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Osuntokun OS, Olayiwola G, Oriare AK, Oyedokun SO, Abayomi TA, Tokunbo OS, Ayoka AO. Mucuna pruriens seed protects the hippocampal neurons and abrogates seizure indices in chemically-convulsed mice: evidence of the Nrf2 expression defense pathway. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 123:102115. [PMID: 35662582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The anticonvulsant mechanisms and neuroprotective effects of Mucuna pruriens (MP) seed in male BALB/c mice were evaluated. Ninety mice were kindled with picrotoxin, strychnine, or pilocarpine hydrochloride at the 30th minute of intraperitoneal injection (i.p) of normal saline (0.2ml), MP (200, 100, 50mg/kg), diazepam (7.5mg/kg), or haloperidol (5mg/kg). The onset of convulsion and percentage mortality was recorded. The histoarchitectural and immunohistochemical profiles of the brains were determined. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), while p < 0.05 was considered significant. There was a significant prolongation of the latency to first seizure across the treatment groups following picrotoxin, and pilocarpine-induced convulsion; a decrease in percentage mortality in the MP (50mg/kg) treatment group, and an increase in the hippocampal nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 count, and Neu-N expression in the MP (200mg/kg, and 100mg/kg) treated mice. Treatment with MP seed may abolish seizure occurrence and consequential mortality; mechanisms traceable to its GABAergic expression and hippocampal NRF 2 and Neu N expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Samson Osuntokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
| | - Gbola Olayiwola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ayomide Karimat Oriare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Oyeyemi Oyedokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Adekemi Abayomi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | | | - Abiodun Oladele Ayoka
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State Nigeria
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2
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NPRL2 Inhibition of mTORC1 Controls Sodium Channel Expression and Brain Amino Acid Homeostasis. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0317-21.2022. [PMID: 35165201 PMCID: PMC8896560 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0317-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations in nitrogen permease regulator-like 2 (NPRL2) are associated with a wide spectrum of familial focal epilepsies, autism, and sudden unexpected death of epileptics (SUDEP), but the mechanisms by which NPRL2 contributes to these effects are not well known. NPRL2 is a requisite subunit of the GAP activity toward Rags 1 (GATOR1) complex, which functions as a negative regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase when intracellular amino acids are low. Here, we show that loss of NPRL2 expression in mouse excitatory glutamatergic neurons causes seizures before death, consistent with SUDEP in humans with epilepsy. Additionally, the absence of NPRL2 expression increases mTORC1-dependent signal transduction and significantly alters amino acid homeostasis in the brain. Loss of NPRL2 reduces dendritic branching and increases the strength of electrically stimulated action potentials (APs) in neurons. The increased AP strength is consistent with elevated expression of epilepsy-linked, voltage-gated sodium channels in the NPRL2-deficient brain. Targeted deletion of NPRL2 in primary neurons increases the expression of sodium channel Scn1A, whereas treatment with the pharmacological mTORC1 inhibitor called rapamycin prevents Scn1A upregulation. These studies demonstrate a novel role of NPRL2 and mTORC1 signaling in the regulation of sodium channels, which can contribute to seizures and early lethality.
