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Dhoisne M, Delval A, Mathieu D, Mazeraud A, Bournisien L, Derambure P, Tortuyaux R. Seizure recurrences in generalized convulsive status epilepticus under sedation: What are its predictors and its impact on outcome? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024; 180:507-516. [PMID: 38052663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of status epilepticus (SE) is focused on the early seizure termination. Refractory SE is an indication for sedation in patients with SE, but up to 75% of patients may be ventilated due to a neurological or respiratory failure. In patients requiring sedation, the clinical assessment is not sufficient to assess seizure control. Identifying those at risk of recurrent seizures could be useful to adapt their management. On the other hand, patients with low risk could benefit from an early withdrawal of sedation to avoid the impact of inappropriate sedation on outcome. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and the predictors of uncontrolled SE and its impact on outcome in patients with generalized convulsive SE (GCSE) requiring mechanical ventilation (MV). METHODS We retrospectively included patients admitted to the intensive care unit with GCSE requiring MV. Uncontrolled SE was defined as persistent or recurrent seizures during sedation or within 24hours following withdrawal. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the associated factors. RESULTS Uncontrolled SE occurred in 37 out of 220 patients (17%). Persistent seizures at admission, higher SAPS II and central nervous system infection were associated with a higher risk of uncontrolled SE. Acute toxic or metabolic etiologies were associated with a decreased risk of uncontrolled SE. In a supplementary analysis, decrease of albumin blood levels was associated with uncontrolled SE. Uncontrolled SE was associated with a poor functional outcome and mortality at 90 days. CONCLUSIONS Seventeen percent of patients with a GCSE requiring MV suffered from uncontrolled SE. Etiology and persistent seizures at admission were the main predictors of uncontrolled SE. Patients with uncontrolled SE had a longer duration of sedation and MV, a poor functional outcome and a higher mortality. Further studies are required to determine the impact of continuous electroencephalogram monitoring on the clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dhoisne
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, avenue du Professeur-Emile-Laine, 59000 Lille, France
| | - A Delval
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, avenue du Professeur-Emile-Laine, 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - D Mathieu
- Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - A Mazeraud
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, GHU de Paris psychiatrie et neurosciences, Paris, France; Département neurosciences, unité perception et mémoire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - L Bournisien
- Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - P Derambure
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, avenue du Professeur-Emile-Laine, 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - R Tortuyaux
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, avenue du Professeur-Emile-Laine, 59000 Lille, France; Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Lille, Lille, France.
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Cengiz O, Jungilligens J, Michaelis R, Wellmer J, Popkirov S. Dissociative seizures in the emergency room: room for improvement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 95:294-299. [PMID: 37758452 PMCID: PMC10958294 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-332063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dissociative seizures, also known as functional or psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, account for 11%-27% of all emergency seizure presentations. Misdiagnosis as epileptic seizures is common and leads to ineffective and potentially harmful treatment escalations. We assess the potential for diagnostic improvement at different stages of emergency workup and estimate the utility of benzodiazepines. METHODS A retrospective study of all emergency presentations with a discharge diagnosis of acute dissociative seizures seen at a university hospital 2010-2022 was performed to assess clinical characteristics and emergency decision-making. RESULTS Among 156 patients (73% female, median 29 years), 15% presented more than once for a total of 203 presentations. Half of seizures were ongoing at first medical contact; prolonged seizures and clusters were common (23% and 24%). Diagnostic accuracy differed between on-site emergency physicians and emergency department neurologists (12% vs 52%). Typical features such as eye closure, discontinuous course and asynchronous movements were common. Benzodiazepines were given in two-thirds of ongoing seizures, often in high doses and preferentially for major hyperkinetic semiology. Clinical response to benzodiazepines was mixed, with a minority of patients remaining either unaffected (16%) or becoming critically sedated (13%). A quarter of patients given benzodiazepines by emergency medical services were admitted to a monitoring unit, 9% were intubated. CONCLUSIONS Improved semiological assessment could reduce early misdiagnosis of dissociative seizures. Although some seizures seem to respond to benzodiazepines, critical sedation is common, and further studies are needed to assess the therapeutic ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Cengiz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Jungilligens
