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Zhou C, Duan P, He H, Song J, Hu M, Liu Y, Liu Y, Guo J, Jin F, Cao Y, Jiang L, Ye Q, Zhu M, Jiang B, Ruan W, Yuan X, Li H, Zou R, Tian Y, Gao L, Shu R, Chen J, Liu R, Zou S, Li X. Expert consensus on pediatric orthodontic therapies of malocclusions in children. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:32. [PMID: 38627388 PMCID: PMC11021504 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-024-00299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Malocclusion, identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of three major oral diseases, profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions, facial esthetics, and long-term development of ~260 million children in China. Beyond its physical manifestations, malocclusion also significantly influences the psycho-social well-being of these children. Timely intervention in malocclusion can foster an environment conducive to dental-maxillofacial development and substantially decrease the incidence of malocclusion or reduce the severity and complexity of malocclusion in the permanent dentition, by mitigating the negative impact of abnormal environmental influences on the growth. Early orthodontic treatment encompasses accurate identification and treatment of dental and maxillofacial morphological and functional abnormalities during various stages of dental-maxillofacial development, ranging from fetal stages to the early permanent dentition phase. From an economic and societal standpoint, the urgency for effective early orthodontic treatments for malocclusions in childhood cannot be overstated, underlining its profound practical and social importance. This consensus paper discusses the characteristics and the detrimental effects of malocclusion in children, emphasizing critical need for early treatment. It elaborates on corresponding core principles and fundamental approaches in early orthodontics, proposing comprehensive guidance for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment, serving as a reference for clinicians engaged in early orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peipei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Department of Orthodontics & Center for Dentofacial Development and Sleep Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences & Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University & College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuehua Liu
- Department of Orthodontic & Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital for Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyong Jiang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University & National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Beizhan Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Ruan
- Department of Stomatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & National Clinic Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of & School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases & College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University & Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulou Tian
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University & Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renkai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Ji YY, Liu X, Li X, Xiao YF, Ma T, Wang J, Feng Y, Shi J, Wang MQ, Li JL, Lai JH. Activation of the Vpdm VGLUT1-VPM pathway contributes to anxiety-like behaviors induced by malocclusion. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:995345. [PMID: 36605612 PMCID: PMC9807610 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.995345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Occlusal disharmony has a negative impact on emotion. The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) neurons are the primary afferent nuclei that convey proprioceptive information from proprioceptors and low-threshold mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament and jaw muscles in the cranio-oro-facial regions. The dorsomedial part of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (Vpdm) and the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of thalamus have been proven to be crucial relay stations in ascending pathway of proprioception. The VPM sends numerous projections to primary somatosensory areas (SI), which modulate emotion processing. The present study aimed to demonstrate the ascending trigeminal-thalamic-cortex pathway which would mediate malocclusion-induced negative emotion. Unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) model created by disturbing the dental occlusion was applied. Tract-tracing techniques were used to identify the existence of Vme-Vpdm-VPM pathway and Vpdm-VPM-SI pathway. Chemogenetic and optogenetic methods were taken to modulate the activation of VpdmVGLUT1 neurons and the Vpdm-VPM pathway. Morphological evidence indicated the involvement of the Vme-Vpdm-VPM pathway, Vpdm-VPM-SI pathway and VpdmVGLUT1-VPM pathway in orofacial proprioception in wild-type mice and vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1): tdTomato mice, respectively. Furthermore, chemogenetic inhibition of VpdmVGLUT1 neurons and the Vpdm-VPM pathway alleviated anxiety-like behaviors in a unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) model, whereas chemogenetic activation induced anxiety-like behaviors in controls and did not aggravate these behaviors in UAC mice. Finally, optogenetic inhibition of the VpdmVGLUT1-VPM pathway in VGLUT1-IRES-Cre mice reversed UAC-induced anxiety comorbidity. In conclusion, these results suggest that the VpdmVGLUT1-VPM neural pathway participates in the modulation of malocclusion-induced anxiety comorbidity. These findings provide new insights into the links between occlusion and emotion and deepen our understanding of the impact of occlusal disharmony on brain dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Ji
