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Paranjape VV, Knych HK, Berghaus LJ, Giancola S, Cathcart J, Reed RA. Plasma concentrations of buprenorphine administered via matrix-type transdermal patches applied at three different anatomical locations in healthy adult horses. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1390322. [PMID: 38962712 PMCID: PMC11220193 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1390322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Anatomical location-dependent differences in transdermal opioid penetration are well described in human patients. Although this has been investigated in horses with fentanyl, there is no literature available on location-dependent plasma buprenorphine concentrations when administered as a transdermal matrix-type patch. Objective This study aims to compare the plasma concentrations achieved from the matrix-type transdermal buprenorphine patches placed at different anatomical sites (metacarpus, gaskin, and ventral tail base) in healthy adult horses. Study design This is a randomized experimental study with a Latin square design. Methods Six adult horses were given each of three treatments with a minimum 10-day washout period. For each treatment, two 20 μg h-1 matrix-type buprenorphine patches were applied to the ventral aspect of the tail base (TailTDP), metacarpus region (MetacarpusTDP), or gaskin region (GaskinTDP). Whole blood samples (for determination of buprenorphine concentration) and physiological variables were collected before (0 h) and at 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 56, 72, 96 and 120 h after patches were applied. The patches were removed 96 h following placement and were analyzed for residual buprenorphine content. Buprenorphine concentrations were measured in plasma by LC-MS/MS. A mixed-effects model was used to analyze the physiological variables. Results Between the three treatment groups, there was no change in physiological variables across timepoints as compared to baseline and when compared to each other in a single horse and between horses (p > 0.3). When comparing all three locations, the buprenorphine uptake was observed to be more consistent with respect to measurable plasma concentrations >0.1 ng ml-1 when applied to the ventral aspect of the tail base. In the TailTDP group, the mean plasma buprenorphine concentrations were >0.1 ng ml-1 from 2 to 32 h. The highest group mean was 0.25 ng ml-1 noted at 4 h. Conclusions The metacarpal and gaskin regions presented more erratic and inconsistent buprenorphine uptake and plasma concentrations as compared to the ventral aspect of the tail base. Further research must be directed at investigating the optimal dose, achievable duration of analgesia, change in measurable plasma concentrations, and behavioral and systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi V. Paranjape
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Londa J. Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shyla Giancola
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jessica Cathcart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rachel A. Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Hubbell JAE, Muir WW, Gorenberg E, Hopster K. A review of equine anesthetic induction: Are all equine anesthetic inductions "crash" inductions? J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 139:105130. [PMID: 38879096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Horses are the most challenging of the common companion animals to anesthetize. Induction of anesthesia in the horse is complicated by the fact that it is accompanied by a transition from a conscious standing position to uncconconscious recumbency. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on induction of anesthesia with a focus on the behavioral and physiologic/pharmacodynamic responses and the actions and interactions of the drugs administered to induce anesthesia in the healthy adult horse with the goal of increasing consistency and predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William W Muir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emma Gorenberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Klaus Hopster
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Lindinger H, Wehrend A. Characterization of Typical Behaviors of Mares in the Opening Phase of Parturition-Influence of Parity and Dystocia. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1036. [PMID: 38612275 PMCID: PMC11011104 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of typical behaviors in stage I of parturition, the opening phase, can be used to improve birth monitoring in the mare. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively analyze mare behavior during the opening phase. Real-time recordings of 66 births involving 56 warmblood mares were analyzed using camera footage. Behaviors such as increased locomotor activity, pawing with front hooves, lifting the tail, rolling, kicking with the hind legs toward the abdomen, and looking at the abdomen increased significantly (p < 0.001) in the four hours preceding parturition. Within the last hour of the observation period, a statistically significant change was observed for the duration of lying in the sternal and lateral position (p < 0.001). Significant correlations were observed between parity and the total number of repetitions of lying in the sternal position (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the birth process influenced the repetitions of lying in the lateral position (p < 0.05). These findings indicate distinct behavioral patterns during the opening phase of parturition, which were evident across the observed mares. Nonetheless, notable individual differences were also identified among the mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lindinger
- Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Neonatology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Xue C, Segabinazzi L, Hall A, Dzikiti TB, French H, Gilbert R. A retrospective comparison of postoperative outcomes in ovariectomised jennies (Equus asinus) treated with phenylbutazone or flunixin meglumine. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38500306 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically, flunixin meglumine (FM) and phenylbutazone (PBZ) are preferentially selected for the treatment of visceral and musculoskeletal pain, respectively, in horses. In donkeys, there is no information to support or refute this conventional conjecture. OBJECTIVES To compare postoperative outcomes in a group of jennies treated with intravenous FM or oral PBZ. ANIMALS Fourteen jennies unilaterally ovariectomised by standing left flank laparotomy. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Data from medical records of ovariectomised jennies (case details, weight, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID] protocol, surgery duration, operative sequence, anaesthesia protocol, physical examination findings and outcomes) were collected. From collated data, postoperative adverse events were defined as fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, inappetence, altered mentation, abnormal oral mucous membranes, bruxism, colic, incisional complications (i.e., drainage, oedema, peri-incisional emphysema and pain) and non-survival, then further divided into occurrence during the early (≤24 h) or late (>24 h) postoperative period for data analysis using R software. Chi-squared test was used to compare individual adverse events between groups (PBZ vs. FM) and moments (early vs. late). Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS PBZ treatment (8/14) was associated with (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) more total (2.93, 1.97-4.36), early (3.01, 1.87-4.84) and late (2.69, 1.28-5.63) adverse events than FM treatment (6/14). Tachycardia (37.83, 2.21-646.66), tachypnoea (0.29, 0.13-0.66), altered mentation (2.78, 1.01-7.67), altered mucous membranes (18.38, 1.04-325.23), incisional oedema (44.33, 2.60-754.5) and incisional pain (47.78, 2.81-811.61) were significantly different between groups. Early adverse events significantly different between groups included tachycardia (50.2, 2.9-877.0), altered mentation (3.33, 1.08-10.29) and incisional pain (21.0, 1.2-374.5), with late adverse events being tachypnea (0.07, 0.01-0.62), incisional oedema (32.92, 1.85-584.28) and incisional pain (28.92, 1.62-515.68). Colic (2/8) and non-survival (1/8) were rare events that only occurred in the PBZ cohort and could not be further evaluated for differences. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size; retrospective study; treatment bias; varied administration routes. CONCLUSIONS Oral PBZ may be inappropriate to use following abdominal surgery in donkeys. CLINICAL RELEVANCE More prospective and case-controlled studies are needed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of these two NSAIDs in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Xue
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Lorenzo Segabinazzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Alexis Hall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Tarisai Brighton Dzikiti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Hilari French
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Robert Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
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Paranjape VV, Knych HK, Berghaus LJ, Cathcart J, Giancola S, Craig H, James C, Saksena S, Reed RA. Evaluation of physical variables, thermal nociceptive threshold testing and pharmacokinetics during placement of transdermal buprenorphine matrix-type patch in healthy adult horses. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1373555. [PMID: 38529072 PMCID: PMC10961409 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1373555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix type transdermal buprenorphine patches have not been investigated in horses and may provide an effective means of providing continuous pain control for extended period and eliminating venous catheterization. Objective Assessment of the physiological variables (heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature) and thermal nociceptive threshold testing, and describing the pharmacokinetic profile of transdermal buprenorphine matrix-type patch (20 μg h-1 and 40 μg h-1 dosing) in healthy adult horses. Study design Randomised experimental study with a Latin-square design. Methods Six adult healthy horses received each of the three treatments with a minimum 10 day washout period. BUP0 horses did not receive a patch (control). BUP20 horses received one patch (20 μg h-1) applied on the ventral aspect of the tail base resulting in a dose of 0.03-0.04 μg kg-1 h-1. BUP40 horses received two patches placed alongside each other (40 μg h-1) on the tail base resulting in a dose of 0.07-0.09 μg kg-1 h-1. Whole blood samples (for determination of buprenorphine concentration), physiological variables and thermal threshold testing were performed before (0 h) and at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, and 96 h after patch application. The patches were removed 72 h following placement and were analyzed for residual buprenorphine content. Results Between the three groups, there was no change in physiological variables across timepoints as compared to baseline (p > 0.1). With the higher dose, there was a significant increase in thermal thresholds from baseline values from 2 h until 48 h and these values were significantly higher than the group receiving the lower patch dose for multiple timepoints up to 40 h. 40 μg h-1 patch led to consistent measurable plasma concentrations starting at 2 h up to 96 h, with the mean plasma concentrations of > 0.1 ng/ml from 4 h to 40 h. Conclusions 20 μg h-1 and 40 μg h-1 patch doses were well tolerated by all horses. At higher dose, plasma buprenorphine concentrations were more consistently measurable and blunted thermal thresholds for 48 h vs. 32 h with 20 μg h-1 dosing as compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi V. Paranjape