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rosa Michaelis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Wellmer
- Ruhr-Epileptology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stoyan Popkirov
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Wagner AS, Baumann SM, Semmlack S, Frei AI, Rüegg S, Hunziker S, Marsch S, Sutter R. Comparing Patients With Isolated Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Intensive Care Units: An Observational Cohort Study. Neurology 2023; 100:e1763-e1775. [PMID: 36878696 PMCID: PMC10136011 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000206838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To assess the frequency of status epilepticus (SE) among seizing critically ill adult patients and to determine clinical differences between patients with isolated seizures and patients with SE in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS From 2015 to 2020, all consecutive adult ICU patients at a Swiss tertiary care center with isolated seizures or SE as reported by intensivists and/or consulting neurologists were identified by screening of all digital medical, ICU, and EEG records. Patients aged <18 years and patients with myoclonus due to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy but without seizures on EEG were excluded. The frequency of isolated seizures, SE, and clinical characteristics at seizure onset associated with SE were the primary outcomes. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify associations with the emergence of SE. RESULTS Among 404 patients with seizures, 51% had SE. Compared with patients with isolated seizures, patients with SE had a lower median Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (3 vs 5, p < 0.001), fewer fatal etiologies (43.6% vs 80.5%, p < 0.001), higher median Glasgow coma scores (7 vs 5, p < 0.001), fever more frequently (27.5% vs 7.5%, p < 0.001), shorter median ICU and hospital stay (ICU: 4 vs 5 days, p = 0.039; hospital stay: 13 vs 15 days, p = 0.045), and recovered to premorbid function more often (36.8% vs 17%, p < 0.001). Multivariable analyses revealed decreased odds ratios (ORs) for SE with increasing CCI (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-0.99), fatal etiology (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.08-0.29), and epilepsy (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.16-0.63). Systemic inflammation was an additional association with SE after excluding patients with seizures as the reason for ICU admission (ORfor CRP 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.01; ORfor fever 7.35, 95% CI 2.84-19.0). Although fatal etiologies and increasing CCI remained associated with low odds for SE after excluding anesthetized patients and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, inflammation remained associated in all subgroups except patients with epilepsy. DISCUSSION Among all ICU patients with seizures, SE emerged frequently and seen in every second patient. Besides the unexpected low odds for SE with higher CCI, fatal etiology, and epilepsy, the association of inflammation with SE in the critically ill without epilepsy represents a potential treatment target and deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Wagner
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.W., S.M.B., S.R., R.S.), Department of Anesthesiology (S.S.), and Department of Intensive Care (A.I.F., S.M., R.S.), University Hospital Basel; Medical Faculty (S.R., S.H., S.M., R.S.), University of Basel; and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine (S.H.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sira M Baumann
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.W., S.M.B., S.R., R.S.), Department of Anesthesiology (S.S.), and Department of Intensive Care (A.I.F., S.M., R.S.), University Hospital Basel; Medical Faculty (S.R., S.H., S.M., R.S.), University of Basel; and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine (S.H.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Semmlack
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.W., S.M.B., S.R., R.S.), Department of Anesthesiology (S.S.), and Department of Intensive Care (A.I.F., S.M., R.S.), University Hospital Basel; Medical Faculty (S.R., S.H., S.M., R.S.), University of Basel; and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine (S.H.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja I Frei
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.W., S.M.B., S.R., R.S.), Department of Anesthesiology (S.S.), and Department of Intensive Care (A.I.F., S.M., R.S.), University Hospital Basel; Medical Faculty (S.R., S.H., S.M., R.S.), University of Basel; and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine (S.H.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Rüegg
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.W., S.M.B., S.R., R.S.), Department of Anesthesiology (S.S.), and Department of Intensive Care (A.I.F., S.M., R.S.), University Hospital Basel; Medical Faculty (S.R., S.H., S.M., R.S.), University of Basel; and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine (S.H.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Hunziker
