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Morrison RE, Ndayishimiye E, Stoinski TS, Eckardt W. Multiple mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance used simultaneously in a wild ape. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231808. [PMID: 37848059 PMCID: PMC10581766 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mating with close kin can have considerable negative fitness consequences, which are expected to result in selective pressure for inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, such as dispersal, mate choice and post-copulatory biases. Captive studies have suggested that inbreeding avoidance through mate choice is far less widespread than expected and may be absent where other mechanisms already limit inbreeding. However, few studies have examined multiple mechanisms of inbreeding avoidance simultaneously, particularly in the wild. We use 13 years of detailed dispersal, copulation and paternity data from mountain gorillas to examine inbreeding avoidance. We find that partial dispersal of both sexes results in high kinship in multimale groups, but that copulations between close kin occur 40% less than expected. We find strong kin discrimination in mate choice, with significant avoidance of maternal kin but more limited avoidance of paternal kin. We find no evidence for post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance. Our analyses support familiarity-based mechanisms of kin identification and age-based avoidance that limits mating between fathers and daughters in their natal group. Our findings demonstrate that multiple complementary mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance can evolve in a single species and suggest that inbreeding avoidance through mate choice may enable more flexible dispersal systems to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E. Morrison
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, Musanze, Rwanda
- Human Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Yadav T, Mishra G. Effect of victim relatedness on cannibalistic behaviour of ladybird beetle, Cheilomenes sexmaculata Fabricius (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Behav Processes 2023; 206:104835. [PMID: 36706823 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cannibalism is taxonomically widespread and has a large impact on the individuals' fitness and population dynamics. Thus, identifying how the rates of cannibalism are affected by different ecological cues is crucial for predicting species evolution and population dynamics. In current experiment, we investigated how victim relatedness affects the cannibalistic tendencies of different life stages of ladybird, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, which is highly cannibalistic. We provided larval instars and newly emerged adults of C. sexmaculata with a choice of sibling, half-sibling and non-sibling conspecific eggs as victim of cannibalism. First victim cannibalised and latency to cannibalise were observed along with total number of victims cannibalised after 24 h. First preference of victim did not differ with life stages of the cannibals though the number of victims cannibalized did increase with advancement in stage. Percent egg cannibalism also varied significantly with life stage and victim relatedness. First and second instars tend to cannibalise more percentage of sibling and non-sibling eggs while third instars cannibalised more percentage of non-sibling eggs; fourth instars and adults on the other hand cannibalised highest percentage of eggs irrespective of their relatedness. Insignificant effect of victim relatedness was observed on latency to cannibalise eggs, though it varied significantly with the cannibal's life stage. Shortest latency to cannibalise was recorded for first instars and longest for adults and second instars. In conclusion, kin recognition and avoidance of cannibalism is stage-specific, with fourth instar and newly emerged adults being less discriminatory as compared to early stages owing to increased evolutionary survival pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Yadav
- Research Scholar, Ladybird Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India.
| | - Geetanjali Mishra
- Professor, Ladybird Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India.
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de Fouchier A, Leroy C, Khila A, d'Ettorre P. Discrimination of non-nestmate early brood in ants: behavioural and chemical analyses. Anim Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Kanazawa S. The evolutionary novelty of childcare by and with strangers. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 221:105432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
SignificanceKin selection-helping genetically related individuals even at a cost to oneself-can be evolutionarily advantageous. This is the main theoretical explanation for altruism in the natural world. Hamilton's rule provides a simple algebraic relationship that captures this profound idea. While behavior consistent with Hamilton's rule has been observed in many species, a direct and sharp test of this rule has not yet been performed. In this paper, we employ techniques borrowed from experimental economics to test the predictions of Hamilton's rule. We find strong support for the rule. This result sheds light on the dominant role played by evolutionary biology in explaining human behavior.
