Bloody urine – the list of differential diagnoses lengthens, but diagnostics remain the same

Eosinophilic Inflammation and Equine Herpesvirus-1 Associated With Haemorrhagic Cystitis in a Horse. Case Report

Equine idiopathic haemorrhagic cystitis (EIHC) is a recently described form of aseptic cystitis in horses in which there is no discernible underlying cause. This case report describes a 9-year-old Thoroughbred gelding that presented with stranguria, pollakiuria, and haematuria. Cystoscopy revealed ulceration and haemorrhage of the bladder mucosa, diffuse mural hyperaemia and marked urine sedimentation. Histopathological evaluation of the bladder revealed chronic active ulcerative neutrophilic, lymphoplasmacytic, and eosinophilic cystitis. There was no bacterial or fungal growth upon culture but polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and sequencing for equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) on bladder mucosa was positive. Conservative therapy with broad spectrum antimicrobials and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy yielded complete resolution of clinical signs with significant improvement of macroscopic lesions in 14 days. Although a positive EHV-1 PCR suggests a viral cause, the horse's clinical signs, histology and recovery rate are more consistent with equine idiopathic haemorrhagic cystitis (EIHC). Neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation is a known feature of EIHC but eosinophilic infiltrates have not been previously described. The significance of the eosinophilic involvement is not certain; however, their presence has been associated with fungal, viral, parasitic, and immune-mediated aetiologies in other body systems. This is the first report of a horse with possible EIHC in Australia, as well as the first case with eosinophilic infiltrates and testing positive for EHV-1.

Discolored Urine in Horses and Foals

This article describes the most common causes of urine discoloration. The review includes a description of the most common disorders causing hematuria, highlighting clinical presentation, treatments, and pathophysiology. Causes of hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria together with their mechanisms of renal injury are also reviewed.