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Londa J. Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jessica Cathcart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shyla Giancola
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hannah Craig
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Caroline James
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Siddharth Saksena
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rachel A. Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Pezzanite LM, Griffenhagen GM, Bass L, Okudaira M, Larson B, Hendrickson DA. Liposomal bupivacaine is both safe and effective when administered via local infiltration at surgical site and mesovarium for laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:755-764. [PMID: 36572902 PMCID: PMC10291007 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liposomal local anaesthetic solutions may provide extended-duration analgesia postoperatively but have not been assessed following intra-peritoneal local infiltration in any species. OBJECTIVES To evaluate two doses of 1.33% liposomal bupivacaine (LB) versus 0.75% bupivacaine HCL (BHCl) for analgesia following laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Fifteen healthy Quarter Horse mares (age 2-20 years) with normal bilateral ovarian palpation and appearance were enrolled. Horses were restrained in standing stocks and administered an α-2 agonist, butorphanol, and flunixin meglumine, followed by a variable rate infusion of sedation with α-2 agonists. Bilateral paralumbar fossa ovariectomies were performed. Treatment with either 30 ml 0.75% BHCl followed by 20 or 40 ml LB 13.3% (LB20 and LB40) volume expanded with saline to 80 ml total (n = 6/group) or 80 ml BHCl alone (n = 3, BCHL) was infused around incision sites and each mesovarium (LB or BHCl) prior to ovariectomy. Horses were monitored for 72 h by physical examination, algometry, and pain scoring (composite pain scale by Bussieres et al., Horse Grimace Scale). Abdominocentesis with peritoneal fluid analysis was performed at 72 h. RESULTS Analgesia achieved with all treatment protocols allowed completion of ovariectomy procedures. Pressure algometry scores were lower in BHCl-treated horses versus both LB groups overall. Pain scores were improved with LB-treated horses in a dose-dependent fashion (Horse Grimace Scale scores LB40 < LB20 < BHCL; composite pain scale scores LB40 < BHCL, LB20 < BHCL, BHCL, and LB20 did not differ). Peritoneal fluid total protein was lower in LB40 versus LB20 and BHCL horses. No complications from LB administration were appreciated. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small patient sample size, lack of follow-up past 72 h or histopathology. CONCLUSIONS Analgesia duration was extended and pain scores improved postoperatively with LB versus BHCl in a dose-dependent fashion. Further clinical evaluation of extended-duration local anaesthetics in horses for improved postoperative pain management is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke Bass
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Mana Okudaira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Blaine Larson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Dean A. Hendrickson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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O’Brien M, Mochel JP, Kersh K, Wang C, Troy J. Phenylbutazone concentrations in synovial fluid following administration via intravenous regional limb perfusion in the forelimbs of six adult horses. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1236976. [PMID: 37691633 PMCID: PMC10484477 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1236976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pain management is critical to equine welfare with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) commonly used in horses. However, systemic NSAID use is limited by harmful gastrointestinal and renal side effects. Intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) is a technique used in horses that produces high, local antibiotic concentrations while limiting systemic circulation. NSAID-IVRLP would be a novel method of local pain management while limiting systemic NSAID side effects. To date, NSAID-IVRLP administration has not been reported in horses. This study aimed to identify the pharmacokinetics and local complications associated with using the NSAID phenylbutazone (PBZ) for IVRLP in six standing adult horses. Methods PBZ-IVRLP, at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg PBZ, was performed in a randomly assigned forelimb cephalic vein in 6 standing, healthy adult horses. A placebo-IVRLP was performed in the contralateral forelimb for comparison. Systemic serum and radiocarpal joint synovial fluid PBZ concentrations were identified at various timepoints (before IVRLP T-0 h, just after tourniquet removal T-0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 12, 16, and 24 h post IVRLP) for non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis and concentration over time curves. Local complications associated with PBZ-IVRP were evaluated for up to 7 days following PBZ-IVRLP using physical and ultrasonographic assessment. On day 7 horses were humanely euthanized with histology performed on both forelimbs at PBZ-IVRLP and placebo-IVRLP administration sites. Results Non-compartmental pharmacokinetics for PBZ, and its major metabolite oxyphenbutazone (OBZ), were determined for serum and synovial fluid. Synovial PBZ concentrations (mean ± SD; 1.9 ± 2.1 μg/mL) were significantly lower (p = 0.03; CI,0.46-7.36) than serum PBZ concentrations (5.8 ± 5.1 μg/mL) at any time point. Physical and ultrasonographic measurements were not significantly different between PBZ- and placebo-IVRLP forelimbs. The most common histologic findings included focal deep dermal/subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema. Two horses showed perivasculitis and one horse showed a resolving thrombus in the cephalic vein of the PBZ-IVRLP limb. This horse also had severe perivasculitis and fibrinosuppurative dermatitis/panniculitis in the placebo-IVRLP limb. Conclusion PBZ-IVRLP pharmacokinetics at a 2.2 mg/kg dose showed no benefit compared to systemic PBZ administration in standing adult horses. Local complications associated with PBZ-IVRLP were similar to placebo-IVRLP on physical and ultrasonographic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly O’Brien
