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Esquibet M, Mwangi JM, Kiewnick S, Wang X, Mimee B, Handayani ND, Bert W, Helder J, Wainer J, Sakata I, Garcia N, Grenier E, Montarry J. Europe as a secondary distribution hub in the worldwide invasion of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13915. [PMID: 38886543 PMCID: PMC11183074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis originates from the Andean Mountain region in South America and has unintentionally been introduced to all inhabited continents. Several studies have examined the population genetic structure of this pest in various countries by using microsatellite markers. However, merging microsatellite data produced from different laboratories is challenging and can introduce uncertainty when interpreting the results. To overcome this challenge and to explore invasion routes of this pest, we have genotyped 22 G. rostochiensis populations from all continents. Within populations, the highest genetic diversity was observed in the South American populations, the European populations showed an intermediate level of genetic diversity and the remaining populations were the less diverse. This confirmed pre-existing knowledge such as a first introduction event from South America to Europe, but the less diverse populations could originate either from South America or from Europe. At the continental scale, STRUCTURE genetic clustering output indicated that North America and Asia have experienced at least two introduction events. Comparing different evolutionary scenarios, the Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis showed that Europe served as a secondary distribution centre for the invasion of G. rostochiensis into all other continents (North America, Africa, Asia and Oceania).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Mwangi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chuka University, Chuka, Kenya
- Julius Kühn-Institut, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Xiaohong Wang
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health and School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
| | - Nurul Dwi Handayani
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Indonesian Agricultural Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, E Building 5th Floor, Jl. Harsono RM, 3 Ragunan, Jakarta, 12550, Indonesia
| | - Wim Bert
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John Wainer
- AgriBio Centre, Agriculture Victoria Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Itaru Sakata
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Centre (HARC), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nathan Garcia
- Nematology Unit, Plant Health Laboratory, ANSES, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Eric Grenier
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, France
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Takagi M, Sekimoto S, Mizukubo T, Wari D, Akiba M, Perry RN, Toyota K. Geographical distribution and phylogenic relationships of Hirschmanniella diversa Sher (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) in Japan. NEMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Hirschmanniella diversa and H. imamuri parasitise the lotus, Nelumbo nucifera. Hirschmanniella spp. are the most important pests of lotus cultivation in Japan, but the distribution and species dominancy are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to collect Hirschmanniella spp. individuals from lotus roots in the major lotus cultivation areas in Japan and identify them morphologically and molecularly using the 18S, D2-D3 regions of rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI). Hirschmanniella oryzae, commonly known to cause damage on rice in Japan, was also obtained and analysed for inter- and intraspecies sequence variations. All individuals of the genus Hirschmanniella extracted from lotus roots in 16 fields in ten prefectures were identified as H. diversa morphologically and molecularly. This result revealed that H. diversa is a dominant Hirschmanniella species parasitising lotus in Japan. Meanwhile, intraspecific sequence variations in H. diversa were relatively higher in the mtCOI (1-21 bases, ≦5.3%) than in the 18S rRNA and D2-D3 of 28S rRNA (0.0-0.3% and 0.0-0.4%, respectively) and in those of H. oryzae. Based on the mtCOI sequences, five haplotypes were identified and each haplotype was distributed in relatively close regions or regions in which the same lotus cultivars were grown, although further studies are required to verify this assertion. The morphological and genetic variations were higher in H. diversa than in H. oryzae (no intraspecific sequence variation in mtCOI), suggesting that H. diversa was not a recent invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonori Takagi
- Horticultural Research Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Center, 3165-1 Ago, Kasama, Ibaraki 319-0292, Japan
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Sekimoto
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center (CARC), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mizukubo
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center (CARC), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
- Maruwa Biochemical Co., Ltd., Ami Developmental Division, 5-7-1 Yoshiwara, Ami, Ibaraki 300-1161, Japan
| | - David Wari
- Horticultural Research Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Center, 3165-1 Ago, Kasama, Ibaraki 319-0292, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Akiba
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 4-11-16 Kurokami, Chuuou, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan
| | - Roland N. Perry
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Koki Toyota
