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Chen J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang Q. The primary neurotoxic factor, Lansamide I, from Clausena lansium fruits and metabolic dysfunction invoked. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114087. [PMID: 37804914 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Wampee (Clausena lansium) is a common fruit in South Asia. The pulp is a tasty food, and the seed is a typical traditional herb in China. However, we identified a primary toxic compound, Lansamide I, by NMR and X-ray diffraction of single-crystal. The compound occurred at 4.17 ± 0.16 mg/kg of dried seed and 0.08 ± 0.01 g/kg of fresh fruit. In our phenotype-based toxicity investigation, the compound caused decreased hatchability of zebrafish eggs, increased malformations such as enlarged yolk sacs and pericardial edema, and delayed body length development. Moreover, the compound also caused nerve cell damage and decreased locomotor activity. The compound caused an increase in peroxidation levels in vivo, with increases in both malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels, but did not interfere with acetylcholinesterase levels. Metabolomic studies found that the compound caused significant up-regulation of 16 metabolites, mainly amino acids and peptides, which were involved in the nucleotide metabolism pathway and the betaine biosynthesis module. The qRT-PCR revealed that the substance interfered with the mRNA expression of tat and dctpp. These discoveries offer fresh perspectives on the toxicity mechanisms and metabolic response to the primary harmful molecules in wampee, which could inform the rational usage of wampee resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuru Zhang
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China.
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Abstract
Metabolomics is the laboratory analysis and scientific study of the metabolome—that is, the entire collection of small molecule chemicals in an organism. The metabolome represents the functional state of an organism and provides a multifaceted readout of the aggregate activity of endogenous (cellular) and exogenous (environmental) processes. In this review, we discuss how the integrative and dynamic properties of the metabolome create unique opportunities to study complex pathologies that evolve and oscillate over time, like epilepsy. We explain how the scientific progress and clinical applications of metabolomics remain hampered by biological and technical challenges, and we propose best practices to overcome these challenges so that metabolomics can be used in a rigorous and effective manner to further epilepsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Eid
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, of Neurosurgery, and of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
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Guerrero-Molina MP, Morales-Conejo M, Delmiro A, Morán M, Domínguez-González C, Arranz-Canales E, Ramos-González A, Arenas J, Martín MA, González de la Aleja J. Elevated glutamate and decreased glutamine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with MELAS syndrome. J Neurol 2022; 269:3238-3248. [PMID: 35088140 PMCID: PMC8794606 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in the MT-TL1 gene. The pathophysiology of neurological manifestations is still unclear, but neuronal hyperexcitability and neuron–astrocyte uncoupling have been suggested. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is linked to glucose oxidation and mitochondrial metabolism in astrocytes and neurons. Given the relevance of neuron–astrocyte metabolic coupling and astrocyte function regulating energetic metabolism, we aimed to assess glutamate and glutamine CSF levels in MELAS patients. Methods This prospective observational case–control study determined glutamate and glutamine CSF levels in patients with MELAS syndrome and compared them with controls. The plasma and CSF levels of the remaining amino acids and lactate were also determined. Results Nine adult patients with MELAS syndrome (66.7% females mean age 35.8 ± 3.2 years) and 19 controls (63.2% females mean age 42.7 ± 3.8 years) were included. The CSF glutamate levels were significantly higher in patients with MELAS than in controls (18.48 ± 1.34 vs. 5.31 ± 1.09 μmol/L, p < 0.001). Significantly lower glutamine concentrations in patients with MELAS than controls were shown in CSF (336.31 ± 12.92 vs. 407.06 ± 15.74 μmol/L, p = 0.017). Moreover, the CSF levels of alanine, the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and lactate were significantly higher in patients with MELAS. Conclusions Our results suggest the glutamate–glutamine cycle is altered probably due to metabolic imbalance, and as a result, the lactate–alanine and BCAA–glutamate cycles are upregulated. These findings might have therapeutic implications in MELAS syndrome. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-021-10942-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Guerrero-Molina
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Morales-Conejo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,National Reference Center for Congenital Errors of Metabolism (CSUR) an European Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Disease (MetabERN), University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Delmiro
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Madrid, Spain.,Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute ('imas12'), University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Morán
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Madrid, Spain.,Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute ('imas12'), University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez-González
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute ('imas12'), University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Arranz-Canales
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,National Reference Center for Congenital Errors of Metabolism (CSUR) an European Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Disease (MetabERN), University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramos-González
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Madrid, Spain.,Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute ('imas12'), University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Madrid, Spain.,Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute ('imas12'), University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús González de la Aleja
- National Reference Center for Congenital Errors of Metabolism (CSUR) an European Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Disease (MetabERN), University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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