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kevin Kersh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jarrod Troy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
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Flood J, Stewart AJ. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Associated Toxicities in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2939. [PMID: 36359062 PMCID: PMC9655344 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective pain management in horses can be a challenge despite the understanding that appropriate analgesia improves animal welfare and increases treatment success. The administration of NSAID drugs, particularly phenylbutazone and flunixin, are common practice in equine veterinary patients. Known for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, NSAIDs are used for the treatment of a variety of conditions in horses, from gastrointestinal to orthopedic pain. Despite extensive usage, NSAIDs have a narrow margin of safety and the body of literature documenting the efficacy and side effects of different NSAIDs is broad. The three main side effects associated with excessive or prolonged NSAID usage in horses include gastroduodenal ulceration, right dorsal colitis (RDC) and renal papillary necrosis. The use of cyclooxygenase-2 selective NSAIDS, such as firocoxib, are theoretically safer. The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on the use and efficacy of different NSAIDs, summarise the associated side effects of NSAID usage and evaluate the current state of knowledge for the diagnosis and treatment of such toxicities.
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Reed R, Trenholme N, Skrzypczak H, Chang K, Ishikawa Y, Barletta M, Quandt J, Knych H, Sakai D. Comparison of hydromorphone and butorphanol for management of pain in equine patients undergoing elective arthroscopy: a randomized clinical trial. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:490-498. [PMID: 35752564 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of hydromorphone and butorphanol in horses undergoing arthroscopy and describe the pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone in anesthetized horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 40 adult horses admitted for elective arthroscopy. METHODS Horses were randomly assigned to be administered intravenous hydromorphone (0.04 mg kg-1; group TxH; n = 19) or butorphanol (0.02 mg kg-1; group TxB; n = 21) prior to surgery as part of a standardized anesthetic protocol. Pain was scored by two observers unaware of group assignment using the Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain (EQUUS-FAP) and a composite pain scale (CPS) prior to surgery (baseline), 2 hours (P2) and 4 hours (P4) following recovery from anesthesia. Blood samples were collected at various time points for determination of plasma hydromorphone concentration using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed with a mixed-effect model. RESULTS Median (range) baseline EQUUS-FAP was 1.2 (0.0-4.0) with no effect of group, time points or interaction. Baseline CPS was similar between groups. Group TxH baseline CPS was 2.5 (0.0-10.0), increased at P2 [4.5 (0-10.0); p = 0.046] and returned to baseline values at P4 [3.0 (0.0-11.0)]. Group TxB baseline CPS was 2.0 (0.0-8.0), increased at P2 [3.5 (0.0-11.0); p = 0.009] and P4 [5.0 (0.0-11.0); p < 0.001]. Pharmacokinetic terminal half-life was 774 ± 82.3 minutes, area under the curve was 1362 ± 314 ng minutes mL-1, clearance was 30.7 ± 7.23 mL minute-1 kg-1 and volume of distribution at steady state was 884 ± 740 mL kg-1. CONCLUSIONS Hydromorphone, but not butorphanol, decreased CPS back to baseline at P4 after recovery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hydromorphone may provide superior postoperative analgesia compared with butorphanol in horses undergoing arthroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Nicole Trenholme
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Heather Skrzypczak
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Chang
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yushun Ishikawa
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michele Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jane Quandt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Heather Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Sakai