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Yamamoto H, Nakagawa E, Kita Y, Kaga Y, Inagaki M. Effect of anti-attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication on clinical seizures and sleep EEG: A retrospective study of Japanese children with ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2021; 41:511-521. [PMID: 34668641 PMCID: PMC8698674 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Patients with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit basic or paroxysmal wave abnormalities on electroencephalography (EEG). Methylphenidate (MPH), an anti‐ADHD stimulant, has been reported to lower the seizure threshold. However, there have been no reports comparing EEG changes before and after administration of the central nervous system (CNS) stimulant MPH, or atomoxetine (ATX) hydrochloride, a non‐CNS stimulant. In this study, we investigated changes in sleep EEG before and after the administration of ADHD treatment drugs. Method With the approval of the ethics committee, the medical records of 28 children with ADHD (23 men and 5 women) who gave consent were retrospectively investigated. The appearance of sudden abnormal waves during a 10‐minute sleep EEG recording was measured in 0.1‐second units, and the duration of these waves was calculated as the paroxysmal index (PI). Results Paroxysmal index did not differ significantly between patients who received MPH and those who received ATX. In addition, there were no exacerbations of clinical seizures. Conclusion It was concluded that ADHD medications do not have an adverse effect on epileptic seizures or abnormal sleep EEGs. Patients with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit basic or paroxysmal wave abnormalities on electroencephalography (EEG). We investigated changes in sleep EEG before and after the administration of ADHD treatment drugs. ADHD medications do not have an adverse effect on epileptic seizures or abnormal sleep EEGs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Yamamoto
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakagawa
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
| | - Yousuke Kita
- Mori Arinori Center for Higher Education and Global Mobility, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan.,Cognitive Brain Research Unit (CBRU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yoshimi Kaga
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP, Kodaira, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi University, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masumi Inagaki
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP, Kodaira, Japan
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4
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Experimental Models to Study Autism Spectrum Disorders: hiPSCs, Rodents and Zebrafish. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111376. [PMID: 33233737 PMCID: PMC7699923 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) affect around 1.5% of the global population, which manifest alterations in communication and socialization, as well as repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. ASD is a complex disorder with known environmental and genetic contributors; however, ASD etiology is far from being clear. In the past decades, many efforts have been put into developing new models to study ASD, both in vitro and in vivo. These models have a lot of potential to help to validate some of the previously associated risk factors to the development of the disorder, and to test new potential therapies that help to alleviate ASD symptoms. The present review is focused on the recent advances towards the generation of models for the study of ASD, which would be a useful tool to decipher the bases of the disorder, as well as to conduct drug screenings that hopefully lead to the identification of useful compounds to help patients deal with the symptoms of ASD.
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5
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Ohmori I, Kobayashi K, Ouchida M. Scn1a and Cacna1a mutations mutually alter their original phenotypes in rats. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104859. [PMID: 33045260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of Cacna1a mutation on the phenotype of Scn1a-associated epilepsy in rats. We used rats with an N1417H missense mutation in the Scn1a gene and others with an M251K mutation in the Cacna1a gene. Scn1a/Cacna1a double mutant rats were generated by mating both Scn1a and Cacna1a mutants. We investigated general health and the epileptic phenotype in all these genotypes. The onset threshold of hyperthermia-induced seizures was examined at 5 weeks and spontaneous seizures were monitored using video-EEG recordings from 6 to 12 weeks of age. Scn1a/Cacna1a double mutants showed significantly reduced threshold for hyperthermia-sensitive seizures onset compared with the Scn1a mutants and had absence seizures having 6-7 c/s spike-wave bursts with changes in the spike-wave pattern, whereas Cacna1a mutants had regular 6-7 c/s spike-wave bursts. In Scn1a/Cacna1a double mutants, 6-7 c/s spike-wave bursts were accompanied with eyelid myoclonia and continuously shifting generalized clonic seizures, which were not observed in either Scn1a or Cacna1a mutants. Although a curvature of the spine was observed in rats of all these genotypes, the degree of curvature was more pronounced in Scn1a/Cacna1a double mutants, followed by Cacna1a and Scn1a mutants. Our results indicate that Cacna1a and Scn1a mutations mutually alter their original phenotypes in rats. The phenotype of absence seizures with eyelid myoclonia, generalized clonic seizures, and of spine curvature in the Scn1a/Cacna1a double mutants were similar to that observed in patients with Dravet syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iori Ohmori
- Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Tsushima 3-chome 1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan; Department of Child Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Shikatacho 2-chome 5-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Shikatacho 2-chome 5-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Kiyoka Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Shikatacho 2-chome 5-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ouchida
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Shikatacho 2-chome 5-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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6