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China,Department of Anatomy, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China,Department of Stomatology, The 960th Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Stomatology, The 960th Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Yi-Fan Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yue Feng
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Department of Anatomy, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Mei-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Mei-Qing Wang,
| | - Jin-Lian Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China,Department of Anatomy, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China,Jin-Lian Li,
| | - Jiang-Hua Lai
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Jiang-Hua Lai,
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Can Botulinum Toxin-A Contribute to Reconstructing the Physiological Homeostasis of the Masticatory Complex in Short-Faced Patients during Occlusal Therapy? A Prospective Pilot Study. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060374. [PMID: 35737035 PMCID: PMC9227267 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological homeostasis of the masticatory complex in short-faced patients is too robust to be disintegrated and reconstructed due to the powerful masseter muscle. This study innovatively introduced the botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) into the field of dental occlusal treatment, providing a novel and minimally invasive therapy perspective for the two major clinical problems in these patients (low treatment efficiency and high rates of complications). In total, 10 adult patients with skeletal low angle seeking occlusal treatment (age: 27.0 ± 6.1 years; 4 males and 6 females) were administered 30−50 U of BTX-A in each masseter muscle and evaluated before and 3 months after injection based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). We found a significant reduction in the thickness of the masseter muscle (MMT) (p < 0.0001). With regards to occlusion, we found a significant increase in the height of the maxillary second molar (U7-PP) (p < 0.05) with significantly flattened occlusal curves (the curve of Spee [COS] (p < 0.01), and the curve of Wilson [COW] (p < 0.05)). Furthermore, the variations in the temporomandibular joint exhibited a significant reduction in the anterior joint space (AJS) (p < 0.05) and superior joint space (SJS) (p < 0.05). In addition, the correlation analysis of the masticatory complex provided the basis for the following multiple regression equation: MMT = 10.08 − 0.11 COW + 2.73 AJS. The findings from our pilot study indicate that BTX-A, as a new adjuvant treatment attempt of occlusal therapy for short-faced patients, can provide a more favorable muscular environment for subsequent occlusal therapy through the adjustment of the biting force and may contribute to the reconstruction of healthier homeostasis of the masticatory complex. However, further research is required to establish the reliability and validity of these findings.
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Shi M, Liu X, Zhang C, Zhang H, Liu Q, Wang D, Liu X, Li J, Wang M. Effect of dental malocclusion on cerebellar neuron activation via the dorsomedial part of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12788. [PMID: 33945647 PMCID: PMC8453929 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Occlusion has been proposed to play a role for body posture and balance, both of which are mediated mainly by the cerebellum. The dorsomedial part of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (Vpdm) has direct projection to the cerebellum. The experimental unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) has an impact on the motor nuclei in the brain stem via trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme). The current aim was to explore whether UAC has an impact on Vpdm‐cerebellum circuit. The inferior alveolar nerve was injected into cholera toxin B subunit (CTb), the cerebellum was injected into fluoro‐gold (FG), and the Vpdm was injected into biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to identify the activation of Vpdm‐cerebellum circuit by UAC. Data indicated that there were more neuronal nuclei (NeuN)/CTb/FG triple‐labelled neurons and NeuN/CTb/vesicular glutamate transporter 1(VGLUT1) triple‐labelled neurons in the Vpdm, and more NeuN/BDA/ VGLUT1 triple‐labelled neurons in the cerebellum of rats with UAC than in control rats. The VGLUT1 expression in the Vpdm and cerebellum in the UAC group was higher than that in control rats. These findings indicate an excitatory impact of UAC on the Vpdm‐cerebellum pathway and support the role of occlusion for body posture and balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Shi
- School of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Stomatology, The 960th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Chunkui Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongyun Zhang
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinlian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meiqing Wang
