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Pechette Markley A, Kieves NR, Rivas LB, Shoben AB. Evaluation of surface type and time of day on agility course performance. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1415634. [PMID: 38988979 PMCID: PMC11233466 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1415634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Canine agility competitions are performed on a variety of surfaces. In the equine and human literature, surface type has been associated with speed, performance, and injury risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of general surface type and time of day on calculated speed (yards per second over a measured course distance) and course performance during the UKI Agility International (UKI) U.S. Open. We hypothesized that surface type would affect calculated speed, with sand being the slowest. Materials and methods Data on course performance from the 2021 and 2022 events were obtained directly from UKI. The officiating judge measured course length, automatic timers recorded dogs' course times, and speeds were calculated from these values. Three surfaces (dirt, grass, and sand) were compared across three categories of courses (jumpers, standard, and speedstakes). Differences in calculated speeds and qualifying rates were estimated using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to account for multiple runs by the same handler. Results Among jumpers courses, those run on sand in 2021 were markedly slower than those run on dirt. Grass and dirt were more similar in terms of average calculated speed, though some courses run on grass were significantly faster than courses run on dirt and vice versa. Time of day effects observed were inconsistent, with more variability observed for dirt and sand than for grass. Discussion There was a notable variation in calculate speed based on surface with sand being slowest, likely due to the increased energy cost required to run on sand due to its high compliance. Calculated speeds on grass and dirt appeared generally similar, but there was substantial variability of calculated speed among various courses, making comparison of surface effects challenging. Variables within the surface itself (such as compaction level and moisture content) likely play a role in the effects of surface on speed and performance. This study provides insight into the complexity of surface effects on performance in agility dogs and highlights the need for canine-specific surface studies on the effect of surface variables and how these relate to risk of development of musculoskeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Pechette Markley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Red Sage Integrative Veterinary Partners, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Nina R Kieves
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Linda Blake Rivas
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Abigail B Shoben
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Rohlf CM, Garcia TC, Fyhrie DP, le Jeune SS, Peterson ML, Stover SM. Arena surface vertical impact forces vary with surface compaction. Vet J 2023; 293:105955. [PMID: 36781018 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of arena surfaces are extrinsic factors for musculoskeletal injury. Vertical impact forces of harrowed and compacted cushion were measured at five locations on 12 arena surfaces (five dirt, seven synthetic [dirt and fiber]). Eight variables related to impact force, displacement, and acceleration were calculated. Surface temperature, cushion depth and moisture content were also measured. The effects of surface material type (dirt/synthetic) and cushion compaction (harrowed/compacted) on vertical impact properties were assessed using an analysis of variance. Relationships of manageable surface properties with vertical impact forces were examined through correlations. Compacted cushion exhibited markedly higher vertical impact force and deceleration with lower vertical displacement than harrowed cushion (P < 0.001), and the effect was greater on dirt than synthetic surfaces (P = 0.039). Vertical displacement (P = 0.021) and soil rebound (P = 0.005) were the only variables affected by surface type. Surface compaction (harrowed, compacted) had a significantly greater effect on vertical impact forces than surface type (dirt, synthetic). By reducing surface compaction through harrowing, extrinsic factors related to musculoskeletal injury risk are reduced. These benefits were more pronounced on dirt than synthetic surfaces. These results indicate that arena owners should regularly harrow surfaces, particularly dirt surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Rohlf
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of California-Davis, 1285 Veterinary Medicine Dr. Bldg. VM3A Rm, 4206, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - T C Garcia
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of California-Davis, 1285 Veterinary Medicine Dr. Bldg. VM3A Rm, 4206, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1275 Medical Science Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - D P Fyhrie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3800, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - S S le Jeune