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Niibori Y, Lee SJ, Minassian BA, Hampson DR. Sexually Divergent Mortality and Partial Phenotypic Rescue After Gene Therapy in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:339-351. [PMID: 31830809 PMCID: PMC7087406 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome (DS) is a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder caused by mutations in the SCN1A gene encoding the α subunit of the NaV1.1 voltage-gated sodium channel that controls neuronal action potential firing. The high density of this mutated channel in GABAergic interneurons results in impaired inhibitory neurotransmission and subsequent excessive activation of excitatory neurons. The syndrome is associated with severe childhood epilepsy, autistic behaviors, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Here, we compared the rescue effects of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector coding for the multifunctional β1 sodium channel auxiliary subunit (AAV-NaVβ1) with a control vector lacking a transgene. We hypothesized that overexpression of NaVβ1 would facilitate the function of residual voltage-gated channels and improve the DS phenotype in the Scn1a+/− mouse model of DS. AAV-NaVβ1 was injected into the cerebral spinal fluid of neonatal Scn1a+/− mice. In untreated control Scn1a+/− mice, females showed a higher degree of mortality than males. Compared with Scn1a+/− control mice, AAV-NaVβ1-treated Scn1a+/− mice displayed increased survival, an outcome that was more pronounced in females than males. In contrast, behavioral analysis revealed that male, but not female, Scn1a+/− mice displayed motor hyperactivity, and abnormal performance on tests of fear and anxiety and learning and memory. Male Scn1a+/− mice treated with AAV-NaVβ1 showed reduced spontaneous seizures and normalization of motor activity and performance on the elevated plus maze test. These findings demonstrate sex differences in mortality in untreated Scn1a+/− mice, an effect that may be related to a lower level of intrinsic inhibitory tone in female mice, and a normalization of aberrant behaviors in males after central nervous system administration of AAV-NaVβ1. The therapeutic efficacy of AAV-NaVβ1 in a mouse model of DS suggests a potential new long-lasting biological therapeutic avenue for the treatment of this catastrophic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Niibori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shiron J Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - David R Hampson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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7
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Dutton SBB, Dutt K, Papale LA, Helmers S, Goldin AL, Escayg A. Early-life febrile seizures worsen adult phenotypes in Scn1a mutants. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:159-171. [PMID: 28373025 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene SCN1A, encoding the Nav1.1 channel, are responsible for a number of epilepsy disorders including genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) and Dravet syndrome (DS). Patients with SCN1A mutations often experience prolonged early-life febrile seizures (FSs), raising the possibility that these events may influence epileptogenesis and lead to more severe adult phenotypes. To test this hypothesis, we subjected 21-23-day-old mice expressing the human SCN1A GEFS+ mutation R1648H to prolonged hyperthermia, and then examined seizure and behavioral phenotypes during adulthood. We found that early-life FSs resulted in lower latencies to induced seizures, increased severity of spontaneous seizures, hyperactivity, and impairments in social behavior and recognition memory during adulthood. Biophysical analysis of brain slice preparations revealed an increase in epileptiform activity in CA3 pyramidal neurons along with increased action potential firing, providing a mechanistic basis for the observed worsening of adult phenotypes. These findings demonstrate the long-term negative impact of early-life FSs on disease outcomes. This has important implications for the clinical management of this patient population and highlights the need for therapeutic interventions that could ameliorate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey B B Dutton
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30022, USA; Department of Biology, Agnes Scott College, Atlanta, GA 30030, USA
| | - Karoni Dutt
- Departments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ligia A Papale
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30022, USA
| | - Sandra Helmers
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30022, USA
| | - Alan L Goldin
- Departments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrew Escayg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30022, USA.
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8
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Barry JM, Holmes GL. Why Are Children With Epileptic Encephalopathies Encephalopathic? J Child Neurol 2016; 31:1495-1504. [PMID: 27515946 PMCID: PMC5410364 DOI: 10.1177/0883073816662140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epileptic encephalopathies are devastating conditions characterized by frequent seizures, severely abnormal electroencephalograms (EEGs), and cognitive slowing or regression. The cognitive impairment in the epileptic encephalopathies may be more concerning to the patient and parents than the epilepsy itself. There is increasing recognition that the cognitive comorbidity can be both chronic, primarily due to the underlying etiology of the epilepsy, and dynamic or evolving because of recurrent seizures, interictal spikes, and antiepileptic drugs. Much of scholars' understanding of the neurophysiological underpinnings of cognitive dysfunction in the epileptic encephalopathies comes from rodent studies. Frequent seizures and interictal EEG discharges in rats lead to considerable spatial and social-cognitive deficits. Paralleling these cognitive deficits are dyscoordination of dynamic neural activity within and between the neural networks that subserve normal cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Barry
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex disorder, which involves much more than seizures, encompassing a range of associated comorbid health conditions that can have significant health and quality-of-life implications. Of these comorbidities, cognitive impairment is one of the most common and distressing aspects of epilepsy. Clinical studies have demonstrated that refractory seizures, resistant to antiepileptic drugs, and occurring early in life have significant adverse effects on cognitive function. Much of what has been learned about the neurobiological underpinnings of cognitive impairment following early-life seizures has come from animal models. Although early-life seizures in rodents do not result in cell loss, seizures cause in changes in neurogenesis and synaptogenesis and alteration of excitatory or inhibitory balance, network connectivity and temporal coding. These morphological and physiological changes are accompanied by parallel impairment in cognitive skills. This increased understanding of the pathophysiological basis of seizure-induced cognitive deficits should allow investigators to develop novel targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Holmes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT.
