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Graziano M, Solberg MF, Glover KA, Vasudeva R, Dyrhovden L, Murray D, Immler S, Gage MJG. Pre-fertilization gamete thermal environment influences reproductive success, unmasking opposing sex-specific responses in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:231427. [PMID: 38094267 PMCID: PMC10716643 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The environment gametes perform in just before fertilization is increasingly recognized to affect offspring fitness, yet the contributions of male and female gametes and their adaptive significance remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated gametic thermal plasticity and its effects on hatching success and embryo performance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Eggs and sperm were incubated overnight at 2°C or 8°C, temperatures within the optimal thermal range of this species. Crosses between warm- and cold-incubated gametes were compared using a full-factorial design, with half of each clutch reared in cold temperatures and the other in warm temperatures. This allowed disentangling single-sex interaction effects when pre-fertilization temperature of gametes mismatched embryonic conditions. Pre-fertilization temperature influenced hatch timing and synchrony, and matching sperm and embryo temperatures resulted in earlier hatching. Warm incubation benefited eggs but harmed sperm, reducing the hatching success and, overall, gametic thermal plasticity did not enhance offspring fitness, indicating vulnerability to thermal changes. We highlight the sensitivity of male gametes to higher temperatures, and that gamete acclimation may not effectively buffer against deleterious effects of thermal fluctuations. From an applied angle, we propose the differential storage of male and female gametes as a tool to enhance sustainability within the hatcheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Graziano
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Monica F. Solberg
- Population Genetics Group, Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kevin A. Glover
- Population Genetics Group, Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ramakrishnan Vasudeva
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lise Dyrhovden
- Population Genetics Group, Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - David Murray
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Simone Immler
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Matthew J. G. Gage
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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2
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Islam SS, Wringe BF, Bradbury IR, Fleming IA. Behavioural variation among divergent European and North American farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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3
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Rocha de Almeida T, Alix M, Le Cam A, Klopp C, Montfort J, Toomey L, Ledoré Y, Bobe J, Chardard D, Schaerlinger B, Fontaine P. Domestication may affect the maternal mRNA profile in unfertilized eggs, potentially impacting the embryonic development of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226878. [PMID: 31891603 PMCID: PMC6938363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication is an evolutionary process during which we expect populations to progressively adapt to an environment controlled by humans. It is accompanied by genetic and presumably epigenetic changes potentially leading to modifications in the transcriptomic profile in various tissues. Reproduction is a key function often affected by this process in numerous species, regardless of the mechanism. The maternal mRNA in fish eggs is crucial for the proper embryogenesis. Our working hypothesis is that modifications of maternal mRNAs may reflect potential genetic and/or epigenetic modifications occurring during domestication and could have consequences during embryogenesis. Consequently, we investigated the trancriptomic profile of unfertilized eggs from two populations of Eurasian perch. These two populations differed by their domestication histories (F1 vs. F7+-at least seven generations of reproduction in captivity) and were genetically differentiated (FST = 0.1055, p<0.05). A broad follow up of the oogenesis progression failed to show significant differences during oogenesis between populations. However, the F1 population spawned earlier with embryos presenting an overall higher survivorship than those from the F7+ population. The transcriptomic profile of unfertilized eggs showed 358 differentially expressed genes between populations. In conclusion, our data suggests that the domestication process may influence the regulation of the maternal transcripts in fish eggs, which could in turn explain differences of developmental success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maud Alix
- UR AFPA, University of Lorraine, INRA, Nancy, France
| | - Aurélie Le Cam
- LPGP, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, INRA, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jérôme Montfort
- LPGP, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, INRA, Rennes, France
| | - Lola Toomey
- UR AFPA, University of Lorraine, INRA, Nancy, France
| | | | - Julien Bobe
- LPGP, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, INRA, Rennes, France
