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Li H, Ye Q, Wang D, Shi B, Xu W, Zhang S, Han X, Zhang XY, Thompson GJ. Resting State Brain Networks under Inverse Agonist versus Complete Knockout of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1669-1683. [PMID: 38575140 PMCID: PMC11027912 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is famous as the target of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the active ingredient of marijuana. Suppression of CB1 is frequently suggested as a drug target or gene therapy for many conditions (e.g., obesity, Parkinson's disease). However, brain networks affected by CB1 remain elusive, and unanticipated psychological effects in a clinical trial had dire consequences. To better understand the whole brain effects of CB1 suppression we performed in vivo imaging on mice under complete knockout of the gene for CB1 (cnr1-/-) and also under the CB1 inverse agonist rimonabant. We examined white matter structural changes and brain function (network activity and directional uniformity) in cnr1-/- mice. In cnr1-/- mice, white matter (in both sexes) and functional directional uniformity (in male mice) were altered across the brain but network activity was largely unaltered. Conversely, under rimonabant, functional directional uniformity was not altered but network activity was altered in cortical regions, primarily in networks known to be altered by THC (e.g., neocortex, hippocampal formation). However, rimonabant did not alter many brain regions found in both our cnr1-/- results and previous behavioral studies of cnr1-/- mice (e.g., thalamus, infralimbic area). This suggests that chronic loss of cnr1 is substantially different from short-term suppression, subtly rewiring the brain but largely maintaining the network activity. Our results help explain why pathological mutations in CB1 (e.g., chronic pain) do not always provide insight into the side effects of CB1 suppression (e.g., clinical depression), and thus urge more preclinical studies for any drugs that suppress CB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- iHuman
Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qiong Ye
- High
Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes
of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Da Wang
- iHuman
Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School
of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech
University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- iHuman
Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School
of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech
University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Institute
of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key
Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuning Zhang
- iHuman
Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School
of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech
University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoyang Han
- Institute
of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key
Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhang
- Institute
of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key
Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
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Luna-Munguia H, Gasca-Martinez D, Garay-Cortes A, Coutiño D, Regalado M, de Los Rios E, Villaseñor P, Hidalgo-Flores F, Flores-Guapo K, Benito BY, Concha L. Selective Medial Septum Lesions in Healthy Rats Induce Longitudinal Changes in Microstructure of Limbic Regions, Behavioral Alterations, and Increased Susceptibility to Status Epilepticus. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04069-9. [PMID: 38443731 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Septo-hippocampal pathway, crucial for physiological functions and involved in epilepsy. Clinical monitoring during epileptogenesis is complicated. We aim to evaluate tissue changes after lesioning the medial septum (MS) of normal rats and assess how the depletion of specific neuronal populations alters the animals' behavior and susceptibility to establishing a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected into the MS with vehicle or saporins (to deplete GABAergic or cholinergic neurons; n = 16 per group). Thirty-two animals were used for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); scanned before surgery and 14 and 49 days post-injection. Fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient were evaluated in the fimbria, dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, dorso-medial thalamus, and amygdala. Between scans 2 and 3, animals were submitted to diverse behavioral tasks. Stainings were used to analyze tissue alterations. Twenty-four different animals received pilocarpine to evaluate the latency and severity of the status epilepticus 2 weeks after surgery. Additionally, eight different animals were only used to evaluate the neuronal damage inflicted on the MS 1 week after the molecular surgery. Progressive changes in DTI parameters in both white and gray matter structures of the four evaluated groups were observed. Behaviorally, the GAT1-saporin injection impacted spatial memory formation, while 192-IgG-saporin triggered anxiety-like behaviors. Histologically, the GABAergic toxin also induced aberrant mossy fiber sprouting, tissue damage, and neuronal death. Regarding the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, this agent provoked an increased mortality rate. Selective septo-hippocampal modulation impacts the integrity of limbic regions crucial for certain behavioral skills and could represent a precursor for epilepsy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiram Luna-Munguia
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico.
| | - Deisy Gasca-Martinez
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
- Unidad de Analisis Conductual, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Garay-Cortes
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Daniela Coutiño
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Mirelta Regalado
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Ericka de Los Rios
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
- Unidad de Microscopia, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Paulina Villaseñor
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Fernando Hidalgo-Flores
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Karen Flores-Guapo
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Brandon Yair Benito
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Luis Concha
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
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Cavusoglu B, Ozer Gokaslan Ç, Cavusoglu D. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging differences between complex febrile seizure and recurrent simple febrile seizure. Brain Dev 2024; 46:35-43. [PMID: 37813784 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the volumetric differences in cortical and subcortical structures between patients with complex febrile seizure (FS) and recurrent simple FS. We aimed to identify the brain morphological patterns of children with complex FS. METHODS Twenty-five patients with complex FS and age- and sex-matched 25 patients with recurrent simple FS with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were studied. Cortical volumetric analysis was performed using a voxel-based morphometry method with the CAT12 toolbox within SPM12. FSL-FIRST was used to obtain volume measures of subcortical deep grey matter structures (amygdala, caudate nucleus, thalamus, nucleus accumbens, putamen, globus pallidus, and hippocampus). The volumetric asymmetry index (AI) and laterality index (LI) were calculated for each subcortical structure. RESULTS Compared with recurrent simple FS, complex FS demonstrated lower volume in the left putamen (p = .003) and right nucleus accumbens (p = .001). Additionally, patients with complex FS presented a higher magnitude of AI of the nucleus accumbens (p < .001) compared with recurrent simple FS. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that volumetric analysis may be a useful marker for the detection of FS-induced changes that reflect microstructural alterations. This study is the first to report on alterations in the putamen and nucleus accumbens in FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Cavusoglu
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Çigdem Ozer Gokaslan
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyon, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Cavusoglu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyon, Turkey.