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10
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Establishment of isogenic iPSCs from an individual with SCN1A mutation mosaicism as a model for investigating neurocognitive impairment in Dravet syndrome. J Hum Genet 2016; 61:565-9. [PMID: 26841829 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe childhood epilepsy typically caused by de novo dominant mutations in SCN1A. Although patients with DS frequently have neurocognitive abnormalities, the precise neural mechanisms responsible for their expression have not been elucidated. There are wide phenotypic differences among individuals with SCN1A mutations, suggesting that factors other than the SCN1A mutation modify the phenotype. Therefore, a well-controlled cellular model system is required to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying DS. Here we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from an individual with SCN1A mutation mosaicism, and separately cloned iPSC lines both with and without the SCN1A mutation. These clones theoretically have the same genetic backgrounds, except for the SCN1A gene, and should serve as an ideal pair for investigating the pathophysiology caused by SCN1A mutations. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blot analysis revealed higher tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein expression levels in mutant neurons than in wild-type neurons. Moreover, dopamine concentrations in media collected from mutant neural cultures were higher than those from wild-type neural cultures. Our findings suggest that SCN1A mutation leads to changes in the dopamine system that may contribute to the behavioral abnormalities in DS.
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11
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Hara Y, Ago Y, Taruta A, Katashiba K, Hasebe S, Takano E, Onaka Y, Hashimoto H, Matsuda T, Takuma K. Improvement by methylphenidate and atomoxetine of social interaction deficits and recognition memory impairment in a mouse model of valproic acid-induced autism. Autism Res 2015; 9:926-39. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hara
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Yukio Ago
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Atsuki Taruta
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Keisuke Katashiba
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Shigeru Hasebe
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
- Department of Pharmacology; Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Erika Takano
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Yusuke Onaka
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Toshio Matsuda
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takuma
- Department of Pharmacology; Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui; Suita Osaka Japan
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Galanopoulou AS, Moshé SL. Pathogenesis and new candidate treatments for infantile spasms and early life epileptic encephalopathies: A view from preclinical studies. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 79:135-49. [PMID: 25968935 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early onset and infantile epileptic encephalopathies (EIEEs) are usually associated with medically intractable or difficult to treat epileptic seizures and prominent cognitive, neurodevelopmental and behavioral consequences. EIEEs have numerous etiologies that contribute to the inter- and intra-syndromic phenotypic variability. Etiologies include structural and metabolic or genetic etiologies although a significant percentage is of unknown cause. The need to better understand their pathogenic mechanisms and identify better therapies has driven the development of animal models of EIEEs. Several rodent models of infantile spasms have emerged that recapitulate various aspects of the disease. The acute models manifest epileptic spasms after induction and include the NMDA rat model, the NMDA model with prior prenatal betamethasone or perinatal stress exposure, and the γ-butyrolactone induced spasms in a mouse model of Down syndrome. The chronic models include the tetrodotoxin rat model, the aristaless related homeobox X-linked (Arx) mouse models and the multiple-hit rat model of infantile spasms. We will discuss the main features and findings from these models on target mechanisms and emerging therapies. Genetic models have also provided interesting data on the pathogenesis of Dravet syndrome and proposed new therapies for testing. The genetic associations of many of the EIEEs have also been tested in rodent models as to their pathogenicity. Finally, several models have tested the impact of subclinical epileptiform discharges on brain function. The impact of these advances in animal modeling for therapy development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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