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Górski K, Borowska M, Stefanik E, Polkowska I, Turek B, Bereznowski A, Domino M. Application of Two-Dimensional Entropy Measures to Detect the Radiographic Signs of Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis in an Equine Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2914. [PMID: 36428482 PMCID: PMC9687516 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental disorders are a serious health problem in equine medicine, their early recognition benefits the long-term general health of the horse. Most of the initial signs of Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) syndrome concern the alveolar aspect of the teeth, thus, the need for early recognition radiographic imaging. This study is aimed to evaluate the applicability of entropy measures to quantify the radiological signs of tooth resorption and hypercementosis as well as to enhance radiographic image quality in order to facilitate the identification of the signs of EOTRH syndrome. A detailed examination of the oral cavity was performed in eighty horses. Each evaluated incisor tooth was assigned to one of four grade-related EOTRH groups (0-3). Radiographs of the incisor teeth were taken and digitally processed. For each radiograph, two-dimensional sample (SampEn2D), fuzzy (FuzzEn2D), permutation (PermEn2D), dispersion (DispEn2D), and distribution (DistEn2D) entropies were measured after image filtering was performed using Normalize, Median, and LaplacianSharpening filters. Moreover, the similarities between entropy measures and selected Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) texture features were investigated. Among the 15 returned measures, DistEn2D was EOTRH grade-related. Moreover, DistEn2D extracted after Normalize filtering was the most informative. The EOTRH grade-related similarity between DistEn2D and Difference Entropy (GLCM) confirms the higher irregularity and complexity of incisor teeth radiographs in advanced EOTRH syndrome, demonstrating the greatest sensitivity (0.50) and specificity (0.95) of EOTRH 3 group detection. An application of DistEn2D to Normalize filtered incisor teeth radiographs enables the identification of the radiological signs of advanced EOTRH with higher accuracy than the previously used entropy-related GLCM texture features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Górski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (B.T.)
| | - Marta Borowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Stefanik
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (B.T.)
| | - Izabela Polkowska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Bernard Turek
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (B.T.)
| | - Andrzej Bereznowski
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (B.T.)
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James O. Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis. J Vet Dent 2022; 39:346-357. [PMID: 36198033 DOI: 10.1177/08987564221120715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a recently described painful and progressive condition of unknown etiology that occurs in middle-aged and geriatric equines. It predominantly affects the permanent incisor and canine teeth and, less commonly, the premolar and molar dentition. EOTRH was first reported in peer-reviewed literature in 2008, with subsequent publications of case reports, histological studies and retrospective case series. There have been few significant research developments related to this disease. The existing studies have primarily involved single case studies or small sample sizes, without control groups. This review aimed to report current information about EOTRH in terms of clinical, histopathological, diagnostic, radiological, and therapeutic aspects, by searching the available peer-reviewed scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia James
- Australian Veterinary Equine Dentistry Pty Ltd, Clayfield, Queensland, Australia
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Brown JA, Murphy BG, Clapp KS, LaDouceur EEB. Clinical, Diagnostic and Histological Findings Involving Cheek Teeth Hypercementosis in Nine Horses. J Vet Dent 2022; 39:358-368. [PMID: 35996329 DOI: 10.1177/08987564221121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypercementosis is infrequently reported to affect the cheek teeth of horses and presents as mineral deposits either attached (peripheral) or solitary ovoid (nodular) structures in the tooth bearing region. There is overlap between radiological and histological appearance of hypercementosis, cementoma, and equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH). The clinical presentation, imaging features, surgical management, and histological findings of nine horses that presented for dental lesions and associated hypercementosis of cheek teeth are reported. Horses were 4-15 years old and presented for either nasal discharge or facial swelling. Peripheral and nodular mineral structures were identified using radiographs or computed tomography in six and three horses, respectively. Eight of nine cases involved maxillary cheek teeth. Of six cases with peripheral hypercementosis, three had enlargement of the apical cross-sectional area that was greater than the coronal cross-sectional area thus preventing extraction along the normal eruption pathway and necessitating sectioning (two cases) and repulsion. Nodular hypercementosis lesions were extracted in three of the four cases. Post-extraction complications occurred in five cases; four cases required additional procedures. All horses returned to their intended use, ie riding or pasture. Histology of extracted dental and proliferative mineral material revealed hypercementosis characterized by large sheets of eosinophilic matrix with lacunae (usually empty; presumed artifact) and frequent, irregular, basophilic cement lines. All cases had evidence of chronic inflammation, such as caries, chronic fractures and/or pulpitis. The findings of this case series share many features with previous published descriptions of cementoma and with histological findings of hypercementosis lesions of EOTRH. Further investigation into differentiation of these entities is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Brown
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, 1757Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Leesburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Brian G Murphy
- Anatomic Pathology, 8789University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kemba S Clapp