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1275 Medical Science Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - M L Peterson
- Racing Surfaces Testing Laboratory, University of Kentucky, 907 National Ave, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - S M Stover
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of California-Davis, 1285 Veterinary Medicine Dr. Bldg. VM3A Rm, 4206, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1275 Medical Science Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Caure S, Bonomelli N, Carro M, Leveillard D, Blanville F, Mortagne P, Cousty M, Weller R. Effects of sand, asphalt and 3-degree hind toe or heel elevation on horse kinematics. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e23. [PMID: 34651727 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the effects of both the surfaces and plantar angles on equine locomotion have been widely discussed, limited scientific data are available. METHODS Our objectives were to determine the effects of two surfaces (asphalt and sand) and of 3-degree hind toe or heel elevation on horse kinematics in an experimental study. Six saddle horses were shod with a reference shoeing (REF), characterized by a fore aluminium (REF F) and hind steel racehorse (REF H) shoeing. Two dimensional kinematic videos compared horse's kinematic parameters when walking and trotting on asphalt and sand. On asphalt, REF was also compared with REF F and a modified REF H with additional 3-degree hind-toe or -heel wedges. RESULTS On asphalt versus sand, horses had, at the trot, a shorter stride duration and forelimb maximal retraction, and at walk and trot, a greater fetlock, carpus, elbow and tarsus extension, a greater fore and hind limbs maximal protraction and a shorter hind limbs maximal retraction. Increasing the plantar angle decreased the tarsus and hind fetlock extension, in contrast to fore-limb, on asphalt during the stance phase. CONCLUSIONS These findings could be useful to adapt rehabilitation programs related to fore and hind limb pathologies, at slow gaits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Caure
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Equin de Livet, 1487, Route de Castillon, Livarot-Pays d'Auge 14 140, France
| | - Natacha Bonomelli
- Ontario Veterinary College, Large Animal Clinic, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Marielle Carro
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Noés, parc d'activité des Noés, Plelan Le Grand 35 380, France
| | - Denis Leveillard
- Continuing Education in Farriery, 6, Rue des Dolmens, Saint Piat 28 130, France
| | - Faustine Blanville
- Clinique Vétérinaire Equine de Méheudin, 12, rue des Peupliers, Ecouché Les Vallées 61 150, France
| | - Perrine Mortagne
- Greshippo, 209, Lot barde, Saint Vincent de Mercuze 38 660, France
| | - Matthieu Cousty
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Equin de Livet, 1487, Route de Castillon, Livarot-Pays d'Auge 14 140, France
| | - Renate Weller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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Wang P, Takawira C, Taguchi T, Niu X, Nazzal MD, Lopez MJ. Assessment of the effect of horseshoes with and without traction adaptations on the gait kinetics of nonlame horses during a trot on a concrete runway. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:292-301. [PMID: 33764831 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.4.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of horseshoes with and without traction adaptations on the gait kinetics of nonlame horses during a trot on a concrete runway. ANIMALS 5 nonlame adult light-breed horses. PROCEDURES Kinetic data were obtained for each horse when it was trotted across a force platform within a concrete runway unshod (control) and shod with standard horseshoes; standard horseshoes with high profile-low surface area calks, with low profile-high surface area calks, and coated with a thin layer of tungsten carbide (TLTC); and plastic-steel composite (PSC) horseshoes. Kinetic data were obtained for the control treatment first, then for each of the 5 shoe types, which were applied to each horse in a random order. Kinetic variables were compared among the 6 treatments. RESULTS Body weight distribution did not differ among the 6 treatments. Compared with the control, the greatest increase in forelimb peak vertical force was observed when horses were shod with PSC shoes. In the hind limbs, the greatest increase in peak braking force was observed when horses were shod with PSC shoes, followed by the TLTC and low profile-high surface area calked shoes. The PSC shoes yielded the greatest coefficient of friction in both the forelimbs and hind limbs. Stance time was longest when horses were shod with standard shoes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that PSC and TLTC shoes provided the best hoof protection and traction and might be good options for horses that spend a large amount of time traversing paved surfaces.