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Epilepsy-related white matter network changes in patients with frontal lobe glioma. J Neuroradiol 2023; 50:258-265. [PMID: 35346748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epilepsy is a common symptom in patients with frontal lobe glioma. Tumor-related epilepsy was recently considered a type of network disease. Glioma can severely influence the integrity of the white matter network. The association between white matter network changes and presurgical epilepsy remains unclear in glioma patients. This study aims to identify alterations to the subcortical brain networks caused by glioma and glioma-related epilepsy. METHODS Sixty-one patients with frontal lobe gliomas were enrolled and stratified into the epileptic and non-epileptic groups. Additionally, 14 healthy participants were enrolled after matching for age, sex, and education level. All participants underwent diffusion tensor imaging. Graph theoretical analysis was applied to reveal topological changes in their white matter networks. Regions affected by tumors were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS Global efficiency was significantly decreased (p = 0.008), while the shortest path length increased (p = 0.02) in the left and right non-epileptic groups compared to the controls. A total of five edges exhibited decreased fiber count in the non-epileptic group (p < 0.05, false discovery rate-corrected). The topological properties and connectional edges showed no significant differences when comparing the epileptic groups and the controls. Additionally, the degree centrality of several nodes connected to the alternated edges was also diminished. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the controls, the epilepsy groups showed raletively intact WM networks, while the non-epileptsy groups had damaged network with lower efficiency and longer path length. These findings indicated that the occurrence of glioma related epilepsy have association with white matter network intergrity.
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Relationship between visuoperceptual functions and parietal structural abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Imaging Behav 2023; 17:35-43. [PMID: 36357555 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Progressive gray matter volume reductions beyond the epileptogenic area has been described in temporal lobe epilepsy. There is less evidence regarding correlations between gray and white matter volume changepres and multi-domain cognitive performance in this setting. We aimed to investigate correlations between volume changes in parietal structures and visuospatial performance in temporal lobe epilepsy patients. we performed a cross-sectional study comparing global and regional brain volume data from 34 temporal lobe epilepsy patients and 30 healthy controls. 3D T1-weighted sequences were obtained on a 3.0 T magnet, and data were analyzed using age and sex-adjusted linear regression models. Global and regional brain volumes and cortical thickness in patients were correlated with standardized visual memory, visuoperceptual, visuospatial, and visuoconstructive parameters obtained in a per-protocol neuropsychological assessment. temporal lobe epilepsy patients had smaller volume fractions of the deep gray matter structures, putamen and nucleus accumbens, and larger cerebrospinal fluid volume fraction than controls. Correlations were found between: 1) visual memory and precuneus and inferior parietal cortical thickness; 2) visuoperceptual performance and precuneus and supramarginal white matter volumes; 3) visuospatial skills and precuneus, postcentral, and inferior and superior parietal white matter volumes; 4) visuoconstructive performance and inferior parietal white matter volume. Brain volume loss is widespread in temporal lobe epilepsy. Volumetric reductions in parietal lobe structures were associated with visuoperceptual cognitive performance.
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Kwon H, Chinappen DM, Huang JF, Berja ED, Walsh KG, Shi W, Kramer MA, Chu CJ. Transient, developmental functional and structural connectivity abnormalities in the thalamocortical motor network in Rolandic epilepsy. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2022; 35:103102. [PMID: 35777251 PMCID: PMC9251597 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with active Rolandic epilepsy have increasing thalamocortical functional connectivity in the motor circuit with age. Children with resolved Rolandic epilepsy have increasing thalamocortical structural connectivity in the motor circuit with age. Children with Rolandic epilepsy have no differences in thalamocortical connectivity in the sensory circuit compared to controls. Rolandic thalamocortical structural connectivity does not predict functional connectivity in Rolandic epilepsy or controls.