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Lehnert SJ, Helou L, Pitcher TE, Heath JW, Heath DD. Sperm competition, but not major histocompatibility divergence, drives differential fertilization success between alternative reproductive tactics in Chinook salmon. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:88-97. [PMID: 29055057 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Post-copulatory sexual selection processes, including sperm competition and cryptic female choice (CFC), can operate based on major histocompatibility (MH) genes. We investigated sperm competition between male alternative reproductive tactics [jack (sneaker) and hooknose (guard)] of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Using a full factorial design, we examined in vitro competitive fertilization success of paired jack and hooknose males at three time points after sperm activation (0, 15 and 60 s) to test for male competition, CFC and time effects on male fertilization success. We also examined egg-mediated CFC at two MH genes by examining both the relationship between competitive fertilization success and MH divergence as well as inheritance patterns of MH alleles in resulting offspring. We found that jacks sired more offspring than hooknose males at 0 s post-activation; however, jack fertilization success declined over time post-activation, suggesting a trade-off between sperm speed and longevity. Enhanced fertilization success of jacks (presumably via higher sperm quality) may serve to increase sneaker tactic competitiveness relative to dominant hooknose males. We also found evidence of egg-mediated CFC (i.e. female × male interaction) influencing competitive fertilization success; however, CFC was not acting on the MH genes as we found no relationship between fertilization success and MH II β1 or MH I α1 divergence and we found no deviations from Mendelian inheritance of MH alleles in the offspring. Our study provides insight into evolutionary mechanisms influencing variation in male mating success within alternative reproductive tactics, thus underscoring different strategies that males can adopt to attain success.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lehnert
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - L Helou
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - T E Pitcher
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - J W Heath
- Yellow Island Aquaculture Ltd., Heriot Bay, BC, Canada
| | - D D Heath
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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Bicskei B, Taggart JB, Glover KA, Bron JE. Comparing the transcriptomes of embryos from domesticated and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stocks and examining factors that influence heritability of gene expression. Genet Sel Evol 2016; 48:20. [PMID: 26987528 PMCID: PMC4797325 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-016-0200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to selective breeding, domesticated and wild Atlantic salmon are genetically diverged, which raises concerns about farmed escapees having the potential to alter the genetic composition of wild populations and thereby disrupting local adaptation. Documenting transcriptional differences between wild and domesticated stocks under controlled conditions is one way to explore the consequences of domestication and selection. We compared the transcriptomes of wild and domesticated Atlantic salmon embryos, by using a custom 44k oligonucleotide microarray to identify perturbed gene pathways between the two stocks, and to document the inheritance patterns of differentially-expressed genes by examining gene expression in their reciprocal hybrids. RESULTS Data from 24 array interrogations were analysed: four reciprocal cross types (W♀ × W♂, D♀ × W♂; W♀ × D♂, D♀ × D♂) × six biological replicates. A common set of 31,491 features on the microarrays passed quality control, of which about 62 % were assigned a KEGG Orthology number. A total of 6037 distinct genes were identified for gene-set enrichment/pathway analysis. The most highly enriched functional groups that were perturbed between the two stocks were cellular signalling and immune system, ribosome and RNA transport, and focal adhesion and gap junction pathways, relating to cell communication and cell adhesion molecules. Most transcripts that were differentially expressed between the stocks were governed by additive gene interaction (33 to 42 %). Maternal dominance and over-dominance were also prevalent modes of inheritance, with no convincing evidence for a stock effect. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that even at this relatively early developmental stage, transcriptional differences exist between the two stocks and affect pathways that are relevant to wild versus domesticated environments. Many of the identified differentially perturbed pathways are involved in organogenesis, which is expected to be an active process at the eyed egg stage. The dominant effects are more largely due to the maternal line than to the origin of the stock. This finding is particularly relevant in the context of potential introgression between farmed and wild fish, since female escapees tend to have a higher spawning success rate compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Bicskei
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - John B Taggart
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Kevin A Glover
