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Mańkowska A, Witkowska D. The Most Common Environmental Risk Factors for Equine Asthma-A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2062. [PMID: 39061524 PMCID: PMC11273653 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine asthma is a popular subject of research. Many factors influencing the methods used to improve the welfare of asthmatic horses remain unclear. This study reviews scientific articles published after 2000 to collect the most important information on the terminology, symptoms, and potential environmental factors influencing the development and course of equine asthma. Our work highlights the impact of environmental factors on the severity of equine asthma and why these factors should be controlled to improve treatment outcomes. The present article provides horse owners and veterinarians with valuable information on how to improve the well-being of horses that are at risk of developing asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mańkowska
- Department of Animal Welfare and Research, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Westerfeld R, Payette F, Dubuc V, Manguin E, Picotte K, Beauchamp G, Bédard C, Leclere M. Effects of soaked hay on lung function and airway inflammation in horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:469-476. [PMID: 37930110 PMCID: PMC10800199 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing inhaled dust particles improves lung function in horses with severe asthma. Soaked hay is commonly used by owners, but its efficacy in improving lung function and inflammation has not been documented. OBJECTIVES To measure the effects of soaked hay and alfalfa pellets in horses with severe asthma. ANIMALS Ten adult horses with severe asthma from a research colony. METHODS Prospective controlled trial. Horses in clinical exacerbation were housed indoors and allocated to be fed either soaked hay (n = 5) or alfalfa pellets (n = 5) for 6 weeks. Soaked hay was immersed for 45 minutes and dried out hay was discarded between meals. Pulmonary function and clinical scores were measured before and after 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Tracheal mucus scores and bronchoalveolar lavages were performed before and after 6 weeks. Lung function was analyzed with a linear mixed model using log-transformed data. RESULTS Lung resistance decreased from (median (range)) 2.47 (1.54-3.95) to 1.59 (0.52-2.10) cmH2 O/L/s in the pellets group and from 1.89 (1.2-3.54) to 0.61 (0.42-2.08) cmH2 O/L/s in the soaked hay group over the 6-week period for an average difference of 1.06 cmH2 O/L/s for pellets (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.09-2.04, P = .03, not significant after correction) and 1.31 cmH2 O/L/s for soaked hay (95% CI: -0.23 to 2.85, P < .001, significant). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Soaked hay can control airway obstruction in horses with severe asthma. The strict protocol for soaking and discarding dried-out hay in this study could however be considered too great of an inconvenience by owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Westerfeld
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Flavie Payette
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Valérie Dubuc
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Estelle Manguin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Khristine Picotte
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Christian Bédard
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Mathilde Leclere
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
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Marr CM. A pyramid needs a foundation: Exploding some myths about what EVJ's editors are looking for from authors? Equine Vet J 2023; 55:931-937. [PMID: 37827177 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
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Robins TJ, Bedenice D, Mazan M. A Longitudinal Analysis of Equine Asthma Presentation and Response to Treatment Using Lung Function Testing and BAL Cytology Analysis in Combination with Owner Perception. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3387. [PMID: 37958142 PMCID: PMC10649418 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Equine asthma (EA) is a pervasive and important cause of poor performance and respiratory morbidity in horses. Diagnosis of EA includes an owner complaint, clinical scoring, lung function testing, and cytological analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology. There is a paucity of information about the longitudinal course of the disease using these outcome assessments; thus, this study sought to describe and quantify, in horses with more than one visit to a specialty pulmonary clinic in New England, the type and range of clinical presentations with an eventual diagnosis of EA. It also aimed to develop and compare the outcomes of scoring systems for owner complaints and veterinary assessments, document and assess the diagnostic methods used, and evaluate the response of the horses to treatment and time. (2) Methods: This study was a retrospective, cross-sectional, STROBE-compliant observational analysis of equine patients who visited the Tufts Cummings Hospital for Large Animals (HLA) for evaluation of equine asthma (EA) from 1999-2023. The horses were categorized as having mild-moderate (mEA) or severe EA (sEA) using the ACVIM consensus statement guidelines. After excluding those with inadequate documentation or only one visit (n = 936), a total of 76 horses were included in the study. Of the 197 visits, 138 (70.0%) resulted in a diagnosis of mEA and 45 (22.8%) resulted in a diagnosis of sEA. Demographic information, owner complaints, clinical examination and scoring, lung function testing, BAL cytology, and recommendations for environmental remediation and pharmacologic treatment were recorded for all the visits. The data were analyzed for agreement between owner complaints (complaint score, CS) and clinical examination findings (examination score, ES), changes in CS and ES, lung function testing, and BAL cytology over time, with 197 visits recorded. (3) Results: A comparison between the CS and ES showed that the owners were more likely than veterinarians to detect cough, and a decrease in cough was the most common owner observation after treatment. The response to the histamine challenge, used to detect airway hyperreactivity, was significantly improved with treatment or time in the horses with mEA, whereas baseline lung function did not significantly change in mEA or sEA. (4) Conclusions: Owners can be astute observers of clinical signs, especially cough, in EA. Tests of airway hyperreactivity are more successful in detecting changes in mEA than are baseline lung function testing and assessment of BAL cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa Mazan