- Radiology, 1757Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Rehrl S, Schulte W, Staszyk C, Lischer C. Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis: investigating individual incisor disease patterns using radiological classification. Equine Vet J 2022; 55:419-425. [PMID: 35575133 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a destructive, painful, and underdiagnosed dental disorder. Radiography is necessary to fully assess the disease as early stages occur on clinically normal teeth. OBJECTIVES To investigate the distribution pattern of appearance of EOTRH within the incisor arcade. In particular, we aimed to determine the influence of tooth position and age on the severity and its frequency of the individual tooth. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional radiographic case study. METHODS Digital radiographs of 142 horses (10 years and older) presented for routine dental examination at our Equine Hospital were obtained and evaluated for changes related to EORTH. Radiological findings were classified in terms of EOTRH severity and each tooth was evaluated individually (tooth stage). RESULTS The tooth stages of EOTRH showed a bilateral symmetrical distribution pattern over the entire incisor arcade. There was a significant positive correlation between age and tooth stages (P<0.001, rho=0.48, 95% CI 0.43-0.51), and the frequency of higher tooth stages increased from central incisors to middle and corner incisors. MAIN LIMITATIONS Individual head anatomy in some male horses lead to superimposition of the lower jaw corner incisors and canine teeth. The radiographic technique proved difficult in smaller and uncooperative horses. Differentiating between mild pathological signs of EOTRH and age-related radiological changes was not possible in all cases. CONCLUSION These results reconfirm an age correlated progression of EOTRH. EOTRH affects the incisor arcade in a bilaterally symmetrical pattern with the corner incisors being the most severely affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rehrl
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Schulte
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany.,Tierärztliche Klinik für Pferde am Sorpesee, Frankfurter Straße 34, Sundern, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Lischer
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany
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Selection of Filtering and Image Texture Analysis in the Radiographic Images Processing of Horses' Incisor Teeth Affected by the EOTRH Syndrome. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22082920. [PMID: 35458905 PMCID: PMC9030967 DOI: 10.3390/s22082920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is one of the horses’ dental diseases, mainly affecting the incisor teeth. An increase in the incidence of aged horses and a painful progressive course of the disease create the need for improved early diagnosis. Besides clinical findings, EOTRH recognition is based on the typical radiographic findings, including levels of dental resorption and hypercementosis. This study aimed to introduce digital processing methods to equine dental radiographic images and identify texture features changing with disease progression. The radiographs of maxillary incisor teeth from 80 horses were obtained. Each incisor was annotated by separate masks and clinically classified as 0, 1, 2, or 3 EOTRH degrees. Images were filtered by Mean, Median, Normalize, Bilateral, Binomial, CurvatureFlow, LaplacianSharpening, DiscreteGaussian, and SmoothingRecursiveGaussian filters independently, and 93 features of image texture were extracted using First Order Statistics (FOS), Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), Neighbouring Gray Tone Difference Matrix (NGTDM), Gray Level Dependence Matrix (GLDM), Gray Level Run Length Matrix (GLRLM), and Gray Level Size Zone Matrix (GLSZM) approaches. The most informative processing was selected. GLCM and GLRLM return the most favorable features for the quantitative evaluation of radiographic signs of the EOTRH syndrome, which may be supported by filtering by filters improving the edge delimitation.
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Górski K, Stefanik E, Bereznowski A, Polkowska I, Turek B. Application of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) as a Healing Aid after Extraction of Incisors in the Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis Syndrome. Vet Sci 2022; 9:30. [PMID: 35051114 PMCID: PMC8780137 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is a stress-free, relatively safe method supporting the treatment of many different diseases. Although it is widely used in human medicine (including dentistry), in veterinary medicine, especially in the treatment of horses, there are not many scientifically described and documented cases of its use. Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis syndrome is a disease that affects older horses and significantly reduces their quality of life. The only effective treatment for this condition is extraction of the incisors. The described case compares the recovery process of the alveolar area after extraction of incisors during the course of EOTRH syndrome without and with the use of a chamber, in horses with the same clinical picture of the disease, of the same age, and living in the same conditions. According to the authors' knowledge, the presented case describes the use of a chamber in equine dentistry for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Górski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | | - Andrzej Bereznowski
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Polkowska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Bernard Turek
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
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Górski K, Tremaine H, Obrochta B, Buczkowska R, Turek B, Bereznowski A, Rakowska A, Polkowska I. EOTRH Syndrome in Polish Half-Bred Horses - Two Clinical Cases. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 101:103428. [PMID: 33993931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to thoroughly describe the etiology, diagnostic processes and recommended treatment of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH). It is a relatively recently described disease. Most recent reports show that it is a common problem involving older equine patients. The most common and significant symptom of EOTRH is oral pain. The main clinical signs include periodontitis and gingivitis with a gingival recession, alveolar bone protrusion, periodontic fistulas and soreness of the incisors. When establishing the final diagnosis, it is necessary to compare the results of the clinical and radiological examination, because in the early stage, the disease may not show any symptoms. Authors used two clinical cases of Polish Half-Bred horses to present some aspects of diagnostic and surgical techniques. The knowledge presented in the paper may be valuable for equine practitioners working in the field to achieve more beneficial outcomes and provide a higher level of welfare for their equine patients. Nevertheless, further research and observations are necessary, since the etiology of the disease remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Górski
- Department of Large Animals Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland.