Rolandic epilepsy (RE) is the most common focal, idiopathic, developmental epilepsy, characterized by a transient period of sleep-potentiated seizures and epileptiform discharges in the inferior Rolandic cortex during childhood. The cause of RE remains unknown but converging evidence has identified abnormalities in the Rolandic thalamocortical circuit. To better localize this transient disease, we evaluated Rolandic thalamocortical functional and structural connectivity in the sensory and motor circuits separately during the symptomatic and asymptomatic phases of this disease. We collected high resolution structural, diffusion, and resting state functional MRI data in a prospective cohort of children with active RE (n = 17), resolved RE (n = 21), and controls (n = 33). We then computed the functional and structural connectivity between the inferior Rolandic cortex and the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus (efferent pathway) and the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus (afferent pathway) across development in children with active, resolved RE and controls. We compared connectivity with age in each group using linear mixed-effects models. We found that children with active RE have increasing thalamocortical functional connectivity between the VL thalamus and inferior motor cortex with age (p = 0.022) that is not observed in controls or resolved RE. In contrast, children with resolved RE have increasing thalamocortical structural connectivity between the VL nucleus and the inferior motor cortex with age (p = 0.025) that is not observed in controls or active RE. No relationships were identified between VPL nuclei and the inferior sensory cortex with age in any group. These findings localize the functional and structural thalamocortical circuit disruption in RE to the efferent thalamocortical motor pathway. Further work is required to determine how these circuit abnormalities contribute to the emergence and resolution of symptoms in this developmental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunki Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dhinakaran M Chinappen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan F Huang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin D Berja
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine G Walsh
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Kramer
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine J Chu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Dhaher R, Chen EC, Perez E, Rapuano A, Sandhu MRS, Gruenbaum SE, Deshpande K, Dai F, Zaveri HP, Eid T. Oral glutamine supplementation increases seizure severity in a rodent model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Nutr Neurosci 2022; 25:64-69. [PMID: 31900092 PMCID: PMC8970572 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1708568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Glutamine synthetase (GS) is the only enzyme known to synthesize significant amounts of glutamine in mammals, and loss of GS in the hippocampus has been implicated in the pathophysiology of medication refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Moreover, loss-of-function mutations of the GS gene causes severe epileptic encephalopathy, and supplementation with glutamine has been shown to normalize EEG and possibly improve the outcome in these patients. Here we examined whether oral glutamine supplementation is an effective treatment for MTLE by assessing the frequency and severity of seizures after supplementation in a translationally relevant model of the disease.Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats (380-400 g) were allowed to drink unlimited amounts of glutamine in water (3.6% w/v; n = 8) or pure water (n = 8) for several weeks. Ten days after the start of glutamine supplementation, GS was chronically inhibited in the hippocampus to induce MTLE. Continuous video-intracranial EEG was collected for 21 days to determine the frequency and severity of seizures.Results: While there was no change in seizure frequency between the groups, the proportion of convulsive seizures was significantly higher in glutamine treated animals during the first three days of GS inhibition.Conclusion: The results suggest that oral glutamine supplementation transiently increases seizure severity in the initial stages of an epilepsy model, indicating a potential role of the amino acid in seizure propagation and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Dhaher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Correspondence Roni Dhaher, PhD, Associate Research Scientist in Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., P.O. Box 208035, New Haven, CT 06520-8035, USA, Fax: +1-203-688-8597,
| | - Eric C. Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Edgar Perez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Amedeo Rapuano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Shaun E. Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ketaki Deshpande
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Feng Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hitten P. Zaveri
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Topological Characteristics Associated with Intraoperative Stimulation Related Epilepsy of Glioma Patients: A DTI Network Study. Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010060. [PMID: 35053803 PMCID: PMC8774024 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Awake craniotomy with intraoperative stimulation has been utilized in glioma surgical resection to preserve the quality of life. Epilepsy may occur in 5–20% of cases, leading to severe consequences. This study aimed to discuss the mechanism of intraoperative stimulation-related epilepsy (ISE) using DTI-based graph theoretical analysis. Methods: Twenty patients with motor-area glioma were enrolled and divided into two groups (Ep and nEp) according to the presence of ISE. Additionally, a group of 10 healthy participants matched by age, sex, and years of education was also included. All participants underwent T1, T2, and DTI examinations. Graph theoretical analysis was applied to reveal the topological characteristics of white matter networks. Results: Three connections were found to be significantly lower in at least one weighting in the Ep group. These connections were between A1/2/3truL and A4ulL, A1/2/3truR and A4tR, and A6mL and A6mR. Global efficiency was significantly decreased, while the shortest path length increased in the Ep group in at least one weighting. Ten nodes exhibited significant differences in nodal efficiency and degree centrality analyses. The nodes A6mL and A6mR showed a marked decrease in total four weightings in the Ep group. Conclusions: The hub nodes A6mL and A6mR are disconnected in patients with ISE, causing subsequent lower efficiency of global and regional networks. These findings provide a basis for presurgical assessment of ISE, for which caution should be taken when it involves hub nodes during intraoperative electrical stimulation.
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Long-term changes in neuroimaging markers, cognitive function and psychiatric symptoms in an experimental model of Gulf War Illness. Life Sci 2021; 285:119971. [PMID: 34560085 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multi-symptom disease with debilitating cognitive and emotional impairments in veterans. GWI, like epilepsy, is caused by chemical neurotoxicity and manifests from disturbances in neuronal excitability. However, the mechanisms underlying such devastating neurological and psychiatric symptoms remain unclear. Here we investigated the long-term changes in neural behavior and brain structural abnormalities in a rat model of GWI. GWI is linked to exposure to GWI-related organophosphate chemicals (pyridostigmine bromide or PB and insecticide DEET, permethrin) during the stressful Gulf war. METHODS To mimic GWI, we generated an experimental GWI prototype in rats by daily exposure to GWI-related chemicals with restraint stress (GWIR-CS) for 4 weeks. Changes in MRI scan and cognitive function were assessed at 5- and 10- months post-exposure. KEY FINDINGS In MRI scans, rats displayed significant increases in lateral ventricle T2 relaxation times at both 5- and 10-months after GWIR-CS, indicating alterations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) density. Furthermore, at 10 months, there were significant decreases in the volumes of the hippocampus and thalamus and an increase in the lateral ventricle volume. At both time points, they exhibited impairments in multiple neurobehavioral tests, confirming substantial deficits in memory and mood function. GWI-CS rats also displayed aggressive behavior and a marked decrease in social interaction and forced swimming, indicating depression. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that chronic GWIR-CS exposure led to cognitive and psychiatric symptoms with concurrent neuroimaging abnormalities in CSF, with morphological neural lesions, demonstrating the role of divergent etiological mechanisms in GWI and its comorbidities.