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Keener MM, Tumlin KI. The Triple-E Model: Advancing Equestrian Research with Perspectives from One Health. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2642. [PMID: 37627432 PMCID: PMC10451526 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Equestrian sport has various welfare issues and educational needs. To address these complex interactions, we propose an integrated approach called the Triple-E Model, which focuses on the equine, equestrian, and environmental triad. A literature review of existing models suggests that complexities of these interactions are overlooked, despite the significant impact of equine industries on economics, healthcare, and animal welfare. This paper discusses current models and theories used to evaluate equine-equestrian-environmental interactions and introduces the Triple-E Model to foster multidisciplinary collaboration. Unlike the One Health triad, which focuses on disease emergence, transmission, and zoonosis, the Triple-E Model extends to non-infectious research, such as musculoskeletal injury. It promotes collaborative care and rehabilitation within the equestrian community by engaging multidisciplinary, multi-setting, and multi-sectoral teams. Given the nature of human-animal interaction and welfare considerations, this model fills the gap in understanding human-horse interactions. The paper highlights the limitations of existing models and explains how the Triple-E Model guides and encourages holistic team collaboration in the equestrian community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela M. Keener
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
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de Wasseige S, Picotte K, Lavoie JP. Nebulized dexamethasone sodium phosphate in the treatment of horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1604-1611. [PMID: 33817859 PMCID: PMC8162592 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A study reported low systemic availability of injectable dexamethasone nebulized to healthy horses using the Flexineb mask. When used in horses with severe asthma and a different nebulizer, lack of efficacy and cortisol suppression were observed. Hypothesis Nebulized dexamethasone is as effective as PO administration for the treatment of severe asthma in horses. Animals Twelve horses with severe asthma from a research herd. Methods Randomized clinical trial. Horses were divided into 2 groups and received 5 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate by nebulization using a Flexineb mask (NE, n = 6) or PO (OR, n = 6) q24h for 7 days. Lung function and serum cortisol concentrations were evaluated at baseline, after 4 days of treatment (D4) and 1 day after the last treatment (D8). Data were analyzed using linear mixed models with Benjamini‐Hochberg adjustments. Results Lung resistance significantly improved at D4 (mean decrease ± SD, −1.5 ± 0.45 cm H₂O/L/s; 95% confidence interval [CI], −2; −0.6) and D8 (−1.4 ± 0.45 cm H₂O/L/s; 95% CI, −2.4; −0.5) compared to baseline in the OR group only (P = .004 and .01, respectively). Serum cortisol concentration was significantly decreased at D4 and D8 for both groups (maximum decrease, −1.2 ± 0.3 μg/dL; 95% CI, −1.9; −0.6 at D4 for NE group and −2.2 ± 0.3 μg/dL; 95% CI, −2.8; −1.6 at D8 for OR group; P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Oral, but not nebulized dexamethasone is an effective therapy for horses with severe asthma and both treatment modalities inhibit the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena de Wasseige
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Khristine Picotte
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Bond SL, Greco-Otto P, MacLeod J, Galezowski A, Bayly W, Léguillette R. Efficacy of dexamethasone, salbutamol, and reduced respirable particulate concentration on aerobic capacity in horses with smoke-induced mild asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:979-985. [PMID: 31953974 PMCID: PMC7096652 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mild asthma in horses decreases racing performance and impairs gas exchange. The efficacy of treatment on performance is unknown. Hypothesis Treatment targeting lung inflammation improves V˙O2peak in horses with mild asthma. Animals Thoroughbred polo horses (n = 12) with smoke‐induced mild asthma. Horses were exposed to increased ambient particulate matter (35.51 μg/m3 [PM2.5]; day mean, centrally measured) from day −33 to 0, from bushfire smoke (natural model). Methods Prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded clinical trial. All horses completed 3 V˙O2peak tests, measuring aerobic and anaerobic variables: day 0 ‐baseline; day 16 ‐after dexamethasone (20 mg IM q24h; DEX, n = 6) or saline treatment (SALINE, n = 6), under improved ambient PM2.5 concentrations (7.04 μg/m3); day 17‐15‐30mins after inhaled salbutamol (1500 μg). Bronchoalveolar lavage and mucus scoring were performed on day −8 and day 20. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the effects of timepoint and treatment group on BAL differential cell counts, mucus scores, aerobic and anaerobic variables. Results Horses’ mucus scores improved significantly from day −8 to 20 by 1.27 ± .38 (P = .01). There was a significant increase in V˙O2peak of 15.5 ± 4.0 mL(min.kg)−1 from day 0 to 17 (P = .002), representing an average (mean) increase in V˙O2peak of 13.2%. There was no difference in V˙O2peak between treatment groups (SALINE versus DEX) at any timepoint. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study highlighted the key role of improved air quality on functionally important airway inflammation. Evidence provided is central to increasing owner compliance regarding improved air quality for the treatment and prevention of mild asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Bond