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Gyuris P, Kozma L, Kisander Z, Láng A, Ferencz T, Kocsor F. Sibling Relations in Patchwork Families: Co-residence Is More Influential Than Genetic Relatedness. Front Psychol 2020; 11:993. [PMID: 32581916 PMCID: PMC7296113 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In "patchwork" families, full siblings, maternal and paternal half-siblings, and non-related children are raised together, and sometimes, genetically related children are separated. As their number is steadily growing, the investigation of the factors that influence within-family relations is becoming more important. Our aim was to explore whether people differentiate between half- and full-siblings in their social relations as implied by the theory of inclusive fitness, and to test whether co-residence or genetic relatedness improves sibling relations to a larger extent. We administered the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire to 196 individuals who were in contact with full-, half-, or step-siblings in their childhood. We built Generalized Linear Mixed Models models to test for the effects of relatedness and co-residence on sibling relations. In general, a higher degree of relatedness was associated with better sibling relations, but only among those who did not live together during childhood. Co-resident siblings' overall pattern of relation quality was not influenced by the actual level of genetic relatedness. In contrast to this, full siblings reported having experienced more conflicts during childhood than half-siblings, possibly resulting from enhanced competition for the same parental resources. The results suggest that inclusive fitness drives siblings' relations even in recent industrial societies. However, among individuals who live together, the effect of relatedness might be obscured by fitness interdependence and the subjective feeling of kinship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Gyuris
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Luca Kozma
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Kisander
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Láng
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tas Ferencz
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kocsor
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Schriver J, Perunovic WE, Brymer K, Hachey T. Do Relatives With Greater Reproductive Potential Get Help First?: A Test of the Inclusive Fitness Explanation of Kin Altruism. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 17:1474704919867094. [PMID: 31392902 PMCID: PMC10367187 DOI: 10.1177/1474704919867094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
According to inclusive fitness theory, people are more willing to help those they are genetically related to because relatives share a kin altruism gene and are able to pass it along. We tested this theory by examining the effect of reproductive potential on altruism. Participants read hypothetical scenarios and chose between cousins (Studies 1 and 2) and cousins and friends (Study 3) to help with mundane chores or a life-or-death rescue. In life-or-death situations, participants were more willing to help a cousin preparing to conceive rather than adopt a child (Study 1) and a cousin with high rather than low chance of reproducing (Studies 2 and 3). Patterns in the mundane condition were less consistent. Emotional closeness also contributed to helping intentions (Studies 1 and 2). By experimentally manipulating reproductive potential while controlling for genetic relatedness and emotional closeness, we provide a demonstration of the direct causal effects of reproductive potential on helping intentions, supporting the inclusive fitness explanation of kin altruism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Schriver
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | | | - Kyle Brymer
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Timothy Hachey
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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Cronk L, Steklis D, Steklis N, van den Akker OR, Aktipis A. Kin terms and fitness interdependence. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Yirmiya K, Segal NL, Bloch G, Knafo-Noam A. Prosocial and self-interested intra-twin pair behavior in monozygotic and dizygotic twins in the early to middle childhood transition. Dev Sci 2018; 21:e12665. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Yirmiya
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Nancy L. Segal
- Department of Psychology; California State University; Fullerton California USA
| | - Guy Bloch
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
- The Ferdermann Center for the Study of Rationality; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ariel Knafo-Noam
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
- The Ferdermann Center for the Study of Rationality; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
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Mateo JM. The ontogeny of kin-recognition mechanisms in Belding's ground squirrels. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:279-284. [PMID: 28242467 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research on the functions and mechanisms of kin recognition, little is known about developmental changes in the abilities mediating such recognition. Belding's ground squirrels, Urocitellus beldingi, use at least two mechanisms of kin recognition in nepotistic contexts: familiarity and phenotype matching. Because recognition templates develop from early associations with familiar kin (and/or with self), familiarity-based recognition should precede phenotype-matching recognition even though one template is thought to be used for both mechanisms. I used a cross-fostering design to produce individuals that differed in relatedness and familiarity. Two pups (one female and one male) were exchanged reciprocally between two litters within 48-h of birth. Every five days, from 15 to 30-d of age, young were exposed to bedding and oral-gland odors from their familiar foster mother and an unfamiliar unrelated female (familiarity test) and from their unfamiliar genetic mother and another unfamiliar unrelated female (phenotype-matching test). As expected, discrimination of odors based on familiarity was evident at all ages tested, whereas discrimination based on relatedness was not evident until 30-d. My results provide a first estimate for when phenotype-matching mechanisms are used by young Belding's ground squirrels, and thus when they can recognize unfamiliar kin such as older sisters or grandmothers. Belding's ground squirrels are the first species for which the development of the production, perception and action components is well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Mateo
- Department of Psychology, Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7601, USA.
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