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Inhibition of Glutamate Release, but Not of Glutamine Recycling to Glutamate, Is Involved in Delaying the Onset of Initial Lithium-Pilocarpine-Induced Seizures in Young Rats by a Non-Convulsive MSO Dose. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011127. [PMID: 34681786 PMCID: PMC8536987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial seizures observed in young rats during the 60 min after administration of pilocarpine (Pilo) were delayed and attenuated by pretreatment with a non-convulsive dose of methionine sulfoximine (MSO). We hypothesized that the effect of MSO results from a) glutamine synthetase block-mediated inhibition of conversion of Glu/Gln precursors to neurotransmitter Glu, and/or from b) altered synaptic Glu release. Pilo was administered 60 min prior to sacrifice, MSO at 75 mg/kg, i.p., 2.5 h earlier. [1,2-13C]acetate and [U-13C]glucose were i.p.-injected either together with Pilo (short period) or 15 min before sacrifice (long period). Their conversion to Glu and Gln in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex was followed using [13C] gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Release of in vitro loaded Glu surrogate, [3H]d-Asp from ex vivo brain slices was monitored in continuously collected superfusates. [3H]d-Asp uptake was tested in freshly isolated brain slices. At no time point nor brain region did MSO modify incorporation of [13C] to Glu or Gln in Pilo-treated rats. MSO pretreatment decreased by ~37% high potassium-induced [3H]d-Asp release, but did not affect [3H]d-Asp uptake. The results indicate that MSO at a non-convulsive dose delays the initial Pilo-induced seizures by interfering with synaptic Glu-release but not with neurotransmitter Glu recycling.
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Wang W, Wu Y, Li X, Li L, Sun K, Yan S. Altered plasma glutamate and glutamine levels in patients with drug-resistant and drug-responsive symptomatic focal epilepsy. NEUROSCIENCES (RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA) 2021; 26:315-322. [PMID: 34663703 PMCID: PMC9037768 DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2021.4.20210041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the levels of plasma glutamate and glutamine in drug-resistant or drug-responsive symptomatic focal epilepsy. Dysfunctional glutamate neurotransmission plays an essential role in epilepsy pathophysiology. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 80 drug-resistant and 42 drug-responsive symptomatic focal epileptic patients and 132 healthy controls from June 2017 to February 2018. Plasma glutamate and glutamine levels were assessed via high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Patients with drug-resistant symptomatic focal epilepsy had significantly higher plasma glutamate levels than healthy controls, whereas those with the drug-responsive disease had higher plasma glutamine levels than healthy controls. These results indicate that plasma glutamate and glutamine levels can discriminate patients with drug-resistant and drug-responsive symptomatic focal epilepsy from control individuals with the areas under the curve values of 0.931 and 0.72, respectively. CONCLUSION Elevated plasma glutamate levels are associated with drug-resistant symptomatic focal epilepsy and may aid the diagnosis of drug-resistant symptomatic focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
| | - Yanchuan Wu
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoling Li
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Li
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
| | - Ke Sun
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
| | - Suying Yan
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
- Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Suying Yan, Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. E-mail: ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7223-6467
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Farina MG, Sandhu MRS, Parent M, Sanganahalli BG, Derbin M, Dhaher R, Wang H, Zaveri HP, Zhou Y, Danbolt NC, Hyder F, Eid T. Small loci of astroglial glutamine synthetase deficiency in the postnatal brain cause epileptic seizures and impaired functional connectivity. Epilepsia 2021; 62:2858-2870. [PMID: 34536233 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The astroglial enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) is deficient in small loci in the brain in adult patients with different types of focal epilepsy; however, the role of this deficiency in the pathogenesis of epilepsy has been difficult to assess due to a lack of sufficiently sensitive and specific animal models. The aim of this study was to develop an in vivo approach for precise and specific deletions of the GS gene in the postnatal brain. METHODS We stereotaxically injected various adeno-associated virus (AAV)-Cre recombinase constructs into the hippocampal formation and neocortex in 22-70-week-old GSflox/flox mice to knock out the GS gene in a specific and focal manner. The mice were subjected to seizure threshold determination, continuous video-electroencephalographic recordings, advanced in vivo neuroimaging, and immunocytochemistry for GS. RESULTS The construct AAV8-glial fibrillary acidic protein-green fluorescent protein-Cre eliminated GS in >99% of astrocytes in the injection center with a gradual return to full GS expression toward the periphery. Such focal GS deletion reduced seizure threshold, caused spontaneous recurrent seizures, and diminished functional connectivity. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that small loci of GS deficiency in the postnatal brain are sufficient to cause epilepsy and impaired functional connectivity. Additionally, given the high specificity and precise spatial resolution of our GS knockdown approach, we anticipate that this model will be extremely useful for rigorous in vivo and ex vivo studies of astroglial GS function at the brain-region and single-cell levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell G Farina
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mani Ratnesh S Sandhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maxime Parent
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Basavaraju G Sanganahalli
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew Derbin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Helen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hitten P Zaveri
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels C Danbolt
- Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Chen G, Zhang Z, Wang M, Geng Y, Jin B, Aung T. Update on the Neuroimaging and Electroencephalographic Biomarkers of Epileptogenesis: A Literature Review. Front Neurol 2021; 12:738658. [PMID: 34512540 PMCID: PMC8429485 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.738658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common debilitating neurological disorders that lead to severe socio-cognitive dysfunction. While there are currently more than 30 antiseizure medications available for the treatment and prevention of seizures, none address the prevention of epileptogenesis that leading to the development of epilepsy following a potential brain insult. Hence, there is a growing need for the identification of accurate biomarkers of epileptogenesis that enable the prediction of epilepsy following a known brain insult. Although recent studies using various neuroimages and electroencephalography have found promising biomarkers of epileptogenesis, their utility needs to be further validated in larger clinical trials. In this literature review, we searched the Medline, Pubmed, and Embase databases using the following search algorithm: "epileptogenesis" and "biomarker" and "EEG" or "electroencephalography" or "neuroimaging" limited to publications in English. We presented a comprehensive overview of recent innovations in the role of neuroimaging and EEG in identifying reliable biomarkers of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheyu Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Geng
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Thandar Aung
- Epilepsy Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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14
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Schmidt MH, Crocker CE, Abdolell M, Ghuman MS, Pohlmann-Eden B. Toward individualized prediction of seizure recurrence: Hippocampal neuroimaging features in a cohort of patients from a first seizure clinic. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 122:108118. [PMID: 34144462 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We performed an exploratory analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) and neuroimaging data from a cohort of 51 patients with first seizure (FS) and new-onset epilepsy (NOE) to identify variables, or combinations of variables, that might discriminate between clinical trajectories over a one-year period and yield potential biomarkers of epileptogenesis. METHODS Patients underwent EEG, hippocampal and whole brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) within six weeks of the index seizure, and repeat neuroimaging one year later. We classified patients with FS as having had a single seizure (FS-SS) or having converted to epilepsy (FS-CON) after one year and performed logistic regression to identify combinations of variables that might discriminate between FS-SS and FS-CON, and between FS-SS and the combined group FS-CON + NOE. We performed paired t-tests to assess changes in quantitative variables over time. RESULTS Several combinations of variables derived from hippocampal structural MRI, DTI, and MRS provided excellent discrimination between FS-SS and FS-CON in our sample, with areas under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) ranging from 0.924 to 1. They also provided excellent discrimination between FS-SS and the combined group FS-CON + NOE in our sample, with AUROC ranging from 0.902 to 1. After one year, hippocampal fractional anisotropy (FA) increased bilaterally, hippocampal radial diffusivity (RD) decreased on the side with the larger initial measurement, and whole brain axial diffusivity (AD) increased in patients with FS-SS; hippocampal volume decreased on the side with the larger initial measurement, hippocampal FA increased bilaterally, hippocampal RD decreased bilaterally and whole brain AD, FA and mean diffusivity increased in the combined group FS-CON + NOE (corrected threshold for significance, q = 0.017). CONCLUSION We propose a prospective, multicenter study to develop and test models for the prediction of seizure recurrence in patients after a first seizure, based on hippocampal neuroimaging. Further longitudinal neuroimaging studies in patients with a first seizure and new-onset epilepsy may provide clues to the microstructural changes occurring at the earliest stages of epilepsy and yield biomarkers of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias H Schmidt
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
| | - Candice E Crocker
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Mohamed Abdolell
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Mandeep S Ghuman
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Bernd Pohlmann-Eden
- Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Division of Neurology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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15
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Luna-Munguia H, Marquez-Bravo L, Concha L. Longitudinal changes in gray and white matter microstructure during epileptogenesis in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats. Seizure 2021; 90:130-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Factors affecting interictal unilateral and bilateral discharges and ictal diffusion patterns of scalp electroencephalogram in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:507-515. [PMID: 33942172 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interictal discharges of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) can be unilateral or bilateral. In addition, the ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) showed the discharges also tend to spread to the contralateral brain in TLE. OBJECTIVE The factors influencing unilateral and bilateral interictal discharges in TLE as well as ictal diffusion patterns in scalp EEG during onset of seizure were evaluated in the present study. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of 129 patients with TLE. Cases were classified into unilateral and bilateral discharge groups based on interictal discharge patterns in the EEG. Differences between the two groups in age, gender, disease duration, seizure frequency, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, origin of TLE, antiepileptic drug (AED) administration, and ictal diffusion patterns during seizures were statistically analyzed. In addition, the differences in ictal diffusion patterns between left and right TLE were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were not observed in gender, disease duration, seizure frequency, MRI findings, administration of AEDs, and ictal diffusion patterns between interictal unilateral and bilateral discharge groups but with statistically significant differences in age and side of origin of the TLE. In addition, whether the EEG-recorded diffusion pattern was confined to the same hemisphere or spread to both hemispheres was investigated and shown statistically significant differences between the left and right temporal lobes. CONCLUSIONS Age and side of origin of TLE affects the TLE interictal discharge patterns. Older patients are more prone to bilateral discharges. Bilateral discharges are more common in right TLE, and the onset of EEG more likely to bilateral diffusion in right TLE.
