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Sosero YL, Gan‐Or Z. LRRK2 and Parkinson's disease: from genetics to targeted therapy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:850-864. [PMID: 37021623 PMCID: PMC10270275 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
LRRK2 variants are implicated in both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2-PD has a generally benign clinical presentation and variable pathology, with inconsistent presence of Lewy bodies and marked Alzheimer's disease pathology. The mechanisms underlying LRRK2-PD are still unclear, but inflammation, vesicle trafficking, lysosomal homeostasis, and ciliogenesis have been suggested, among others. As novel therapies targeting LRRK2 are under development, understanding the role and function of LRRK2 in PD is becoming increasingly important. Here, we outline the epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical features of LRRK2-PD, and discuss the arising therapeutic approaches targeting LRRK2 and possible future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L. Sosero
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
| | - Ziv Gan‐Or
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 0G4Canada
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2
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Lai D, Alipanahi B, Fontanillas P, Schwantes-An TH, Aasly J, Alcalay RN, Beecham GW, Berg D, Bressman S, Brice A, Brockman K, Clark L, Cookson M, Das S, Van Deerlin V, Follett J, Farrer MJ, Trinh J, Gasser T, Goldwurm S, Gustavsson E, Klein C, Lang AE, Langston JW, Latourelle J, Lynch T, Marder K, Marras C, Martin ER, McLean CY, Mejia-Santana H, Molho E, Myers RH, Nuytemans K, Ozelius L, Payami H, Raymond D, Rogaeva E, Rogers MP, Ross OA, Samii A, Saunders-Pullman R, Schüle B, Schulte C, Scott WK, Tanner C, Tolosa E, Tomkins JE, Vilas D, Trojanowski JQ, Uitti R, Vance JM, Visanji NP, Wszolek ZK, Zabetian CP, Mirelman A, Giladi N, Orr Urtreger A, Cannon P, Fiske B, Foroud T. Genomewide Association Studies of LRRK2 Modifiers of Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:76-88. [PMID: 33938021 PMCID: PMC8252519 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to search for genes/variants that modify the effect of LRRK2 mutations in terms of penetrance and age‐at‐onset of Parkinson's disease. Methods We performed the first genomewide association study of penetrance and age‐at‐onset of Parkinson's disease in LRRK2 mutation carriers (776 cases and 1,103 non‐cases at their last evaluation). Cox proportional hazard models and linear mixed models were used to identify modifiers of penetrance and age‐at‐onset of LRRK2 mutations, respectively. We also investigated whether a polygenic risk score derived from a published genomewide association study of Parkinson's disease was able to explain variability in penetrance and age‐at‐onset in LRRK2 mutation carriers. Results A variant located in the intronic region of CORO1C on chromosome 12 (rs77395454; p value = 2.5E‐08, beta = 1.27, SE = 0.23, risk allele: C) met genomewide significance for the penetrance model. Co‐immunoprecipitation analyses of LRRK2 and CORO1C supported an interaction between these 2 proteins. A region on chromosome 3, within a previously reported linkage peak for Parkinson's disease susceptibility, showed suggestive associations in both models (penetrance top variant: p value = 1.1E‐07; age‐at‐onset top variant: p value = 9.3E‐07). A polygenic risk score derived from publicly available Parkinson's disease summary statistics was a significant predictor of penetrance, but not of age‐at‐onset. Interpretation This study suggests that variants within or near CORO1C may modify the penetrance of LRRK2 mutations. In addition, common Parkinson's disease associated variants collectively increase the penetrance of LRRK2 mutations. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:82–94
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jan Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Gary W Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susan Bressman
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), AP-HP, Inserm, CNRS, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Kathrin Brockman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lorraine Clark
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Mark Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Vivianna Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jordan Follett
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, L5-101D, UF Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, L5-101D, UF Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Joanne Trinh
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Emil Gustavsson
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Anthony E Lang
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - J William Langston
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Timothy Lynch
- Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Marder
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Taub Institute and Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Connie Marras
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eden R Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Cory Y McLean
- 23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA.,Google LLC, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Eric Molho
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | | | - Karen Nuytemans
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Laurie Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Haydeh Payami
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Deborah Raymond
