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Smith RKW. Clinical insights: Who says there is no progress with solving tendon disease? Equine Vet J 2024; 56:5-8. [PMID: 38054631 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger K W Smith
- Royal Veterinary College, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hertfordshire, UK
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Palomino Lago E, Jelbert ER, Baird A, Lam PY, Guest DJ. Equine induced pluripotent stem cells are responsive to inflammatory cytokines before and after differentiation into musculoskeletal cell types. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:514-527. [PMID: 37582999 PMCID: PMC10520172 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-023-00800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation is associated with the poor regeneration of musculoskeletal tissues. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have an attenuated response to inflammatory cytokines, but there are mixed reports on the response of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to inflammation. Horses provide a relevant large animal model for studying musculoskeletal tissue diseases and the testing of novel therapies. The aim of this study was to determine if equine iPSCs are responsive to the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα and IFN-γ in their undifferentiated state, or following differentiation into tendon and cartilage-like cells. We demonstrated that in undifferentiated iPSCs, the cytokines induce NF-κB P65 and STAT1 nuclear translocation which leads to cell death, decreased OCT4 expression and increased expression of inflammatory genes. Following differentiation towards cartilage-like cells exposure to the cytokines resulted in STAT1 nuclear translocation, changes in cartilage gene expression and increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory genes. Exposure of iPSC-derived tendon-like cells to the cytokines resulted nuclear translocation of NF-κB P65 and STAT1, altered tendon gene expression, increased MMP expression and increased expression of inflammatory genes. Equine iPSCs are therefore capable of responding to inflammatory stimulation and this may have relevance for their future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Palomino Lago
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Jelbert
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - Arabella Baird
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Pak Y Lam
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - Deborah J Guest
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK.
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Regenerative Medicine for Equine Musculoskeletal Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010234. [PMID: 33477808 PMCID: PMC7832834 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lameness due to musculoskeletal disease is the most common diagnosis in equine veterinary practice. Many of these orthopaedic disorders are chronic problems, for which no clinically satisfactory treatment exists. Thus, high hopes are pinned on regenerative medicine, which aims to replace or regenerate cells, tissues, or organs to restore or establish normal function. Some regenerative medicine therapies have already made their way into equine clinical practice mainly to treat tendon injures, tendinopathies, cartilage injuries and degenerative joint disorders with promising but diverse results. This review summarises the current knowledge of commonly used regenerative medicine treatments and critically discusses their use. Abstract Musculoskeletal injuries and chronic degenerative diseases commonly affect both athletic and sedentary horses and can entail the end of their athletic careers. The ensuing repair processes frequently do not yield fully functional regeneration of the injured tissues but biomechanically inferior scar or replacement tissue, causing high reinjury rates, degenerative disease progression and chronic morbidity. Regenerative medicine is an emerging, rapidly evolving branch of translational medicine that aims to replace or regenerate cells, tissues, or organs to restore or establish normal function. It includes tissue engineering but also cell-based and cell-free stimulation of endogenous self-repair mechanisms. Some regenerative medicine therapies have made their way into equine clinical practice mainly to treat tendon injures, tendinopathies, cartilage injuries and degenerative joint disorders with promising results. However, the qualitative and quantitative spatiotemporal requirements for specific bioactive factors to trigger tissue regeneration in the injury response are still unknown, and consequently, therapeutic approaches and treatment results are diverse. To exploit the full potential of this burgeoning field of medicine, further research will be required and is ongoing. This review summarises the current knowledge of commonly used regenerative medicine treatments in equine patients and critically discusses their use.
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Ciardulli MC, Marino L, Lamparelli EP, Guida M, Forsyth NR, Selleri C, Della Porta G, Maffulli N. Dose-Response Tendon-Specific Markers Induction by Growth Differentiation Factor-5 in Human Bone Marrow and Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5905. [PMID: 32824547 PMCID: PMC7460605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow (hBM-MSCs) are utilized in tendon tissue-engineering protocols while extra-embryonic cord-derived, including from Wharton's Jelly (hWJ-MSCs), are emerging as useful alternatives. To explore the tenogenic responsiveness of hBM-MSCs and hWJ-MSCs to human Growth Differentiation Factor 5 (hGDF-5) we supplemented each at doses of 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL of hGDF-5 and determined proliferation, morphology and time-dependent expression of tenogenic markers. We evaluated the expression of collagen types 1 (COL1A1) and 3 (COL3A1), Decorin (DCN), Scleraxis-A (SCX-A), Tenascin-C (TNC) and Tenomodulin (TNMD) noting the earliest and largest increase with 100 ng/mL. With 100 ng/mL, hBM-MSCs showed up-regulation of SCX-A (1.7-fold) at Day 1, TNC (1.3-fold) and TNMD (12-fold) at Day 8. hWJ-MSCs, at the same dose, showed up-regulation of COL1A1 (3-fold), DCN (2.7-fold), SCX-A (3.8-fold) and TNC (2.3-fold) after three days of culture. hWJ-MSCs also showed larger proliferation rate and marked aggregation into a tubular-shaped system at Day 7 (with 100 ng/mL of hGDF-5). Simultaneous to this, we explored the expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF, IL-12A, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β1) cytokines across for both cell types. hBM-MSCs exhibited a better balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines up-regulating IL-1β (11-fold) and IL-10 (10-fold) at Day 8; hWJ-MSCs, had a slight expression of IL-12A (1.5-fold), but a greater up-regulation of IL-10 (2.5-fold). Type 1 collagen and tenomodulin proteins, detected by immunofluorescence, confirming the greater protein expression when 100 ng/mL were supplemented. In the same conditions, both cell types showed specific alignment and shape modification with a length/width ratio increase, suggesting their response in activating tenogenic commitment events, and they both potential use in 3D in vitro tissue-engineering protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camilla Ciardulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 1, 84084 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (E.P.L.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Luigi Marino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 1, 84084 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (E.P.L.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Erwin Pavel Lamparelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 1, 84084 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (E.P.L.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Maurizio Guida