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jacqueline MacLeod
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Angelica Galezowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Warwick Bayly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Renaud Léguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Olave C, Alvarez P, Uberti B, Morales N, Henriquez C, Folch H, Sarmiento J, Moran G. Tamoxifen induces apoptosis and inhibits respiratory burst in equine neutrophils independently of estrogen receptors. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:248-254. [PMID: 30345523 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils play an important role in the exacerbation and maintenance of severe equine asthma; persistent neutrophil activity and delayed apoptosis can be harmful to surrounding tissues. Tamoxifen (TX) is a nonsteroidal estrogen receptor modulator with immunomodulatory effects and induces early apoptosis of blood and bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils from horses with acute lung inflammation. This study investigated if the in vitro effects of tamoxifen are produced by its action on nuclear (α and β) and membrane (GPR30) estrogen receptors in healthy equine neutrophils. Results showed that TX inhibits neutrophil respiratory burst induced by opsonized zymosan in a dose-dependent manner. Nuclear (17-β-Estradiol) and GPR30 cell membrane (G1) estrogen receptor agonists and their antagonists (ICI 182,780 and G15, respectively) do not block or reproduce the effect of TX. Therefore, TX does not inhibit respiratory burst through estrogen receptors. TX (8.5 μM) also increased phosphatidylserine translocation, a marker of early apoptosis, which did not occur with any of the estrogen receptor agonists or antagonists. Thus, tamoxifen generates dose-dependent inhibition of respiratory burst and increased early apoptosis in healthy equine neutrophils, independently of nuclear or membrane estrogen receptors. Further studies are necessary to explore the signaling pathways of tamoxifen-induced ROS inhibition and phosphatidylserine translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Olave
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Benjamin Uberti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natalia Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Henriquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hugo Folch
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jose Sarmiento
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gabriel Moran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Borlone C, Morales N, Henriquez C, Folch H, Olave C, Sarmiento J, Uberti B, Moran G. In Vitro effects of tamoxifen on equine neutrophils. Res Vet Sci 2016; 110:60-64. [PMID: 28159238 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils participate in innate immunity as the first line of host defense against microorganisms. However, exacerbated neutrophil activity can be harmful to surrounding tissues; this is important in a range of diseases, including allergic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in humans, and equine asthma (also known as recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Tamoxifen (TX) is a non-steroidal estrogen receptor modulator with effects on cell growth and survival. Previous preliminary studies showed that TX treatment in horses with induced acute pulmonary inflammation promoted early apoptosis of blood and BALF neutrophils, reduction of BALF neutrophils, and improvement in animals' clinical status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of TX on functional tests in equine peripheral blood neutrophils. Chemotaxis, respiratory burst production and phagocytosis assays were performed on neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood samples from 10 healthy horses. Results showed that IL-8 stimulated cells decrease their chemotactic index when treated with TX (1 and 10μM). Respiratory burst production was also dampened after treatment with TX. In conclusion, these results confirm that tamoxifen has a direct action on equine peripheral blood neutrophils. However, more in vivo and in vitro studies are required to fully understand the mechanisms of action of TX on neutrophils, in order to elucidate if it can be used as treatment in disorders such as allergic asthma in humans and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Borlone
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - N Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Henriquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - H Folch
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Olave
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J Sarmiento
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - B Uberti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - G Moran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Mora Pereira M, Groover E, Wooldridge A, Caldwell F. Review of glucocorticoid therapy in horses. Part 2: Clinical use of systemic glucocorticoids in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mora Pereira
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - E. Groover
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - A. Wooldridge
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - F. Caldwell
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
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Couëtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:503-15. [PMID: 26806374 PMCID: PMC4913592 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this manuscript is to revise and update the previous consensus statement on inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses. Since 2007, a large number of scientific articles have been published on the topic and these new findings have led to a significant evolution of our understanding of IAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Couëtil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - J M Cardwell
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - V Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - J-P Lavoie
- Faculté de Médicine Vétérinaire, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - R Léguillette
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - E A Richard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen Cedex 4, France
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