| | | | - Bartłomiej Obrochta
- Department of Large Animals Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Roma Buczkowska
- Department of Large Animals Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Bernard Turek
- Department of Large Animals Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bereznowski
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Alicja Rakowska
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Izabela Polkowska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
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Limone LE. Update on Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:671-689. [PMID: 33067098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a progressive, painful disease, affecting incisors, canines, and cheek teeth. Examination findings include gingival inflammation, gingival recession and/or hyperplasia, subgingival swelling, bulbous enlargement of teeth, associated periodontal disease, pathologic tooth fracture, and/or tooth mobility and loss. Current hypotheses include biomechanical stresses and secondary bacterial involvement. Early recognition allows case management, but it is a progressive disease. Owner education is crucial; horses with complete or multiple extractions have a favorable prognosis. Human oral and dental health may be affected by bisphosophonate use; long-term effects of these drugs are currently unknown in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Limone
- Northeast Equine Veterinary Dental Services, LLC, PO Box 264, Topsfield, MA 01983, USA.
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Baratt RM. Dental Radiography and Radiographic Signs of Equine Dental Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:445-476. [PMID: 33067094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiography is an important imaging modality and is available to most equine veterinarians providing primary care. Diagnostic radiographic imaging of the equine skull and dentition requires careful positioning and technique. This article is aimed at providing the veterinarian with instructions and guidelines for obtaining diagnostic skull and dental radiographs and a discussion of the radiographic signs of dental disease with case-based examples. The limitations of radiography are discussed with regard to determining the need for adjunct diagnostic techniques and more advanced imaging techniques, such as computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Baratt
- Salem Valley Veterinary Clinic, 12 Centre Street, Salem, CT 06420, USA.
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Rahmani V, Häyrinen L, Kareinen I, Ruohoniemi M. History, clinical findings and outcome of horses with radiographical signs of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis. Vet Rec 2019; 185:730. [PMID: 31601733 PMCID: PMC7008772 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The progression of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) has not been completely evaluated, and currently, the only effective treatment is extraction of severely affected teeth. We aim to describe how the disease relates to the history and clinical findings and to report on the outcome in individual horses. This case series comprises data collected from 20 horses (age 14–29 years old) with radiographic findings of EOTRH in their incisor and/or canine teeth. Most horses affected with EOTRH in this study were admitted for dental problems, but some for other complaints such as colic. Of the 288 teeth evaluated radiographically, 224 teeth were abnormal. Radiographic findings were most frequently located in the apical aspect and reserve crown of the teeth, and lesions were also commonly found in clinically normal teeth. Histopathology of extracted teeth showed inflammation in the periodontal ligament and revealed that resorption often extended to the dentine. Some owners were unwilling to allow extraction of their horses’ severely affected teeth, even though this treatment has been shown to increase the wellbeing of the horse. As EORTH is a life-long condition, the progression of the disease has to be continuously monitored and the treatments adjusted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Rahmani
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Häyrinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilona Kareinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirja Ruohoniemi
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Rehrl S, Schröder W, Müller C, Staszyk C, Lischer C. Radiological prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:481-487. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Rehrl
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology; Department of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - W. Schröder
- Tierärztliche Klinik für Pferde und Kleintiere Isernhagen; Isernhagen Germany
| | - C. Müller
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology; Department of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - C. Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - C. Lischer
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology; Department of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Böhmer C, Rössner GE. Dental paleopathology in fossil rhinoceroses: etiology and implications. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Böhmer
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN; Paris France
| | - G. E. Rössner
- SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie; Munich Germany
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
- GeoBio-Center der; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Staszyk
- Institute for Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology; Faculty Veterinary Medicine; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Germany
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Baratt R. Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH): What do we know? EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Baratt
- Salem Valley Equine Clinic; Salem Connecticut USA
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