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Knych HK, Stucker K, Gretler SR, Kass PH, McKemie DS. Pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and effects on thermal nociception following administration of three doses of codeine to horses. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:196. [PMID: 35614473 PMCID: PMC9131543 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, codeine is a commonly prescribed analgesic that produces its therapeutic effect largely through metabolism to morphine. In some species, analgesic effects of morphine have also been attributed to the morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) metabolite. Although an effective analgesic, administration of morphine to horses produces dose-dependent neuroexcitation at therapeutic doses. Oral administration of codeine at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg has been shown to generate morphine and M6G concentrations comparable to that observed following administration of clinically effective doses of morphine, without the concomitant adverse effects observed with morphine administration. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that codeine administration would provide effective analgesia with decreased adverse excitatory effects compared to morphine. Seven horses received a single oral dose of saline or 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2 mg/kg codeine or 0.2 mg/kg morphine IV (positive control) in a randomized balanced 5-way cross-over design. Blood samples were collected up to 72 hours post administration, codeine, codeine 6-glucuronide, norcodeine morphine, morphine 3-glucuronide and M6G concentrations determined by liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic analysis performed. Pre- and post-drug related behavior, locomotor activity, heart rate and gastrointestinal borborygmi were recorded. Response to noxious stimuli was evaluated by determining thermal threshold latency. RESULTS Morphine concentrations were highest in the morphine dose group at all times post administration, however, M6G concentrations were significantly higher in all the codeine dose groups compared to the morphine group starting at 1 hour post drug administration and up to 72-hours in the 1.2 mg/kg group. With the exception of one horse that exhibited signs of colic following administration of 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg, codeine administration was well tolerated. Morphine administration, led to signs of agitation, tremors and excitation. There was not a significant effect on thermal nociception in any of the dose groups studied. CONCLUSIONS The current study describes the metabolic profile and pharmacokinetics of codeine in horses and provides information that can be utilized in the design of future studies to understand the anti-nociceptive and analgesic effects of opioids in this species with the goal of promoting judicious and safe use of this important class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Kristen Stucker
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sophie R Gretler
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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11
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López-Sanromán FJ, Montes Freilich G, Gómez-Cisneros D, Izquierdo-Moreno J, Varela del Arco M, Manso-Díaz G. Morphine with or without Acepromazine in Horses: A Kinematic Evaluation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1193. [PMID: 35565620 PMCID: PMC9104890 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to demonstrate walking locomotor pattern alterations after co-administration of acepromazine and morphine in horses. Six mature horses receiving four different treatments were used. Treatments consisted of a single dose of saline solution, 0.2 mg/kg bwt of morphine hydrochloride, 0.02 mg/kg bwt of acepromazine maleate, and a combination of 0.2 mg/kg bwt of morphine hydrochloride with 0.02 mg/kg bwt of acepromazine maleate. A three-dimensional accelerometric device was used to collect data. Walking tests were performed 10 min prior to injection, and then at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after the injection, and then every 10 min for 3 h. Eight variables were calculated including stride kinematic, coordination, and energetic parameters; moreover ground-to-lip distance (GLD), as a tranquilization parameter, was also measured. A significant interaction was observed in all the variables studied but regularity, mediolateral power, the propulsive part of the power, and the GLD. An evident counteraction of the effects caused by both, opioids and phenothiazines, in the gait pattern was observed. The co-administration of acepromazine and morphine could allow a safe opiate administration while minimizing the possible central nervous system (CNS) excitation and reducing potential locomotor adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier López-Sanromán
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.F.); (J.I.-M.); (M.V.d.A.); (G.M.-D.)
| | - G. Montes Freilich
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.F.); (J.I.-M.); (M.V.d.A.); (G.M.-D.)
| | - D. Gómez-Cisneros
- Department of Clinicas and Surgery, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panama 3366, Panama;
| | - J. Izquierdo-Moreno
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.F.); (J.I.-M.); (M.V.d.A.); (G.M.-D.)
| | - M. Varela del Arco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.F.); (J.I.-M.); (M.V.d.A.); (G.M.-D.)
| | - G. Manso-Díaz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.F.); (J.I.-M.); (M.V.d.A.); (G.M.-D.)
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12
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Hopster K, Watkins AR, Hurcombe SD. Comparison of cervical epidural morphine with intravenous morphine administration on antinociception in adult horses using thermal threshold testing. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:417-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Moorman VJ, Pezzanite LM, Griffenhagen GM. Liposomal bupivacaine provides longer duration analgesia than bupivacaine hydrochloride in an adjustable sole-pressure model of equine lameness. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:298-304. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To compare the efficacy and duration of action for perineural analgesia with liposomal bupivacaine (LB) versus bupivacaine hydrochloride (BHCl) in a sole-pressure induced model of forelimb lameness in horses.
ANIMALS
6 healthy adult research horses.
