full potential of classical biocontrol programs has been advocated for decades. The availability of genome-level information brings the opportunity to scrutinize biocontrol traits for their efficacy and evolvability. However, implementation of this advocacy remains limited to few instances. Biocontrol of a globally noxious weed, Parthenium hysterophorus, by the leaf-feeding beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata, has been in place for more than four decades now, with varying levels of success. As the first step in providing genetic-based improvement to this biocontrol program, we describe the nuclear and mitochondrial assemblies of Z. bicolorata. We assembled the genome from the long-read sequence data, error corrected with high-throughput short reads and checked for contaminants and sequence duplication to produce a 936 Mb nuclear genome. With 96.5% Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs completeness and the long terminal repeat assembly index 12.91, we present a reference-quality assembly that appeared to be repeat rich at 62.7% genome-wide and consists of 29,437 protein-coding regions. We detected signature of nuclear insertion of mitochondrial fragments in 80 nuclear positions comprising 13 kb out of 17.9 kb mitochondria genome sequence. This genome, along with its annotations, provides a valuable resource to gain further insights into the biocontrol traits of Z. bicolorata for improving the control of the invasive weed P. hysterophorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Kumar Sahoo
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shivakumara Manu
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Chandrakumaran
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Karthikeyan Vasudevan
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
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Abram PK, Haye T, Clarke P, Grove E, Thiessen J, Gariepy TD. Partial refuges from biological control due to intraspecific variation in protective host traits. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2796. [PMID: 36502297 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Predicting how much of a host or prey population may be attacked by their natural enemies is fundamental to several subfields of applied ecology, particularly biological control of pest organisms. Hosts or prey can occupy refuges that prevent them from being killed by natural enemies, but habitat or ecological refuges are challenging or impossible to predict in a laboratory setting-which is often where efficacy and specificity testing of candidate biological control agents is done. Here we explore how intraspecific variation in continuous traits of individuals or groups that confer some protection from natural enemy attack-even after the natural enemy has encountered the prey-could provide partial refuges. The size of these trait-based refuges (i.e., the proportion of prey that survive natural enemy encounters due to protective traits) should depend on the relationship between trait values and host/prey susceptibility to natural enemy attack and on how common different trait values are within a host/prey population. These can be readily estimated in laboratory testing of natural enemy impact on target or nontarget prey or hosts as long as sufficient host material is available. We provide a general framework for how intraspecific variation in protective host traits could be integrated into biological control research, specifically with reference to nontarget testing as part of classical biological control programs. As a case study, we exposed different host clutch sizes of target (pest) and nontarget (native species) stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species to a well-studied exotic biocontrol agent, the egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). We predicted that the smallest and largest clutches would occupy trait-based refuges from parasitism. Although we observed several behavioral and reproductive responses to variation in host egg mass size by T. japonicus, they did not translate to increases in host survival large enough to change the conclusions of nontarget testing. We encourage researchers to investigate intraspecific variation in a wider variety of protective host and prey traits and their consequences for refuge size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Abram
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Peggy Clarke
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Grove
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason Thiessen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tara D Gariepy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Addai K, Kirikkaleli D. Insights from Poland on the long-run effect of energy productivity on environmental degradation: a Fourier ARDL-based approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63453-63463. [PMID: 37046167 PMCID: PMC10097517 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The globally increasing trend of fossil fuel consumption has culminated in a historical degradation of the environment and the rising threat of global warming. Researchers and policymakers aim at examining critical relationships between energy productivity and environmental degradation to make recommendations for global policy action. This paper aims to capture the effect of energy productivity on environmental degradation in Poland from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4, using novel Fourier-bases ADF unit root and Fourier-based ARDL approaches. First, outcomes of the Fourier ARDL bounds test indicate that variables are integrated; second, outcomes of the Fourier ARDL long-run estimates indicate that (i) energy productivity has long-run negative effects on CO2 emissions; and (ii) economic growth, globalization, and primary energy consumption have positive effects on CO2 emissions. Among the options available to Polish policymakers are (i) liberalizing domestic energy markets to offer an opportunity for electricity consumers to switch companies and (ii) continuing to pursue a policy of decarbonizing energy supply by investing heavily in renewable energy, nuclear power, e-mobility, and energy productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwaku Addai
- Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, TR-10 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Dervis Kirikkaleli
- Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, TR-10 Mersin, Turkey
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7
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Battlay P, Wilson J, Bieker VC, Lee C, Prapas D, Petersen B, Craig S, van Boheemen L, Scalone R, de Silva NP, Sharma A, Konstantinović B, Nurkowski KA, Rieseberg LH, Connallon T, Martin MD, Hodgins KA. Large haploblocks underlie rapid adaptation in the invasive weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1717. [PMID: 36973251 PMCID: PMC10042993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation is the central feature and leading explanation for the evolutionary diversification of life. Adaptation is also notoriously difficult to study in nature, owing to its complexity and logistically prohibitive timescale. Here, we leverage extensive contemporary and historical collections of Ambrosia artemisiifolia-an aggressively invasive weed and primary cause of pollen-induced hayfever-to track the phenotypic and genetic causes of recent local adaptation across its native and invasive ranges in North America and Europe, respectively. Large haploblocks-indicative of chromosomal inversions-contain a disproportionate share (26%) of genomic regions conferring parallel adaptation to local climates between ranges, are associated with rapidly adapting traits, and exhibit dramatic frequency shifts over space and time. These results highlight the importance of large-effect standing variants in rapid adaptation, which have been critical to A. artemisiifolia's global spread across vast climatic gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Battlay
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa C Bieker
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christopher Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diana Prapas
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bent Petersen
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Sam Craig
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lotte van Boheemen
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Romain Scalone
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Uppsala Ecology Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Grapevine Breeding, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Nissanka P de Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amit Sharma
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bojan Konstantinović
- Department of Environmental and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Kristin A Nurkowski
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Loren H Rieseberg
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael D Martin
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kathryn A Hodgins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Mithöfer A, Riemann M, Faehn CA, Mrazova A, Jaakola L. Plant defense under Arctic light conditions: Can plants withstand invading pests? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1051107. [PMID: 36507393 PMCID: PMC9729949 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is predicted to change the growth conditions for plants and crops in regions at high latitudes (>60° N), including the Arctic. This will be accompanied by alterations in the composition of natural plant and pest communities, as herbivorous arthropods will invade these regions as well. Interactions between previously non-overlapping species may occur and cause new challenges to herbivore attack. However, plants growing at high latitudes experience less herbivory compared to plants grown at lower latitudes. We hypothesize that this finding is due to a gradient of constitutive chemical defense towards the Northern regions. We further hypothesize that higher level of defensive compounds is mediated by higher level of the defense-related phytohormone jasmonate. Because its biosynthesis is light dependent, Arctic summer day light conditions can promote jasmonate accumulation and, hence, downstream physiological responses. A pilot study with bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) plants grown under different light regimes supports the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Corine A. Faehn
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anna Mrazova
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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