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Oliveira SA, Baeza JA, Agudelo P, DeWalt SJ. Observations on the Population Genetic Structure of the Leaf Galling Nematode, Ditylenchus gallaeformans. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:881-887. [PMID: 34495679 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0174-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ditylenchus gallaeformans is a plant parasitic nematode that induces galls on aboveground parts of Melastomataceae plants. It differs from most gall-inducing nematodes in that it is not an endoparasite and has been considered as a possible biological control agent against invasive species of Miconia. Little is known about D. gallaeformans biology, genetic differences among populations, and host preferences. This study examined the genetic differences among D. gallaeformans populations from different locations and host species and the phylogenetic relationships among them. Nematodes were collected from galls in plants from Costa Rica, Dominica, and Trinidad. The Cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) region was sequenced from a total of 33 individual nematodes isolated from 33 different plant individuals, representing 21 species of Melastomataceae. Phylogenetic reconstructions, haplotype networks, and analysis of molecular variance showed that the species is monophyletic and has three major clades, which were mostly consistent with geographic location but not with host species. The first clade was composed by two subclades, one with individuals from Costa Rica and one with individuals from Dominica. The second and third clades comprised nematodes only from Trinidad. Overall, there is no evidence of host-species specialization in D. gallaeformans. Biocontrol efforts using the nematode against invasive Miconia could focus on geographical location matching but likely will not need to match host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara A Oliveira
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - J Antonio Baeza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
- Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, U.S.A
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Paula Agudelo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Saara J DeWalt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
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Development of a Species-Specific SCAR-PCR Assay for Direct Detection of Sugar Beet Cyst Nematode ( Heterodera schachtii) from Infected Roots and Soil Samples. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121358. [PMID: 34947889 PMCID: PMC8708203 DOI: 10.3390/life11121358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN, Heterodera schachtii) is an important nematode that causes significant yield losses of 25-50% or more in most areas of sugar beet production worldwide. Rapid and accurate identification of this species is essential to support decisions on pest management. However, the difference between H. schachtii and other Heterodera spp. based on morphology is a challenging task. In the present study, a SCAR-PCR assay was developed to identify and differentiate H. schachtii in infected root and soil samples. H. schachtii-species-specific SCAR-PCR primers OPA06-HsF and OPA06-HsR were designed from the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker amplified with random primer OPA06. The developed primers specifically amplify a 922-bp fragment from the target populations but did not amplify DNA from non-target cyst nematodes including Heterodera, Globodera, Cactodera, and other related species tested in this study. The sensitivity detection indicated that 5 × 10-4 of a single cyst, 1/320 of a single second-stage juvenile (J2), or 10 pg of genomic DNA could be detected. The assay accurately identifies the different stages of H. schachtii in sugar beet and oilseed rape roots as well as a single J2 in 10 g of soil. Finally, the SCAR-PCR assay detected H. schachtii in seven samples out of the fifteen field samples. The assay will not only be useful for differentiating H. schachtii from mixed populations of Heterodera spp. but also for effective detection of the species directly from infested samples. The assay also requires no expertise in the taxonomy and morphology of the species but serves to improve the diagnosis of H. schachtii in infested fields.
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Yao K, Peng D, Jiang C, Zhao W, Li G, Huang W, Kong L, Gao H, Zheng J, Peng H. Rapid and Visual Detection of Heterodera schachtii Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined with Cas12a-Mediated Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12577. [PMID: 34830457 PMCID: PMC8618885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodera schachtii is a well-known cyst nematode that causes serious economic losses in sugar beet production every year. Rapid and visual detection of H. schachtii is essential for more effective prevention and control. In this study, a species-specific recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) primer was designed from a specific H. schachtii sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. A band was obtained in reactions with DNA from H. schachtii, but absent from nontarget cyst nematodes. The RPA results could be observed by the naked eye, using a lateral flow dipstick (LFD). Moreover, we combined CRISPR technology with RPA to identify positive samples by fluorescence detection. Sensitivity analysis indicated that 10-4 single cysts and single females, 4-3 single second-stage juveniles, and a 0.001 ng genomic DNA template could be detected. The sensitivity of the RPA method for H. schachtii detection is not only higher than that of PCR and qPCR, but can also provide results in <1 h. Consequently, the RPA assay is a practical and useful diagnostic tool for early diagnosis of plant tissues infested by H. schachtii. Sugar beet nematodes were successfully detected in seven of 15 field sugar beet root samples using the RPA assay. These results were consistent with those achieved by conventional PCR, indicating 100% accuracy of the RPA assay in field samples. The RPA assay developed in the present study has the potential for use in the direct detection of H. schachtii infestation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yao
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China; (D.P.); (C.J.); (W.Z.); (W.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China; (D.P.); (C.J.); (W.Z.); (W.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Chen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China; (D.P.); (C.J.); (W.Z.); (W.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China; (D.P.); (C.J.); (W.Z.); (W.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Guangkuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Korla, Urumqi 830091, China; (G.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Wenkun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China; (D.P.); (C.J.); (W.Z.); (W.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Lingan Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China; (D.P.); (C.J.); (W.Z.); (W.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Korla, Urumqi 830091, China; (G.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Jingwu Zheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China; (D.P.); (C.J.); (W.Z.); (W.H.); (L.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Korla, Urumqi 830091, China; (G.L.); (H.G.)