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17
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Morgan VL, Johnson GW, Cai LY, Landman BA, Schilling KG, Englot DJ, Rogers BP, Chang C. MRI network progression in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy related to healthy brain architecture. Netw Neurosci 2021; 5:434-450. [PMID: 34189372 PMCID: PMC8233120 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured MRI network progression in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) patients as a function of healthy brain architecture. Resting-state functional MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI were acquired in 40 unilateral mTLE patients and 70 healthy controls. Data were used to construct region-to-region functional connectivity, structural connectivity, and streamline length connectomes per subject. Three models of distance from the presumed seizure focus in the anterior hippocampus in the healthy brain were computed using the average connectome across controls. A fourth model was defined using regions of transmodal (higher cognitive function) to unimodal (perceptual) networks across a published functional gradient in the healthy brain. These models were used to test whether network progression in patients increased when distance from the anterior hippocampus or along a functional gradient in the healthy brain decreases. Results showed that alterations of structural and functional networks in mTLE occur in greater magnitude in regions of the brain closer to the seizure focus based on healthy brain topology, and decrease as distance from the focus increases over duration of disease. Overall, this work provides evidence that changes across the brain in focal epilepsy occur along healthy brain architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Morgan
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Graham W. Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Leon Y. Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bennett A. Landman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kurt G. Schilling
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dario J. Englot
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Baxter P. Rogers
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Catie Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Sandhu MRS, Gruenbaum BF, Gruenbaum SE, Dhaher R, Deshpande K, Funaro MC, Lee TSW, Zaveri HP, Eid T. Astroglial Glutamine Synthetase and the Pathogenesis of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:665334. [PMID: 33927688 PMCID: PMC8078591 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.665334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS), also referred to as glutamate ammonia ligase, is abundant in astrocytes and catalyzes the conversion of ammonia and glutamate to glutamine. Deficiency or dysfunction of astrocytic GS in discrete brain regions have been associated with several types of epilepsy, including medically-intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), neocortical epilepsies, and glioblastoma-associated epilepsy. Moreover, experimental inhibition or deletion of GS in the entorhinal-hippocampal territory of laboratory animals causes an MTLE-like syndrome characterized by spontaneous, recurrent hippocampal-onset seizures, loss of hippocampal neurons, and in some cases comorbid depressive-like features. The goal of this review is to summarize and discuss the possible roles of astroglial GS in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Melissa C Funaro
- Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Hitten P Zaveri
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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19
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Dhaher R, Gruenbaum SE, Sandhu MRS, Ottestad-Hansen S, Tu N, Wang Y, Lee TSW, Deshpande K, Spencer DD, Danbolt NC, Zaveri HP, Eid T. Network-Related Changes in Neurotransmitters and Seizure Propagation During Rodent Epileptogenesis. Neurology 2021; 96:e2261-e2271. [PMID: 33722994 PMCID: PMC8166437 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that glutamate and GABA are linked to the formation of epilepsy networks and the triggering of spontaneous seizures, we examined seizure initiation/propagation characteristics and neurotransmitter levels during epileptogenesis in a translationally relevant rodent model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS The glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitor methionine sulfoximine was infused into one of the hippocampi in laboratory rats to create a seizure focus. Long-term video-intracranial EEG recordings and brain microdialysis combined with mass spectrometry were used to examine seizure initiation, seizure propagation, and extracellular brain levels of glutamate and GABA. RESULTS All seizures (n = 78 seizures, n = 3 rats) appeared first in the GS-inhibited hippocampus of all animals, followed by propagation to the contralateral hippocampus. Propagation time decreased significantly from 11.65 seconds early in epileptogenesis (weeks 1-2) to 6.82 seconds late in epileptogenesis (weeks 3-4, paired t test, p = 0.025). Baseline extracellular glutamate levels were 11.6-fold higher in the hippocampus of seizure propagation (7.3 µM) vs the hippocampus of seizure onset (0.63 µM, analysis of variance/Fisher least significant difference, p = 0.01), even though the concentrations of the major glutamate transporter proteins excitatory amino acid transporter subtypes 1 and 2 and xCT were unchanged between the brain regions. Finally, extracellular GABA in the seizure focus decreased significantly from baseline several hours before a spontaneous seizure (paired t test/false discovery rate). CONCLUSION The changes in glutamate and GABA suggest novel and potentially important roles of the amino acids in epilepsy network formation and in the initiation and propagation of spontaneous seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Dhaher
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Shaun E Gruenbaum
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mani Ratnesh S Sandhu
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid Ottestad-Hansen
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathan Tu
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Yue Wang
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Tih-Shih W Lee
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ketaki Deshpande
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis D Spencer
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels Christian Danbolt
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Hitten P Zaveri
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Eid
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (R.D., M.R.S.S., N.T., Y.W., K.D., T.E.), Anesthesiology (S.E.G.), Neurosurgery (D.D.S.), Psychiatry (T.-S.W.L.), and Neurology (H.P.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Department of Molecular Medicine (S.O.-H., N.C.D.), Division of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
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20