PROCEDURES
In 1 randomly assigned forelimb, grade 3/5 lameness was induced by use of a sole-pressure lameness model. Objective lameness (vector sum [VS]) was determined with an inertial sensor system at 0, 1, 6, and 24 hours after lameness induction to evaluate the model. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) and objective lameness (VS and force platform kinetics) were recorded prior to and at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after perineural anesthesia of the palmar nerves at the level of the proximal sesamoid bones with LB or BHCl in random order, with a 1-week washout period between crossover treatments. Data analysis was performed with mixed-model ANOVA.
RESULTS
When evaluating the lameness model, there was a decrease in lameness at 24 hours in at least 1 limb of each horse (7/12 limbs); thus, screw length was increased by 1 to 2 mm at each 24-hour interval to maintain lameness. Compared with results at baseline, horses treated with BHCl had significant improvements in median MNT and VS identified at only 1 hour after injection, whereas treatment with LB yielded significantly improved median MNT, VS score, and peak vertical force for up to 24 hours.
DISCUSSION
In this experimental model of forelimb lameness, LB provided longer analgesia when compared with BHCl and should be further investigated for treatment of pain in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J. Moorman
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Lynn M. Pezzanite
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Gregg M. Griffenhagen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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14
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Kuroda T, Minamijima Y, Nomura M, Yamashita S, Yamada M, Nagata S, Mita H, Tamura N, Fukuda K, Kuwano A, Kusano K, Toutain PL, Sato F. Medication control of flunixin in racing horses: Possible detection times using Monte Carlo simulations. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:979-988. [PMID: 34719043 PMCID: PMC9546317 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background For medication control in several jurisdictions, withdrawal time is the period of refrain from racing after drug administration. It is set by adding a safety period to an experimental detection time. However, there are no reports of statistical analyses of detection time for the determination of withdrawal time in flunixin meglumine‐treated horses. Objective To analyse the population pharmacokinetics of flunixin in horses through the generation of a dataset for detection time statistical analysis and predictions via Monte Carlo simulation. Study design Experimental study. Methods Drug plasma and urine concentrations following single intravenous administration of flunixin 1.1 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) in 10 horses and multiple administration of q 24 hours for 5 days in 10 horses were measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Data were modelled using a nonlinear mixed effect model followed by Monte Carlo simulation. Irrelevant plasma concentration (IPC) and irrelevant urine concentration (IUC) were calculated using the Toutain approach. Detection times were obtained considering the time after the last administration for selected quantiles of 5000 hypothetical horses under the international screening limit (ISL) proposed by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (plasma: 1 ng/mL, urine; 100 ng/mL). Results For a regimen of 1.1 mg/kg BW q 24 hours, the IPC and IUC values were 2.0 and 73.0 ng/mL respectively. Detection times in plasma above the ISL for 90% of simulated horses were estimated as 74 hours after a single 1.1 mg/kg dose administration, 149 and 199 hours after multiple doses over 5 days at either 24‐ or 12‐hour intervals respectively. Corresponding detection times in urine were 46, 68 and 104 hours respectively. Main limitation Only female horses were investigated. Conclusions Statistical detection times for different flunixin meglumine regimens indicated a delay of detection time in plasma after multiple administrations under ISL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kuroda
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yohei Minamijima
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Motoi Nomura
- Equine Department Main office, Japan Racing Association, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamashita
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Shunichi Nagata
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mita
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fukuda
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Kuwano
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Equine Department Main office, Japan Racing Association, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.,Intheres, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Fumio Sato
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
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15
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Ward R, Po E, Gozalo‐Marcilla M. Nerve stimulation‐guided femoral and sciatic blocks in an alpaca (
Vicugna pacos
) for the removal of a sequestrum from the distal femur. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ward
- Queens Veterinary School Hospital University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Easter Bush Vet Centre Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eleonora Po
- Queens Veterinary School Hospital University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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16
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Sun TC, Bellei M, Robinson A, Martinez‐Taboada F. Ketofol: A ketamine‐propofol admixture for induction of anaesthesia in two foals. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsim Christopher Sun
- Department of Anaesthesia Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
| | - Maria Bellei
- Scone Equine Hospital Scone New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Fernando Martinez‐Taboada
- Department of Anaesthesia Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
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17
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Loomes K, Jopling P. Anaesthetic management of 10 horses undergoing cervical intervertebral body fusion ‘wobbler surgery’. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Methadone or Butorphanol as Pre-Anaesthetic Agents Combined with Romifidine in Horses Undergoing Elective Surgery: Qualitative Assessment of Sedation and Induction. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092572. [PMID: 34573538 PMCID: PMC8467133 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary When considering sedation or general anaesthesia in horses, a multimodal strategy is commonly preferred over a single drug. This includes the association of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists, phenothiazines or opioids, to improve the overall sedative and analgesic effects accordingly. However, the use of opioids alone is limited in horses due to the risk of sympathetic stimulation, central nervous system stimulation, excitement and head jerking. In some countries, butorphanol is currently the only licensed and most used opioid in equine medicine. We aimed to evaluate the pre-anaesthetic association of romifidine with either butorphanol or methadone. The two combinations were administered before induction of general anaesthesia, which included diazepam and ketamine. Evaluations involved the degree of sedation and ataxia, effects on physiological parameters, such as heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, quality of induction, ease of intubation and the need for top-up agents before transition to the operating theatre and the institution of a maintenance regimen. Abstract While butorphanol is the most commonly used opioid in horses, methadone is not licensed in most countries. Our aim was to compare the effects of both drugs, combined with romifidine, regarding the quality of sedation and induction in horses undergoing elective surgery. Results indicate the suitability of both methadone and butorphanol in this patient population. Animals were scored 10 min after intravenous injection of sedatives. Despite lower overall sedation (OS) score in horses receiving methadone (p = 0.002), the quality and time of induction and intubation remained unchanged. None of the horses had the lowest OS score (no sedation), nor the highest score for ataxia (horse falling). Methadone induced a tendency for minor noise reaction yet minor head lowering scores, the latter being probably the most influencing parameter when scoring OS. Measured physiological parameters decreased in both groups, with greater bradycardia recorded after methadone (p = 0.017), including a higher incidence of atrioventricular blocks that resolved during general anaesthesia. The quality of induction was good–excellent in most of the animals. While comparisons between the degree of antinociception were beyond the scope of this study, analgesic potency might influence the choice when considering opioids as pre-anaesthetic drugs in combination with romifidine before surgery in equines.
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19
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Accelerometric Evaluation of the Locomotor Pattern After Administration of Morphine in Conscious Healthy Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103701. [PMID: 34416984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare, using accelerometry, the gait changes produced after administration of a dose of 0.2 mg/kg of morphine at the walk in healthy horses. Six mature horses were used, and all animals received two different treatments with, at least, two weeks interval in between. Treatments administered consisted of a single dose of 10 ml of saline solution or a total of 0.2 mg/kg of morphine diluted in 10 ml of saline solution. A three-dimensional accelerometric device was used to collect data continuously while horses were walking. The walking test was performed 10 min prior to injection, and then at 5, 10, 15 and 20 min after injection and then every 10 min for 3 h. Eight variables were calculated including stride kinematic, coordination and energetic parameters. Additionally, the force of acceleration and three components of the power were calculated. Significant interaction was only observed for stride length, propulsion power and the propulsive part of the total power with a reduction in values after morphine administration. Compared to baseline values, stride length values were significantly reduced for 80 min and again 110 min after injection of the opioid and at 5, 15, 20, 30 and 40 min in the case of propulsion power values. For the propulsion component of power, these differences were observed for 20 min when compared to baseline values. The administration of 0.2 mg/kg of morphine to conscious healthy horses produces limited effects on the gait pattern of horses and the effects on locomotor activity are minimal at this dose, not being an important concern for the administration of analgesia in a clinical setting.
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20
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Classification of behavioral signs of the mares for prediction of the pre-foaling period. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.12750/jarb.36.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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21
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Keen B, Cawley A, Fouracre C, Pyke J, Fu S. Towards an untargeted mass spectrometric approach for improved screening in equine antidoping. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1001-1007. [PMID: 33629815 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of novel doping agents is a continuous issue for analysts who aim to maintain the integrity of horseracing together with the well-being and safety of the animals and riders involved. Untargeted mass spectrometric analysis presents a potential improvement for antidoping as it enables the detection of compounds being indirectly affected by an administered drug. In this study, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to investigate a 12-horse administration study of the synthetic opioid, butorphanol. A mass spectrometric workflow capable of detecting metabolic differences for an extended period of time was successfully developed. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential of untargeted workflows to provide a list of biomarkers of exposure and effect that are indicative of drug administration which may be implemented into routine testing for improved doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Keen
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - James Pyke
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California, USA
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Equine Cervical Pain and Dysfunction: Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020422. [PMID: 33562089 PMCID: PMC7915466 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neck pain and dysfunction in the horse is becoming an increasingly important topic among riders, trainers and veterinarians. Some horses may present for a subtle performance decline, while others may show dramatic, dangerous behavior. It is important to recognize how to carefully evaluate the horse in an effort to understand the different types of pain that may be contributing to the different behaviors. The musculoskeletal and nervous systems may both play a role in the development of clinical signs. Recognizing that there are many diagnostic options as well as several treatments choices is important. This synopsis covers the disease processes that may contribute to the development of neck pain and dysfunction in the horse, as well as several possible diagnostic and treatment options. Abstract Interest in the cervical spine as a cause of pain or dysfunction is increasingly becoming the focus of many equine practitioners. Many affected horses are presented for poor performance, while others will present with dramatic, sometimes dangerous behavior. Understanding and distinguishing the different types of neck pain is a starting point to comprehending how the clinical presentations can vary so greatly. There are many steps needed to systematically evaluate the various tissues of the cervical spine to determine which components are contributing to cervical pain and dysfunction. Osseous structures, soft tissues and the central and the peripheral nervous system may all play a role in these various clinical presentations. After completing the clinical evaluation, several imaging modalities may be implemented to help determine the underlying pathologic processes. There are multiple treatment options available and each must be carefully chosen for an individual horse. Provided is a synopsis of the current knowledge as to different disease processes that can result in cervical pain and dysfunction, diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies. Improving the knowledge in these areas will ideally help to return horses to a state of well-being that can be maintained over time and through the rigors of their job or athletic endeavors.