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nicholas Robert Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK;
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 1, 84084 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (E.P.L.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 1, 84084 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (E.P.L.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 1, 84084 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (E.P.L.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Mile End Hospital, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
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McClellan A, Paterson YZ, Paillot R, Guest DJ. Equine Fetal, Adult, and Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Tenocytes Are All Immune Privileged but Exhibit Different Immune Suppressive Properties In Vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1413-1423. [PMID: 31507234 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In horses and humans, tendon injuries are a significant problem. Not only can they occur in both athletes and nonathletes, they require lengthy periods of recuperation and undergo poor natural regeneration, which leads to high reinjury rates. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) may provide a renewable source of allogeneic cells to use in clinical applications to aid tissue regeneration. Equine ESCs can undergo tenocyte differentiation in vivo and in vitro, but the immune properties of tenocytes isolated from either ESCs or tissues have not previously been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that equine tenocytes derived from fetal and adult tendon tissue and ESCs express robust levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I but no MHC II in response to inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ). However, MHC expression does not affect their allorecognition by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Adult and fetal tenocytes remain immune privileged and strongly immune suppressive in both the presence and absence of exogenously applied IFNγ. In contrast, ESC-derived tenocytes are immune privileged even in the presence of IFNγ, but they are only weakly immune suppressive in the presence but not in the absence of exogenously applied IFNγ. This is despite ESC-tenocytes expressing a number of genes involved in immune modulation at significantly higher levels than those expressed by adult and fetal tenocytes when in standard, nonstimulated monolayer culture. Together, this work suggests that, similar to other fibroblasts, tenocytes have immune modulatory properties, and that culture-expanded tenocytes derived from primary tissues or ESCs may be safe to use in clinical transplantations to injured tendons of unrelated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce McClellan
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Z Paterson
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie University, UniCaen, Biotargen, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Deborah Jane Guest
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
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Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in healthy equine superficial digital flexor tendon: A study of the local inflammatory response. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:423-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Watts AE, Millar NL, Platt J, Kitson SM, Akbar M, Rech R, Griffin J, Pool R, Hughes T, McInnes IB, Gilchrist DS. MicroRNA29a Treatment Improves Early Tendon Injury. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2415-2426. [PMID: 28822690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries (tendinopathies) are common in human and equine athletes and characterized by dysregulated collagen matrix, resulting in tendon damage. We have previously demonstrated a functional role for microRNA29a (miR29a) as a post-transcriptional regulator of collagen 3 expression in murine and human tendon injury. Given the translational potential, we designed a randomized, blinded trial to evaluate the potential of a miR29a replacement therapy as a therapeutic option to treat tendinopathy in an equine model that closely mimics human disease. Tendon injury was induced in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of 17 horses. Tendon lesions were treated 1 week later with an intralesional injection of miR29a or placebo. miR29a treatment reduced collagen 3 transcript levels at week 2, with no significant changes in collagen 1. The relative lesion cross-sectional area was significantly lower in miR29a tendons compared to control tendons. Histology scores were significantly better for miR29a-treated tendons compared to control tendons. These data support the mechanism of microRNA-mediated modulation of early pathophysiologic events that facilitate tissue remodeling in the tendon after injury and provides a strong proof of principle that a locally delivered miR29a therapy improves early tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee E Watts
- The Comparative Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Neal L Millar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Josh Platt
- The Comparative Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Susan M Kitson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Moeed Akbar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Raquel Rech
- The Comparative Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jay Griffin
- The Comparative Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Roy Pool
- The Comparative Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tom Hughes
- Liphook Equine Hospital, Forest Mere, Liphook GU30 7JG, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Derek S Gilchrist
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Screen HRC, Berk DE, Kadler KE, Ramirez F, Young MF. Tendon functional extracellular matrix. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:793-9. [PMID: 25640030 PMCID: PMC4507431 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article is one of a series, summarizing views expressed at the Orthopaedic Research Society New Frontiers in Tendon Research Conference. This particular article reviews the three workshops held under the "Functional Extracellular Matrix" stream. The workshops focused on the roles of the tendon extracellular matrix, such as performing the mechanical functions of tendon, creating the local cell environment, and providing cellular cues. Tendon is a complex network of matrix and cells, and its biological functions are influenced by widely varying extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as age, nutrition, exercise levels, and biomechanics. Consequently, tendon adapts dynamically during development, aging, and injury. The workshop discussions identified research directions associated with understanding cell-matrix interactions to be of prime importance for developing novel strategies to target tendon healing or repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel R C Screen
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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