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Reddy SD, Wu X, Kuruba R, Sridhar V, Reddy DS. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of long-term neuropathology after exposure to the nerve agent soman: correlation with histopathology and neurological dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:116-135. [PMID: 32671850 PMCID: PMC7708405 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents (NAs) produce acute and long-term brain injury and dysfunction, as evident from the Japan and Syria incidents. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a versatile technique to examine such chronic anatomical, functional, and neuronal damage in the brain. The objective of this study was to investigate long-term structural and neuronal lesion abnormalities in rats exposed to acute soman intoxication. T2-weighted MRI images of 10 control and 17 soman-exposed rats were acquired using a Siemens MRI system at 90 days after soman exposure. Quantification of brain tissue volumes and T2 signal intensity was conducted using the Inveon Research Workplace software and the extent of damage was correlated with histopathology and cognitive function. Soman-exposed rats showed drastic hippocampal atrophy with neuronal loss and reduced hippocampal volume (HV), indicating severe damage, but had similar T2 relaxation times to the control group, suggesting limited scarring and fluid density changes despite the volume decrease. Conversely, soman-exposed rats displayed significant increases in lateral ventricle volumes and T2 times, signifying strong cerebrospinal fluid expansion in compensation for tissue atrophy. The total brain volume, thalamic volume, and thalamic T2 time were similar in both groups, however, suggesting that some brain regions remained more intact long-term after soman intoxication. The MRI neuronal lesions were positively correlated with the histological markers of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation 90 days after soman exposure. The predominant MRI hippocampal atrophy (25%) was highly consistent with massive reduction (35%) of neuronal nuclear antigen-positive (NeuN+ ) principal neurons and parvalbumin-positive (PV+ ) inhibitory interneurons within this brain region. The HV was significantly correlated with both inflammatory markers of GFAP+ astrogliosis and IBA1+ microgliosis. The reduced HV was also directly correlated with significant memory deficits in the soman-exposed cohort, confirming a possible neurobiological basis for neurological dysfunction. Together, these findings provide powerful insight on long-term region-specific neurodegenerative patterns after soman exposure and demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo neuroimaging to monitor neuropathology, predict the risk of neurological deficits, and evaluate response to medical countermeasures for NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh D Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Ramkumar Kuruba
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Vidya Sridhar
- Texas A&M Institute for Preclinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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Zaveri HP, Schelter B, Schevon CA, Jiruska P, Jefferys JGR, Worrell G, Schulze-Bonhage A, Joshi RB, Jirsa V, Goodfellow M, Meisel C, Lehnertz K. Controversies on the network theory of epilepsy: Debates held during the ICTALS 2019 conference. Seizure 2020; 78:78-85. [PMID: 32272333 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Debates on six controversial topics on the network theory of epilepsy were held during two debate sessions, as part of the International Conference for Technology and Analysis of Seizures, 2019 (ICTALS 2019) convened at the University of Exeter, UK, September 2-5 2019. The debate topics were (1) From pathologic to physiologic: is the epileptic network part of an existing large-scale brain network? (2) Are micro scale recordings pertinent for defining the epileptic network? (3) From seconds to years: do we need all temporal scales to define an epileptic network? (4) Is it necessary to fully define the epileptic network to control it? (5) Is controlling seizures sufficient to control the epileptic network? (6) Does the epileptic network want to be controlled? This article, written by the organizing committee for the debate sessions and the debaters, summarizes the arguments presented during the debates on these six topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitten P Zaveri
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Björn Schelter
- Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | | | - Premysl Jiruska
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John G R Jefferys
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Gregory Worrell
- Mayo Systems Electrophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Rasesh B Joshi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Viktor Jirsa
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Goodfellow
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Christian Meisel
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Lehnertz
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Complex Systems, University of Bonn, Brühler Str. 7, 53175 Bonn, Germany.
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Jiang Y, Liu DF, Zhang X, Liu HG, Zhang JG. Microstructure and functional connectivity-based evidence for memory-related regional impairments in the brains of pilocarpine-treated rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 154:127-134. [PMID: 31756422 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) frequently suffer from memory disorders, and the pathological changes show widespread regional impairments in the brain. In lithium-pilocarpine (LIP)-treated rats with TLE, an abnormal hippocampal microstructure and functional connectivity have been observed. However, changes in other brain regions are still unclear. In the present study, diffusion tensor imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals were collected in LIP-TLE rats and controls using a 7.0 T MRI. Microstructural parameters and functional connectivity were calculated among regions of interest (ROIs), including the bilateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. A correlation analysis was further performed between the neuroimaging results and the behavioral performance in the novel object and novel location memory tests. In our results, TLE rats showed increased fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the hippocampus and decreased FA values in the amygdala and entorhinal cortex. In addition, decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and the CA3, and increased connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the CA1 were observed in the TLE rats compared to control rats. Moreover, FA values in the amygdala, the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex, as well as the amygdala-CA3 and the prefrontal-CA1 connectivity correlated with the memory performance. Based on our results, both the microstructure and functional connections were impaired in memory-related brain regions of LIP-TLE rats. Furthermore, the abnormal changes in the microstructure and functional connectivity were related to behavioral deficits in object and location memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Jiang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China.