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.W., S.M.B., S.R., R.S.), Department of Anesthesiology (S.S.), and Department of Intensive Care (A.I.F., S.M., R.S.), University Hospital Basel; Medical Faculty (S.R., S.H., S.M., R.S.), University of Basel; and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine (S.H.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Marsch
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.W., S.M.B., S.R., R.S.), Department of Anesthesiology (S.S.), and Department of Intensive Care (A.I.F., S.M., R.S.), University Hospital Basel; Medical Faculty (S.R., S.H., S.M., R.S.), University of Basel; and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine (S.H.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Sutter
- From the Department of Neurology (A.S.W., S.M.B., S.R., R.S.), Department of Anesthesiology (S.S.), and Department of Intensive Care (A.I.F., S.M., R.S.), University Hospital Basel; Medical Faculty (S.R., S.H., S.M., R.S.), University of Basel; and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine (S.H.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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Bonduelle T, Ollivier M, Trin K, Thomas B, Daubigney A, Michel V, De Montaudouin M, Marchal C, Aupy J. Association of Peri-ictal MRI Abnormalities With Mortality, Antiseizure Medication Refractoriness, and Morbidity in Status Epilepticus. Neurology 2023; 100:e943-e953. [PMID: 36443013 PMCID: PMC9990431 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening emergency requiring a prompt assessment of patient prognosis to guide management. MRI allows the identification of peri-ictal MRI abnormalities (PMAs) and provides insight into brain structural modifications induced by SE. However, little is known about the significance of PMA in SE prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether PMAs are associated with an increased mortality in SE and to establish the association between PMA and refractoriness to antiseizure medications, complications encountered, and induced morbidity. METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study including all eligible consecutive patients over 15 years old and hospitalized with SE at Bordeaux University Hospital (France) between January 2015 and December 2019. The primary end point was in-hospital mortality. A dedicated neuroradiologic reassessment was performed, together with a comprehensive medical review assessing baseline characteristics, in-hospital death, SE characterization, drug refractoriness, and following outcome in survivors. RESULTS Of 307 patients included, 79 (26%) showed PMA related to SE. Demographic, functional status at baseline and median delay between SE onset and MRI examination were similar in the PMA-positive and PMA-negative groups. In-hospital death occurred in 15% (45/307) patients and was significantly higher in the PMA-positive group (27%, 21/79 vs 11%, 24/228; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the presence of PMA (odds ratio [OR] 2.86, 95% CI 1.02-8.18; p = 0.045), together with SE duration (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02; p = 0.007), older age at SE onset (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.013), preexisting ultimately fatal comorbidity (OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.56-10.6; p = 0.004), and acute lesional SE etiology (OR 3.74, 95% CI 1.45-10.2; p = 0.007) were independent predictors associated with in-hospital death. Patients with PMA had a higher risk of refractory SE (71 vs 33%, p < 0.001). Among survivors, delayed-onset epilepsy (40% vs 21%, p = 0.009) occurred more frequently in the PMA-positive group. DISCUSSION PMA-positive cases had a higher mortality rate in the largest cohort so far to assess the prognosis value of PMA in SE. As a noninvasive and easily available tool, PMA represents a promising structural biomarker for developing a personalized approach to prognostication in patients with SE receiving MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bonduelle
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.B., B.T., A.D., V.M., M.D.M., C.M., J.A.), Department of Neuroimaging (M.O.), and Department of Medical Information (K.T.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; and CNRS (J.A.), IMN, UMR 5293, Univ. Bordeaux, France.
| | - Morgan Ollivier
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.B., B.T., A.D., V.M., M.D.M., C.M., J.A.), Department of Neuroimaging (M.O.), and Department of Medical Information (K.T.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; and CNRS (J.A.), IMN, UMR 5293, Univ. Bordeaux, France
| | - Kilian Trin
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.B., B.T., A.D., V.M., M.D.M., C.M., J.A.), Department of Neuroimaging (M.O.), and Department of Medical Information (K.T.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; and CNRS (J.A.), IMN, UMR 5293, Univ. Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Thomas
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.B., B.T., A.D., V.M., M.D.M., C.M., J.A.), Department of Neuroimaging (M.O.), and Department of Medical Information (K.T.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; and CNRS (J.A.), IMN, UMR 5293, Univ. Bordeaux, France.
