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Finn RN, Cerdà J. Genetic adaptations for the oceanic success of fish eggs. Trends Genet 2024; 40:540-554. [PMID: 38395683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Genetic adaptations of organisms living in extreme environments are fundamental to our understanding of where life can evolve. Water is the single limiting parameter in this regard, yet when released in the oceans, the single-celled eggs of marine bony fishes (teleosts) have no means of acquiring it. They are strongly hyposmotic to seawater and lack osmoregulatory systems. Paradoxically, modern teleosts successfully release vast quantities of eggs in the extreme saline environment and recorded the most explosive radiation in vertebrate history. Here, we highlight key genetic adaptations that evolved to solve this paradox by filling the pre-ovulated eggs with water. The degree of water acquisition is uniquely prevalent to marine teleosts, permitting the survival and oceanic dispersal of their eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick Nigel Finn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.
| | - Joan Cerdà
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; Institute of Marine Sciences, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Knorrn AH, Wieben KL, Fock HO, Andresen H. Reproductive biology of the electric lanternfish Electrona risso (Myctophidae) and the bigscale fishes Melamphaes polylepis and Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:252-264. [PMID: 37804519 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was the first to investigate the key reproductive traits of the electric lantern fish Electrona risso (Myctophidae, n = 918) and the bigscale fishes (Melamphaidae) Melamphaes polylepis (n = 260) and Scopelogadus mizolepis (n = 649). Specimens of these mesopelagic species were collected in March and April 2015 in the eastern Central Atlantic (0-24° N, 20-26° W). Sex ratio was not significantly different from 1:1 in E. risso and M. polylepis but significantly skewed toward female dominance in S. mizolepis. Reproductive phases were determined macroscopically and by histological analyses on selected individuals. Female length at 50% maturity (L50 ) was 55.1 mm standard length (LS ) in E. risso, with an observed female maximum length (Lmax ) of 81.2 mm LS . M. polylepis females had an L50 of 40.2 mm LS and an Lmax of 86.7 mm LS . S. mizolepis had an L50 of 46 mm LS and an Lmax of 97.9 mm LS . The three species show histological features of iteroparity, but the E. risso population appears to occur in two year-classes and experience only one spawning season per lifetime in the study region. All three species are batch-spawners. A batch fecundity of 2668 eggs was estimated from one E. risso individual, with a relative batch fecundity of 369 eggs g-1 gonad-free body mass. M. polylepis had a batch fecundity of 1027 eggs and a relative batch fecundity of 149 eggs g-1 (n = 3). S. polylepis had a batch fecundity of 1545 eggs and a relative batch fecundity of 215 eggs g-1 (n = 21). The median gonado-somatic index during the actively spawning phase of E. risso was 4.5, significantly lower than that of M. polylepis (7.5) and S. mizolepis (7.1). No regressing or regenerating phases were observed in this study. Batch-spawning in all three species is suggested to be advantageous to cope with intra-annual variability in food supply and other risks for offspring survival. With what appears to be in effect a (facultative) semelparous strategy in combination with a short life span in E. risso, interannual differences would have a great effect on population dynamics of this species. Knowledge is still lacking on temporal aspects of reproduction such as the duration of the spawning season and the frequency of spawning, as well as age and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Knorrn
- Research Unit Marine Ecosystems, Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kim L Wieben
- Research Unit Marine Ecosystems, Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Marine Sciences, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Research Division 3: Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Heino O Fock
- Research Unit Marine Ecosystems, Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Henrike Andresen
- Research Unit Marine Ecosystems, Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Olsen EM, Karlsen Ø, Skjæraasen JE. Large females connect Atlantic cod spawning sites. Science 2023; 382:1181-1184. [PMID: 38060630 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's ecosystems are increasingly deprived of large animals. Global simulations suggest that this downsizing of nature has serious consequences for biosphere functioning. However, the historical loss of large animals means that it is now often impossible to secure empirical data revealing their true ecological importance. We tracked 465 mature Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during their winter spawning season and show that large females (up to 114 centimeters in length), which are still found in mid-Norway, were characterized by more complex movement networks compared with smaller females. Large males were sparse but displayed similar movement patterns. Our finding implies that management programs promoting large fish will have positive impacts on population resilience by facilitating the continued use of a diversity of spawning habitats and the connectivity between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Moland Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research; Flødevigen, Arendal 4817, Norway
- Centre for Coastal Research, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder; Kristiansand 4604, Norway
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Hočevar S, Hutchings JA, Kuparinen A. Multiple-batch spawning: a risk-spreading strategy disarmed by highly intensive size-selective fishing rate. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221172. [PMID: 36043282 PMCID: PMC9428534 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Can the advantage of risk-managing life-history strategies become a disadvantage under human-induced evolution? Organisms have adapted to the variability and uncertainty of environmental conditions with a vast diversity of life-history strategies. One such evolved strategy is multiple-batch spawning, a spawning strategy common to long-lived fishes that ‘hedge their bets' by distributing the risk to their offspring on a temporal and spatial scale. The fitness benefits of this spawning strategy increase with female body size, the very trait that size-selective fishing targets. By applying an empirically and theoretically motivated eco-evolutionary mechanistic model that was parameterized for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), we explored how fishing intensity may alter the life-history traits and fitness of fishes that are multiple-batch spawners. Our main findings are twofold; first, the risk-spreading strategy of multiple-batch spawning is not effective against fisheries selection, because the fisheries selection favours smaller fish with a lower risk-spreading effect; and second, the ecological recovery in population size does not secure evolutionary recovery in the population size structure. The beneficial risk-spreading mechanism of the batch spawning strategy highlights the importance of recovery in the size structure of overfished stocks, from which a full recovery in the population size can follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hočevar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Jeffrey A Hutchings
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.,Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS B3H 4R2, Canada.,Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, N-4817 His, Norway.,Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, N-4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
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Shi H, Jin FF, Wills RCJ, Jacox MG, Amaya DJ, Black BA, Rykaczewski RR, Bograd SJ, García-Reyes M, Sydeman WJ. Global decline in ocean memory over the 21st century. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm3468. [PMID: 35522743 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ocean memory, the persistence of ocean conditions, is a major source of predictability in the climate system beyond weather time scales. We show that ocean memory, as measured by the year-to-year persistence of sea surface temperature anomalies, is projected to steadily decline in the coming decades over much of the globe. This global decline in ocean memory is predominantly driven by shoaling of the upper-ocean mixed layer depth in response to global surface warming, while thermodynamic and dynamic feedbacks can contribute substantially regionally. As the mixed layer depth shoals, stochastic forcing becomes more effective in driving sea surface temperature anomalies, increasing high-frequency noise at the expense of persistent signals. Reduced ocean memory results in shorter lead times of skillful persistence-based predictions of sea surface thermal conditions, which may present previously unknown challenges for predicting climate extremes and managing marine biological resources under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Farallon Institute, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA
| | - Fei-Fei Jin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Robert C J Wills
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael G Jacox
- Environmental Research Division, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Dillon J Amaya
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Bryan A Black
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ryan R Rykaczewski
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, HI 96818, USA
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Steven J Bograd
- Environmental Research Division, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
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