- School of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Liu X, Shi M, Ren H, Xie M, Zhang C, Wang D, Liu X, Li J, Wang M. Excitatory Impact of Dental Occlusion on Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:638000. [PMID: 33776655 PMCID: PMC7994330 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.638000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme) have axons that branch peripherally to innervate the orofacial region and project centrally to several motor nuclei in brainstem. The dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (DMV) resides in the brainstem and takes a role in visceral motor function such as pancreatic exocrine secretion. The present study aimed to demonstrate the presence of Vme-DMV circuit, activation of which would elicit a trigeminal neuroendocrine response. A masticatory dysfunctional animal model termed unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) model created by disturbing the dental occlusion was used. Cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) was injected into the inferior alveolar nerve of rats to help identify the central axon terminals of Vme neurons around the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) positive motor neurons in the DMV. The level of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) expressed in DMV, the level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expressed in pancreas, the level of glucagon and insulin expression in islets and serum, and the blood glucose level were detected and compared between UAC and the age matched sham-operation control mice. Data indicated that compared with the controls, there were more CTb/VGLUT1 double labeled axon endings around the ChAT positive neurons in the DMV of UAC groups. Mice in UAC group expressed a higher VGLUT1 protein level in DMV, AChE protein level in pancreas, glucagon and insulin level in islet and serum, and higher postprandial blood glucose level, but lower fasting blood glucose level. All these were reversed at 15-weeks when UAC cessation was performed from 11-weeks (all, P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrated Vme-DMV circuit via which the aberrant occlusion elicited a trigeminal neuroendocrine response such as alteration in the postprandial blood glucose level. Dental occlusion is proposed as a potential therapeutic target for reversing the increased postprandial glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Minghong Shi
- School of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Haotian Ren
- Department of Stomatology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mianjiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunkui Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinlian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,School of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Liu X, Zhou KX, Yin NN, Zhang CK, Shi MH, Zhang HY, Wang DM, Xu ZJ, Zhang JD, Li JL, Wang MQ. Malocclusion Generates Anxiety-Like Behavior Through a Putative Lateral Habenula-Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus Pathway. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:174. [PMID: 31427925 PMCID: PMC6689965 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malocclusion is an important risk factor for temporomandibular disorder (TMD), a series of disorders characterized by dysfunction in the orofacial region involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and jaw muscles. We recently showed that experimental unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) produced masseter hyperactivity through a circuit involving the periodontal proprioception, trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme), and trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo). Anxiety is a common complication in patients with TMD. The lateral habenula (LHb) is involved in emotional modulation and has direct projections to the Vme. Therefore, the present research examined whether UAC facilitates excitatory input from the LHb to the Vme and, subsequently, anxiety-like behaviors in rats. The LHb activation was evaluated by the electrophysiological recording, assessment of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (VGLUT2) mRNA expression, and measurement of anxiety-like behaviors. The effects of LHb activity on Vme were evaluated by electrophysiological recording from Vme neurons and local changes in VGLUT2 protein density. UAC produced anxiety in modeled rats and increased neuronal activity in the LHb. VGLUT2 mRNA expression was also increased in the LHb. Further, VGLUT2-positive boutons were observed in close apposite upon parvalbumin (PV)-labeled Vme neurons. VGLUT2 protein expression was also increased in the Vme. Significantly, injection of VGLUT2-targeted shRNA into the LHb reduced the expression of VGLUT2 protein in the Vme, attenuated UAC-associated anxiety-like behaviors, and attenuated electrophysiological changes in the Vme neurons. In conclusion, we show that UAC activates the LHb neurons as well as the periodontal proprioceptive pathway to provide excitatory input to the Vme and produce anxiety in rats. These findings provide a rationale for suppressing activity of the LHb to attenuate both the physical and psychological effects of TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Stomatology, The 960th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Kai-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan-Nan Yin
- Department of Stomatology, The 960th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Chun-Kui Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zi-Jun Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing-Dong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jin-Lian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mei-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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