| | - Antoine Daubigney
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.B., B.T., A.D., V.M., M.D.M., C.M., J.A.), Department of Neuroimaging (M.O.), and Department of Medical Information (K.T.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; and CNRS (J.A.), IMN, UMR 5293, Univ. Bordeaux, France
| | - Veronique Michel
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.B., B.T., A.D., V.M., M.D.M., C.M., J.A.), Department of Neuroimaging (M.O.), and Department of Medical Information (K.T.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; and CNRS (J.A.), IMN, UMR 5293, Univ. Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie De Montaudouin
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.B., B.T., A.D., V.M., M.D.M., C.M., J.A.), Department of Neuroimaging (M.O.), and Department of Medical Information (K.T.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; and CNRS (J.A.), IMN, UMR 5293, Univ. Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Marchal
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.B., B.T., A.D., V.M., M.D.M., C.M., J.A.), Department of Neuroimaging (M.O.), and Department of Medical Information (K.T.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; and CNRS (J.A.), IMN, UMR 5293, Univ. Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Aupy
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.B., B.T., A.D., V.M., M.D.M., C.M., J.A.), Department of Neuroimaging (M.O.), and Department of Medical Information (K.T.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; and CNRS (J.A.), IMN, UMR 5293, Univ. Bordeaux, France
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Tortuyaux R, Wallet F, Derambure P, Nseir S. Bacterial Aspiration Pneumonia in Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus: Incidence, Associated Factors and Outcome. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226673. [PMID: 36431150 PMCID: PMC9695142 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspicion of bacterial aspiration pneumonia (BAP) is frequent during generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE). Early identification of BAP is required in order to avoid useless antibiotic therapy. In this retrospective monocentric study, we aimed to determine the incidence of aspiration syndrome and BAP in GCSE requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) and factors associated with the occurrence of BAP. Patients were older than 18 years and had GCSE requiring MV. To distinguish BAP from pneumonitis, tracheal aspirate and quantitative microbiological criterion were used. Out of 226 consecutive patients, 103 patients (46%) had an aspiration syndrome, including 54 (52%) with a BAP. Staphylococcus aureus represented 33% of bacterial strains. No relevant baseline characteristics differed, including serum levels of CRP, PCT, and albumin. The median duration of treatment for BAP was 7 days (5-7). Patients with BAP did not have a longer duration of MV (p = 0.18) and ICU stay (p = 0.18) than those with pneumonitis. At 3 months, 24 patients (44%) with BAP and 10 (27%) with pneumonitis had a poor functional outcome (p = 0.06). In conclusion, among patients with GCSE, half of the patients had an aspiration syndrome and one-quarter suffered from BAP. Clinical characteristics and biomarkers were not useful for differentiating BAP from pneumonitis. These results highlight the need for a method to rapidly differentiate BAP from pneumonitis, such as polymerase-chain-reaction-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tortuyaux
- Intensive Care Unit, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Frédéric Wallet
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Derambure
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, INSERM U1172, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Saad Nseir
- Intensive Care Unit, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- INSERM U1285, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Kotwas I, Arthuis M, Cermolacce M, Bartolomei F, McGonigal A. Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: Chronology of multidisciplinary team approach to diagnosis and management. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021; 178:692-702. [PMID: 34980511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While the diagnosis and management of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) remain challenging, certain evidence-based guidelines exist, which can help to optimize patient care. A multidisciplinary team approach appears to have many benefits. Current recommendations exist for some aspects of diagnosis and management of PNES, including levels of diagnostic certainty as proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy's expert Task Force on PNES. Other aspects of clinical still care lack clear consensus, including use of suggestion techniques for recording PNES and optimal terminology, since the term "functional seizures" has recently been proposed as a possible term to replace "PNES". The present article aims to (1) review current recommendations and (2) discuss our own team's experience in managing patients with PNES. This is organized chronologically in terms of the roles of the neurologist, psychiatrist and psychologist, and discusses diagnostic issues, psychiatric assessment and treatment, and psychotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kotwas
- AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology, Marseille, France
| | - M Arthuis
- AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology, Marseille, France
| | - M Cermolacce
- University Department of Psychiatry, AP-HM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - F Bartolomei
- AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - A McGonigal
- AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France.
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Karakis I. All That Shakes Is Not Status Epilepticus. Epilepsy Curr 2021; 22:97-99. [PMID: 35444501 PMCID: PMC8988722 DOI: 10.1177/15357597211067377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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