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Hardeman AM, Byström A, Roepstorff L, Swagemakers JH, van Weeren PR, Serra Bragança FM. Range of motion and between-measurement variation of spinal kinematics in sound horses at trot on the straight line and on the lunge. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0222822. [PMID: 32097432 PMCID: PMC7041811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical assessment of spinal motion in horses is part of many routine clinical exams but remains highly subjective. A prerequisite for the quantification of spinal motion is the assessment of the expected normal range of motion and variability of back kinematics. The aim of this study was to objectively quantify spinal kinematics and between -measurement, -surface and -day variation in owner-sound horses. In an observational study, twelve owner-sound horses were trotted 12 times on four different paths (hard/soft straight line, soft lunge left and right). Measurements were divided over three days, with five repetitions on day one and two, and two repetitions on day three (recheck) which occurred 28-55 days later. Optical motion capture was used to collect kinematic data. Elements of the outcome were: 1) Ranges of Motion (ROM) with confidence intervals per path and surface, 2) a variability model to calculate between-measurement variation and test the effect of time, surface and path, 3) intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to determine repeatability. ROM was lowest on the hard straight line. Cervical lateral bending was doubled on the left compared to the right lunge. Mean variation for the flexion-extension and lateral bending of the whole back were 0.8 and 1 degrees. Pelvic motion showed a variation of 1.0 (pitch), 0.7 (yaw) and 1.3 (roll) degrees. For these five parameters, a tendency for more variation on the hard surface and reduced variation with increased repetitions was observed. More variation was seen on the recheck (p<0.001). ICC values for pelvic rotations were between 0.76 and 0.93, for the whole back flexion-extension and lateral bending between 0.51 and 0.91. Between-horse variation was substantially higher than within-horse variation. In conclusion, ROM and variation in spinal biomechanics are horse-specific and small, necessitating individual analysis and making subjective and objective clinical assessment of spinal kinematics challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Hardeman
- Tierklinik Luesche GmbH, Luesche, Germany
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Byström
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L. Roepstorff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - P. R. van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F. M. Serra Bragança
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Faramarzi B, Hung F, Nguyen A, Dong F. The effect of routine hoof trimming on midstance regional hoof kinetics at walk. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of objective and quality evidence-based research on the effect of trimming on hoof loading at different regions of the hoof. Our objective was to measure and compare force (F), contact area (CA), contact pressure (CP) and peak contact pressure (PCP) of the dorsal vs palmar and medial vs lateral regions of the forehooves. Nine sound equine athletes were walked across a calibrated pressure plate before and after routine hoof trimming. The F, CA, CP and PCP in medial, lateral, dorsal and palmar regions were examined pre- and post-trimming, P≤0.05 was considered significant. Dorsal CP and PCP significantly increased post-trimming (P=0.039 and P=0.019, respectively). Medial F increased about 25% after trimming, but not significantly (P=0.129). These data confirm the impact of individual hoof trimming on certain aspects of the hoof midstance biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Faramarzi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second St., Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - F. Hung
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second St., Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - A. Nguyen
- University of California, Los Angeles, School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - F. Dong
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second St., Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
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Clayton HM, Hobbs SJ. Ground Reaction Forces: The Sine Qua Non of Legged Locomotion. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 76:25-35. [PMID: 31084749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Legged locomotion results from the feet pressing against the ground to generate ground reaction forces (GRFs) that are responsible for moving the body. By changing limb coordination patterns and muscle forces, the GRFs are adjusted to allow the horse to move in different gaits, speeds, and directions with appropriate balance and self-carriage. This article describes the typical GRF patterns in each gait, the adaptations that produce turning, and the GRF patterns used to unload the painful limb when the horse is lame. The intent is to provide information that is of practical interest and value to equine scientists rather than being a comprehensive review of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Jane Hobbs
- Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Gorissen BMC, Serra Bragança FM, Wolschrijn CF, Back W, van Weeren PR. The development of hoof balance and landing preference in the post-natal period. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:809-817. [PMID: 29679400 PMCID: PMC6175397 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Foals can follow the herd within hours of birth, but it has been shown that kinetic gait parameters and static balance still have to mature. However, development of dynamic balance has not been investigated. Objectives To objectively quantify landing and pressure pattern dynamics under the hoof during the first half year of life. Study design Prospective, cohort study performed at a single stud farm. Methods Pressure plate measurements at walk and trot from ten Dutch warmblood foals during the first 24 weeks of life were used to quantify toe‐heel and medial‐lateral hoof balance asymmetry indexes and to determine preferred landing strategy. Concurrently, radiographs of the tarsocrural and femoropatellar joints were taken at 4–6 weeks and after 6 months to check for osteochondrosis. A linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of time point, limb pair (front/hind), side (left/right) and osteochondrosis status of every foal. Results At 25% of stance duration at walk, front limbs were more loaded in the heel region in weeks 6–20 (P≤0.04), the medial‐lateral balance was more to the lateral side from week 6 onwards at both walk and trot (P≤0.04). Landing preference gradually changed in the same directions. Variability in pressure distribution decreased over time. (Subclinical) osteochondrosis did not influence any of the measured parameters. Main limitations This study is limited by the relatively small sample size only containing one breed from a single stud farm. Conclusions Dynamic hoof balance in new‐born foals is more variable and less oriented towards the lateral side of the hoof and to the heel than in mature horses. This pattern changes gradually during the first weeks of life. Knowledge of this process is essential for the clinician when considering interventions in this area in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M C Gorissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F M Serra Bragança
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C F Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - W Back
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Sleutjens J, Serra Bragança FM, van Empelen MW, Ten Have RE, de Zwaan J, Roelfsema E, Oosterlinck M, Back W. Mouldable, thermoplastic, glue-on frog-supportive shoes change hoof kinetics in normal and obese Shetland ponies. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:684-689. [PMID: 29356062 PMCID: PMC6099505 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity and hyperinsulinaemia are frequently encountered in the equine population and risk factors for the development of laminitis. There are many options for hoof support that claim a beneficial effect, but often the scientific evidence is scarce. Objectives To quantify the effect of frog‐supportive shoes on hoof kinetics in normal and obese ponies. Study design Controlled in vivo trial. Methods Ten Shetland mares (n = 10) with a normal (n = 5) or obese (n = 5) body condition were led over a dynamically calibrated pressure plate before (T0), immediately after (T1) and 72 h (T2) after application of the shoes. The following locomotor variables were measured: stance duration (StDur), vertical impulse (VI), peak vertical force (PVF), time to PVF and time from PVF to lift off. The hoof print was divided into a toe and heel region and the StDur toe–heel index was calculated. The toe–heel hoof balance curves of the vertical force were plotted throughout the stance phase. Results The VI and PVF increased significantly 72 h after application of the shoes, when compared with T0 and T1. The StDur toe–heel index and toe–heel balance curves were significantly different between the normal and obese ponies. These variables became more comparable between the groups after application of the frog‐supportive shoes. Main limitations It would have been interesting to measure the effect of the shoe in patients with acute laminitis. However, this would have had major welfare implications. Conclusions The obese ponies moved more carefully than the normal group, demonstrated by a decreased loading of the toe area. The data illustrate that the ponies became more comfortable 72 h after application of the shoes, with a pronounced effect in the obese group. Thus, these results suggest that frog‐supportive shoes could be beneficial, especially for obese ponies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sleutjens
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F M Serra Bragança
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M W van Empelen
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R E Ten Have
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J de Zwaan
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E Roelfsema
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M Oosterlinck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W Back
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Van de Water E, Oosterlinck M, Pille F. The effect of perineural anaesthesia and handler position on limb loading and hoof balance of the vertical ground reaction force in sound horses. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:608-12. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Van de Water
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - M. Oosterlinck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - F. Pille
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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Preliminary Evaluation of Toe–Heel and Mediolateral Hoof Balance at the Walk in Sound Horses With Toed-In Hoof Conformation. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Parkes RSV, Witte TH. The foot-surface interaction and its impact on musculoskeletal adaptation and injury risk in the horse. Equine Vet J 2015; 47:519-25. [PMID: 25640598 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The equine limb has evolved for efficient locomotion and high-speed performance, with adaptations of bone, tendon and muscle. However, the system lacks the ability seen in some species to dynamically adapt to different circumstances. The mechanical interaction of the limb and the ground is influenced by internal and external factors including fore-hind mass distribution, lead limb, moving on a curve, shoeing and surface properties. It is unclear which of the components of limb loading have the largest effect on injury and performance but peak load, impact and vibration all play a role. Factors related to the foot-ground interface that limit performance are poorly understood. Peak performance varies vastly between disciplines but at high speeds such as racing and polo, force and grip are key limits to performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S V Parkes
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - T H Witte
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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