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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Lumley AJ, Diamond SE, Einum S, Yeates SE, Peruffo D, Emerson BC, Gage MJG. Post-copulatory opportunities for sperm competition and cryptic female choice provide no offspring fitness benefits in externally fertilizing salmon. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:150709. [PMID: 27069665 PMCID: PMC4821276 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that females can somehow improve their offspring fitness by mating with multiple males, but we understand little about the exact stage(s) at which such benefits are gained. Here, we measure whether offspring fitness is influenced by mechanisms operating solely between sperm and egg. Using externally fertilizing and polyandrous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), we employed split-clutch and split-ejaculate in vitro fertilization experiments to generate offspring using designs that either denied or applied opportunities for sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Following fertilizations, we measured 140 days of offspring fitness after hatch, through growth and survival in hatchery and near-natural conditions. Despite an average composite mortality of 61%, offspring fitness at every life stage was near-identical between groups fertilized under the absence versus presence of opportunities for sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Of the 21 551 and 21 771 eggs from 24 females fertilized under monandrous versus polyandrous conditions, 68% versus 67.8% survived to the 100-day juvenile stage; sub-samples showed similar hatching success (73.1% versus 74.3%), had similar survival over 40 days in near-natural streams (57.3% versus 56.2%) and grew at similar rates throughout. We therefore found no evidence that gamete-specific interactions allow offspring fitness benefits when polyandrous fertilization conditions provide opportunities for sperm competition and cryptic female choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson J. Lumley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Sian E. Diamond
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Sigurd Einum
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim 7485, Norway
| | - Sarah E. Yeates
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Danielle Peruffo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Matthew J. G. Gage
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Camarillo-Sepulveda N, Hamoutene D, Lush L, Burt K, Volkoff H, Fleming IA. Sperm traits in farmed and wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:709-717. [PMID: 26549612 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Differences in sperm metabolism and morphology between wild and non-local farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were assessed by measuring metabolic enzyme activities and length of sperm flagella. No differences were observed between wild and farmed S. salar sperm with regards to cell counts or any of the biochemical variables assessed. Flagella of sperm cells were significantly longer in wild than farmed S. salar; however, this did not result in higher energy levels or different fertilization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Camarillo-Sepulveda
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, P. O. Box 5667, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN), St John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - D Hamoutene
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, P. O. Box 5667, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - L Lush
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, P. O. Box 5667, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - K Burt
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, P. O. Box 5667, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - H Volkoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN), St John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - I A Fleming
- Fish Evolutionary Ecology Research Group and Department of Ocean Sciences, MUN, St John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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Neff BD, Garner SR, Fleming IA, Gross MR. Reproductive success in wild and hatchery male coho salmon. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150161. [PMID: 26361548 PMCID: PMC4555853 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Salmon produced by hatcheries have lower fitness in the wild than naturally produced salmon, but the factors underlying this difference remain an active area of research. We used genetic parentage analysis of alevins produced by experimentally mixed groups of wild and hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to quantify male paternity in spawning hierarchies. We identify factors influencing paternity and revise previously published behavioural estimates of reproductive success for wild and hatchery males. We observed a strong effect of hierarchy size and hierarchy position on paternity: in two-male hierarchies, the first male sired 63% (±29%; s.d.) of the alevins and the second male 37% (±29%); in three-male hierarchies, the first male sired 64% (±26%), the second male 24% (±20%) and the third male 12% (±10%). As previously documented, hatchery males hold inferior positions in spawning hierarchies, but we also discovered that hatchery males had only 55-84% the paternity of wild males when occupying the same position within a spawning hierarchy. This paternity difference may result from inferior performance of hatchery males during sperm competition, female mate choice for wild males, or differential offspring survival. Regardless of its cause, the combination of inferior hierarchical position and inferior success at a position resulted in hatchery males having only half (51%) the reproductive success of wild males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Neff
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Shawn R. Garner
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Ian A. Fleming
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Mart R. Gross
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
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