| | - De-Feng Liu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Guang Liu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China; Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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23
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Eid T, Lee TSW, Patrylo P, Zaveri HP. Astrocytes and Glutamine Synthetase in Epileptogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1345-1362. [PMID: 30022509 PMCID: PMC6338538 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cellular, molecular, and metabolic mechanisms that underlie the development of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy are incompletely understood. Here we review the role of astrocytes in epilepsy development (a.k.a. epileptogenesis), particularly astrocyte pathologies related to: aquaporin 4, the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1, monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT2, excitatory amino acid transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2, and glutamine synthetase. We propose that inhibition, dysfunction or loss of astrocytic glutamine synthetase is an important causative factor for some epilepsies, particularly mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and glioblastoma-associated epilepsy. We postulate that the regulatory mechanisms of glutamine synthetase as well as the downstream effects of glutamine synthetase dysfunction, represent attractive, new targets for antiepileptogenic interventions. Currently, no antiepileptogenic therapies are available for human use. The discovery of such interventions is important as it will fundamentally change the way we approach epilepsy by preventing the disease from ever becoming manifest after an epileptogenic insult to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo
| | | | - Peter Patrylo
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
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24
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Gummadavelli A, Zaveri HP, Spencer DD, Gerrard JL. Expanding Brain-Computer Interfaces for Controlling Epilepsy Networks: Novel Thalamic Responsive Neurostimulation in Refractory Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:474. [PMID: 30108472 PMCID: PMC6079216 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seizures have traditionally been considered hypersynchronous excitatory events and epilepsy has been separated into focal and generalized epilepsy based largely on the spatial distribution of brain regions involved at seizure onset. Epilepsy, however, is increasingly recognized as a complex network disorder that may be distributed and dynamic. Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) is a recent technology that utilizes intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) to detect seizures and delivers stimulation to cortical and subcortical brain structures for seizure control. RNS has particular significance in the clinical treatment of medically refractory epilepsy and brain–computer interfaces in epilepsy. Closed loop RNS represents an important step forward to understand and target nodes in the seizure network. The thalamus is a central network node within several functional networks and regulates input to the cortex; clinically, several thalamic nuclei are safe and feasible targets. We highlight the network theory of epilepsy, potential targets for neuromodulation in epilepsy and the first reported use of RNS as a first generation brain–computer interface to detect and stimulate the centromedian intralaminar thalamic nucleus in a patient with bilateral cortical onset of seizures. We propose that advances in network analysis and neuromodulatory techniques using brain–computer interfaces will significantly improve outcomes in patients with epilepsy. There are numerous avenues of future direction in brain–computer interface devices including multi-modal sensors, flexible electrode arrays, multi-site targeting, and wireless communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Gummadavelli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hitten P Zaveri
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Dennis D Spencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jason L Gerrard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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25
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Bao Y, He R, Zeng Q, Zhu P, Zheng R, Xu H. Investigation of microstructural abnormalities in white and gray matter around hippocampus with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Epilepsy Behav 2018; 83:44-49. [PMID: 29653337 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to apply diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate microstructural abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with and without hippocampal sclerosis (HS). MATERIALS Totally, 19 patients with TLE with HS and 23 patients with TLE without HS were included. Fiber tracking fibers focused on the parahippocampal cingulum (PHC), cingulate gyrus (CG), and fornix (FORX). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values were obtained, and hippocampal volumes were measured. RESULTS Compared with the contralateral side, for the HS group, FA values of ipsilateral CG and FORX were significantly decreased, and MD value of ipsilateral hippocampus was significantly higher, with significantly declined ipsilateral hippocampal volume. For the MRI-Neg group, FA values of ipsilateral CG, FORX, and hippocampus were significantly decreased, while MD values of ipsilateral FORX and hippocampus were significantly higher. Moreover, for the MRI-Neg group, the FA value of contralateral PHC was significantly decreased. Fractional anisotropy values of ipsilateral CG for both groups were significantly decreased, and FA value of ipsilateral FORX for the HS group was significantly decreased. Furthermore, MD value of ipsilateral hippocampus for the HS group was significantly higher, and FA value of ipsilateral hippocampus for the MRI-Neg group was significantly decreased. In addition, ipsilateral hippocampal volumes for both groups were significantly decreased. Fractional anisotropy value of ipsilateral CG and FORX had a correlation with the seizure frequency. CONCLUSION Diffusion tensor imaging can detect microstructural abnormalities in brain from patients with TLE, which might be hard to find with routine Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Bao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China; Department of Neurology, No. 2 Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruqian He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingyi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongyuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiqin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China.
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26
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The roles of surgery and technology in understanding focal epilepsy and its comorbidities. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:373-382. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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Zhao X, Yang R, Wang K, Zhang Z, Wang J, Tan X, Zhang J, Mei Y, Chan Q, Xu J, Feng Q, Xu Y. Connectivity-based parcellation of the nucleus accumbens into core and shell portions for stereotactic target localization and alterations in each NAc subdivision in mTLE patients. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:1232-1245. [PMID: 29266652 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc), an important target of deep brain stimulation for some neuropsychiatric disorders, is thought to be involved in epileptogenesis, especially the shell portion. However, little is known about the exact parcellation within the NAc, and its structural abnormalities or connections alterations of each NAc subdivision in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. Here, we used diffusion probabilistic tractography to subdivide the NAc into core and shell portions in individual TLE patients to guide stereotactic localization of NAc shell. The structural and connection abnormalities in each NAc subdivision in the groups were then estimated. We successfully segmented the NAc in 24 of 25 controls, 14 of 16 left TLE patients, and 14 of 18 right TLE patients. Both left and right TLE patients exhibited significantly decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased radial diffusivity (RD) in the shell, while there was no significant alteration in the core. Moreover, relatively distinct structural connectivity of each NAc subdivision was demonstrated. More extensive connection abnormalities were detected in the NAc shell in TLE patients. Our results indicate that neuronal degeneration and damage caused by seizure mainly exists in NAc shell and provide anatomical evidence to support the role of NAc shell in epileptogenesis. Remarkably, those NAc shell tracts with increased connectivities in TLE patients were found decreased in FA, which indicates disruption of fiber integrity. This finding suggests the regeneration of aberrant connections, a compensatory and repair process ascribed to recurrent seizures that constitutes part of the characteristic changes in the epileptic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zhao
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ru Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kewan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | | | - Junling Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiangliang Tan
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yingjie Mei
- Philips Healthcare, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, China
| | | | - Jun Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qianjin Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yikai Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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