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael P Rogers
- Department of General Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
| | - Owen A Ross
- Departments of Neuroscience and Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ali Samii
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - William K Scott
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Caroline Tanner
- University of California, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Dolores Vilas
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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- 23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA
| | - Ryan Uitti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Naomi P Visanji
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Giladi
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avi Orr Urtreger
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Brian Fiske
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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3
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Chittoor-Vinod VG, Nichols RJ, Schüle B. Genetic and Environmental Factors Influence the Pleomorphy of LRRK2 Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1045. [PMID: 33494262 PMCID: PMC7864502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the LRRK2 gene were first identified as a pathogenic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) in 2004. Soon thereafter, a founder mutation in LRRK2, p.G2019S (rs34637584), was described, and it is now estimated that there are approximately 100,000 people worldwide carrying this risk variant. While the clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism has been largely indistinguishable from sporadic PD, disease penetrance and age at onset can be quite variable. In addition, its neuropathological features span a wide range from nigrostriatal loss with Lewy body pathology, lack thereof, or atypical neuropathology, including a large proportion of cases with concomitant Alzheimer's pathology, hailing LRRK2 parkinsonism as the "Rosetta stone" of parkinsonian disorders, which provides clues to an understanding of the different neuropathological trajectories. These differences may result from interactions between the LRRK2 mutant protein and other proteins or environmental factors that modify LRRK2 function and, thereby, influence pathobiology. This review explores how potential genetic and biochemical modifiers of LRRK2 function may contribute to the onset and clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism. We review which genetic modifiers of LRRK2 influence clinical symptoms, age at onset, and penetrance, what LRRK2 mutations are associated with pleomorphic LRRK2 neuropathology, and which environmental modifiers can augment LRRK2 mutant pathophysiology. Understanding how LRRK2 function is influenced and modulated by other interactors and environmental factors-either increasing toxicity or providing resilience-will inform targeted therapeutic development in the years to come. This will allow the development of disease-modifying therapies for PD- and LRRK2-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Jeremy Nichols
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
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4
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Fernández-Santiago R, Garrido A, Infante J, González-Aramburu I, Sierra M, Fernández M, Valldeoriola F, Muñoz E, Compta Y, Martí MJ, Ríos J, Tolosa E, Ezquerra M. α-synuclein (SNCA) but not dynamin 3 (DNM3) influences age at onset of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) Parkinson's disease in Spain. Mov Disord 2018; 33:637-641. [PMID: 29473656 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A recent study showed that Arab-Berbers GG homozygous at rs2421947(C/G) in the dynamin 3 gene (DNM3) had 12.5 years earlier age at onset of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)-associated Parkinson's disease (PD) (L2PD). We explored whether this variant modulates the L2PD age at onset in Spain. METHODS We genotyped rs2421947 in 329 participants (210 L2PD patients, 119 L2PD nonmanifesting p.G2019S carriers), and marker rs356219 (A/G) in the α-synuclein gene (SNCA). RESULTS By Kaplan Meier and Cox regression analyses, we did not find an association of the DNM3 polymorphism with L2PD age at onset. However, we found an association of the SNCA marker with up to an 11 years difference in the L2PD median age at onset (58 years for GG carriers vs 69 years for AA). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that SNCA rs356219 but not dynamin 3 DNM3 rs2421947 modifies the penetrance of the mutation G2019S in the Spanish population by influencing the L2PD age at onset. These findings suggest that different genetic modifiers may influence the L2PD age at onset in different populations. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Fernández-Santiago
- Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Clinical and Experimental Research, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Garrido
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon Infante
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Isabel González-Aramburu
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - María Sierra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Manel Fernández
- Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Clinical and Experimental Research, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Valldeoriola
- Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Clinical and Experimental Research, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Muñoz
- Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Clinical and Experimental Research, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Clinical and Experimental Research, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-José Martí
- Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Clinical and Experimental Research, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ríos
- Medical Statistics Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.,Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Clinical and Experimental Research, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Clinical and Experimental Research, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Schlossmacher MG, Tomlinson JJ, Santos G, Shutinoski B, Brown EG, Manuel D, Mestre T. Modelling idiopathic Parkinson disease as a complex illness can inform incidence rate in healthy adults: the P R EDIGT score. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:175-191. [PMID: 27859866 PMCID: PMC5324667 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-five years after the concept of dopamine replacement therapy was introduced, Parkinson disease (PD) remains an incurable neurological disorder. To date, no disease-modifying therapeutic has been approved. The inability to predict PD incidence risk in healthy adults is seen as a limitation in drug development, because by the time of clinical diagnosis ≥ 60% of dopamine neurons have been lost. We have designed an incidence prediction model founded on the concept that the pathogenesis of PD is similar to that of many disorders observed in ageing humans, i.e. a complex, multifactorial disease. Our model considers five factors to determine cumulative incidence rates for PD in healthy adults: (i) DNA variants that alter susceptibility (D), e.g. carrying a LRRK2 or GBA risk allele; (ii) Exposure history to select environmental factors including xenobiotics (E); (iii) Gene-environment interactions that initiate pathological tissue responses (I), e.g. a rise in ROS levels, misprocessing of amyloidogenic proteins (foremost, α-synuclein) and dysregulated inflammation; (iv) sex (or gender; G); and importantly, (v) time (T) encompassing ageing-related changes, latency of illness and propagation of disease. We propose that cumulative incidence rates for PD (PR ) can be calculated in healthy adults, using the formula: PR (%) = (E + D + I) × G × T. Here, we demonstrate six case scenarios leading to young-onset parkinsonism (n = 3) and late-onset PD (n = 3). Further development and validation of this prediction model and its scoring system promise to improve subject recruitment in future intervention trials. Such efforts will be aimed at disease prevention through targeted selection of healthy individuals with a higher prediction score for developing PD in the future and at disease modification in subjects that already manifest prodromal signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Schlossmacher
- Neuroscience ProgramOttawa Hospital Research Institute451 Smyth RoadRGH #1414OttawaONK1H 8M5Canada
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of MedicineThe Ottawa HospitalOttawaCanada
- University of Ottawa Brain & Mind Research InstituteOttawaCanada
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Julianna J. Tomlinson
- Neuroscience ProgramOttawa Hospital Research Institute451 Smyth RoadRGH #1414OttawaONK1H 8M5Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain & Mind Research InstituteOttawaCanada
| | | | - Bojan Shutinoski
- Neuroscience ProgramOttawa Hospital Research Institute451 Smyth RoadRGH #1414OttawaONK1H 8M5Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain & Mind Research InstituteOttawaCanada
| | - Earl G. Brown
- Neuroscience ProgramOttawa Hospital Research Institute451 Smyth RoadRGH #1414OttawaONK1H 8M5Canada
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Douglas Manuel
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
| | - Tiago Mestre
- Neuroscience ProgramOttawa Hospital Research Institute451 Smyth RoadRGH #1414OttawaONK1H 8M5Canada
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of MedicineThe Ottawa HospitalOttawaCanada
- University of Ottawa Brain & Mind Research InstituteOttawaCanada
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
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6
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Trinh J, Gustavsson EK, Vilariño-Güell C, Bortnick S, Latourelle J, McKenzie MB, Tu CS, Nosova E, Khinda J, Milnerwood A, Lesage S, Brice A, Tazir M, Aasly JO, Parkkinen L, Haytural H, Foroud T, Myers RH, Sassi SB, Hentati E, Nabli F, Farhat E, Amouri R, Hentati F, Farrer MJ. DNM3 and genetic modifiers of age of onset in LRRK2 Gly2019Ser parkinsonism: a genome-wide linkage and association study. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:1248-1256. [PMID: 27692902 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation 6055G→A (Gly2019Ser) accounts for roughly 1% of patients with Parkinson's disease in white populations, 13-30% in Ashkenazi Jewish populations, and 30-40% in North African Arab-Berber populations, although age of onset is variable. Some carriers have early-onset parkinsonism, whereas others remain asymptomatic despite advanced age. We aimed to use a genome-wide approach to identify genetic variability that directly affects LRRK2 Gly2019Ser penetrance. METHODS Between 2006 and 2012, we recruited Arab-Berber patients with Parkinson's disease and their family members (aged 18 years or older) at the Mongi Ben Hamida National Institute of Neurology (Tunis, Tunisia). Patients with Parkinson's disease were diagnosed by movement disorder specialists in accordance with the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria, without exclusion of familial parkinsonism. LRRK2 carrier status was confirmed by Sanger sequencing or TaqMan SNP assays-on-demand. We did genome-wide linkage analysis using data from multi-incident Arab-Berber families with Parkinson's disease and LRRK2 Gly2019Ser (with both affected and unaffected family members). We assessed Parkinson's disease age of onset both as a categorical variable (dichotomised by median onset) and as a quantitative trait. We used data from another cohort of unrelated Tunisian LRRK2 Gly2019Ser carriers for subsequent locus-specific genotyping and association analyses. Whole-genome sequencing in a subset of 14 unrelated Arab-Berber individuals who were LRRK2 Gly2019Ser carriers (seven with early-onset disease and seven elderly unaffected individuals) subsequently informed imputation and haplotype analyses. We replicated the findings in separate series of LRRK2 Gly2019Ser carriers originating from Algeria, France, Norway, and North America. We also investigated associations between genotype, gene, and protein expression in human striatal tissues and murine LRRK2 Gly2019Ser cortical neurons. FINDINGS Using data from 41 multi-incident Arab-Berber families with Parkinson's disease and LRRK2 Gly2019Ser (150 patients and 103 unaffected family members), we identified significant linkage on chromosome 1q23.3 to 1q24.3 (non-parametric logarithm of odds score 2·9, model-based logarithm of odds score 4·99, θ=0 at D1S2768). In a cohort of unrelated Arab-Berber LRRK2 Gly2019Ser carriers, subsequent association mapping within the linkage region suggested genetic variability within DNM3 as an age-of-onset modifier of disease (n=232; rs2421947; haplotype p=1·07 × 10-7). We found that DNM3 rs2421947 was a haplotype tag for which the median onset of LRRK2 parkinsonism in GG carriers was 12·5 years younger than that of CC carriers (Arab-Berber cohort, hazard ratio [HR] 1·89, 95% CI 1·20-2·98). Replication analyses in separate series from Algeria, France, Norway, and North America (n=263) supported this finding (meta-analysis HR 1·61, 95% CI 1·15-2·27, p=0·02). In human striatum, DNM3 expression varied as a function of rs2421947 genotype, and dynamin-3 localisation was perturbed in murine LRRK2 Gly2019Ser cortical neurons. INTERPRETATION Genetic variability in DNM3 modifies age of onset for LRRK2 Gly2019Ser parkinsonism and informs disease-relevant translational neuroscience. Our results could be useful in genetic counselling for carriers of this mutation and in clinical trial design. FUNDING The Canada Excellence Research Chairs (CERC), Leading Edge Endowment Fund (LEEF), Don Rix BC Leadership Chair in Genetic Medicine, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the Michael J Fox Foundation, Mayo Foundation, the Roger de Spoelberch Foundation, and GlaxoSmithKline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Trinh
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emil K Gustavsson
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carles Vilariño-Güell
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Bortnick
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeanne Latourelle
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marna B McKenzie
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chelsea Szu Tu
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Nosova
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jaskaran Khinda
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Austen Milnerwood
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Tazir
- Service de Neurologie CHU Mustapha, Alger, Algeria
| | - Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Laura Parkkinen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hazal Haytural
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richard H Myers
- Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samia Ben Sassi
- Mongi Ben Hamida National Institute of Neurology, La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Hentati
- Mongi Ben Hamida National Institute of Neurology, La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Nabli
- Mongi Ben Hamida National Institute of Neurology, La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Farhat
- Mongi Ben Hamida National Institute of Neurology, La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rim Amouri
- Mongi Ben Hamida National Institute of Neurology, La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fayçal Hentati
- Mongi Ben Hamida National Institute of Neurology, La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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7
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Abstract
Interactions between genetic and environmental factors are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the majority of Parkinson's disease (PD) cases. However, our understanding of these interactions is at an early stage. Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of hereditary PD. Penetrance of LRRK2 mutations is incomplete and variable, suggesting that other environmental or genetic factors may contribute to the development of the disorder. Recently, using animal models, several attempts have been made to understand if LRRK2 may mediate sensitivity to environmental neurotoxicants. Here, we critically review the most current data on how LRRK2 mutations influence neurotoxicity in PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Won Lee
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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