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Nowicki M, Hadziabdic D, Trigiano RN, Boggess SL, Kanetis L, Wadl PA, Ojiambo PS, Cubeta MA, Spring O, Thines M, Runge F, Scheffler BE. "Jumping Jack": Genomic Microsatellites Underscore the Distinctiveness of Closely Related Pseudoperonospora cubensis and Pseudoperonospora humuli and Provide New Insights Into Their Evolutionary Past. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:686759. [PMID: 34335513 PMCID: PMC8317435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.686759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Downy mildews caused by obligate biotrophic oomycetes result in severe crop losses worldwide. Among these pathogens, Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli, two closely related oomycetes, adversely affect cucurbits and hop, respectively. Discordant hypotheses concerning their taxonomic relationships have been proposed based on host-pathogen interactions and specificity evidence and gene sequences of a few individuals, but population genetics evidence supporting these scenarios is missing. Furthermore, nuclear and mitochondrial regions of both pathogens have been analyzed using microsatellites and phylogenetically informative molecular markers, but extensive comparative population genetics research has not been done. Here, we genotyped 138 current and historical herbarium specimens of those two taxa using microsatellites (SSRs). Our goals were to assess genetic diversity and spatial distribution, to infer the evolutionary history of P. cubensis and P. humuli, and to visualize genome-scale organizational relationship between both pathogens. High genetic diversity, modest gene flow, and presence of population structure, particularly in P. cubensis, were observed. When tested for cross-amplification, 20 out of 27 P. cubensis-derived gSSRs cross-amplified DNA of P. humuli individuals, but few amplified DNA of downy mildew pathogens from related genera. Collectively, our analyses provided a definite argument for the hypothesis that both pathogens are distinct species, and suggested further speciation in the P. cubensis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Nowicki
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Denita Hadziabdic
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Robert N. Trigiano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sarah L. Boggess
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Loukas Kanetis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | | | - Peter S. Ojiambo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Marc A. Cubeta
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Otmar Spring
- Institute of Botany 210, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco Thines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft fuer Naturforschung and Evolution and Diversity, Institute of Ecology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Brian E. Scheffler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, United States
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Montarry J, Mimee B, Danchin EGJ, Koutsovoulos GD, Ste-Croix DT, Grenier E. Recent Advances in Population Genomics of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:40-48. [PMID: 33151824 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0418-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes are a costly burden of crop production. Ubiquitous in nature, phytoparasitic nematodes are associated with nearly every important agricultural crop and represent a significant constraint on global food security. Population genetics is a key discipline in plant nematology to understand aspects of the life strategies of these parasites, in particular their modes of reproduction, geographic origins, evolutionary histories, and dispersion abilities. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have enabled a recent but active effort in genomic analyses of plant-parasitic nematodes. Such genomic approaches applied to multiple populations are providing new insights into the molecular and evolutionary processes that underpin the establishment of these nematodes and into a better understanding of the genetic and mechanistic basis of their pathogenicity and adaptation to their host plants. In this review, we attempt to update information about genome resources and genotyping techniques useful for nematologists who are thinking about initiating population genomics or genome sequencing projects. This review is intended also to foster the development of population genomics in plant-parasitic nematodes through highlighting recent publications that illustrate the potential for this approach to identify novel molecular markers or genes of interest and improve our knowledge of the genome variability, pathogenicity, and evolutionary potential of plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
| | - Etienne G J Danchin
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Dave T Ste-Croix
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Grenier
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35650, Le Rheu, France
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Nowicki M, Houston LC, Boggess SL, Aiello AS, Payá‐Milans M, Staton ME, Hayashida M, Yamanaka M, Eda S, Trigiano RN. Species diversity and phylogeography of Cornus kousa (Asian dogwood) captured by genomic and genic microsatellites. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8299-8312. [PMID: 32788980 PMCID: PMC7417245 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornus kousa (Asian dogwood), an East Asia native tree, is the most economically important species of the dogwood genus, owing to its desirable horticultural traits and ability to hybridize with North America-native dogwoods. To assess the species genetic diversity and to better inform the ongoing and future breeding efforts, we assembled an herbarium and arboretum collection of 131 noncultivated C. kousa specimens. Genotyping and capillary electrophoresis analyses of our C. kousa collection with the newly developed genic and published nuclear genomic microsatellites permitted assessment of genetic diversity and evolutionary history of the species. Regardless of the microsatellite type used, the study yielded generally similar insights into the C. kousa diversity with subtle differences deriving from and underlining the marker used. The accrued evidence pointed to the species distinct genetic pools related to the plant country of origin. This can be helpful in the development of the commercial cultivars for this important ornamental crop with increased pyramided utility traits. Analyses of the C. kousa evolutionary history using the accrued genotyping datasets pointed to an unsampled ancestor population, possibly now extinct, as per the phylogeography of the region. To our knowledge, there are few studies utilizing the same gDNA collection to compare performance of genomic and genic microsatellites. This is the first detailed report on C. kousa species diversity and evolutionary history inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Nowicki
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Logan C. Houston
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Sarah L. Boggess
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Miriam Payá‐Milans
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
- Present address:
Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUPM‐INIAMadridSpain
| | - Margaret E. Staton
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Masahiro Yamanaka
- Department of Pharmaceytical SciencesInternational University of Health and WelfareOhtawaraJapan
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and FisheriesCenter for Wildlife Health ORUKnoxvilleTNUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyCenter for Wildlife Health ORUKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Robert N. Trigiano
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
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