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23
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Dalla Costa E, Dai F, Lecchi C, Ambrogi F, Lebelt D, Stucke D, Ravasio G, Ceciliani F, Minero M. Towards an improved pain assessment in castrated horses using facial expressions (HGS) and circulating miRNAs. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e82. [PMID: 33960478 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain in horses is an emergent welfare concern, and its assessment represents a challenge for equine clinicians. This study aimed at improving pain assessment in horses through a convergent validation of existing tools: we investigated whether an effective analgesic treatment influences the horse grimace scale (HGS) and the concentration of specific circulating microRNAs (miRNAs). METHODS Eleven stallions underwent routine surgical castration under general anaesthesia. They were divided into two analgesic treatment groups: castration with the administration of preoperative flunixin and castration with preoperative flunixin plus a local injection of mepivacaine into the spermatic cords. HGS and levels of seven circulating miRNAs were evaluated pre-, 8 and 20 hours post-procedure. RESULTS Compared to pre-castration, HGS, miR-126-5p, miR-145 and miR-let7e increased significantly in horses receiving flunixin at 8 hours post-castration (Friedman test, p < 0.05). Both behavioural and molecular changes occurred in horses receiving flunixin only, confirming that the addition of local mepivacaine is an effective analgesic treatment. CONCLUSIONS Combining the use of HGS and circulating miRNAs, particularly miR-145, could be meaningful to monitor acute pain conditions in horses. Our results further validate the HGS as a method to assess acute pain in horses and point out miR-145 as a promising biomarker to identify pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Dalla Costa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesca Dai
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Federico Ambrogi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Dirk Lebelt
- Equine Research and Consulting, Sencelles, Spain
| | | | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Michela Minero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
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24
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Makra Z, Csereklye N, Riera MM, McMullen RJ, Veres-Nyéki K. Effects of Intravenous Flunixin Meglumine, Phenylbutazone, and Acupuncture on Ocular Pain Scores in the Horse: A Pilot Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 98:103375. [PMID: 33663725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this controlled, blinded, randomized block pilot study, the main objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous flunixin meglumine, phenylbutazone, and acupuncture on ocular pain relief using a multifactorial pain scale in the horse. Four experimental horses underwent corneal epithelial debridement in four sessions, when a randomly selected treatment or a control was used. All horses were pain scored before corneal wounding, then at 18 time points, when 11 parameters were allocated. Differences in the area under the curve of pain scores between the treatment groups were analyzed using a paired t-test. Corneal pain was significantly reduced by the third postoperative day (P = .03) when all 11 parameters were considered. Five ocular signs showed significant differences between treatments and proved to be good indicators of ocular pain. The other parameters (heart rate, corneal touch threshold, respond to palpation, and three behavioral parameters) were determined to be irrelevant when evaluating the degree of pain. When considering the five ocular signs, the lowest pain score was attributed to the flunixin meglumine group (1114), followed by the electroacupuncture group (1356), the phenylbutazone group (1397), and the control group (1580). There were significantly lower pain scores (P = .01) in the flunixin meglumine group when compared with those recorded in the control group during the first 46 hours. Flunixin meglumine was the most effective treatment at reducing ocular pain in the horse. In the future, a reduction in the number of pain score parameters and more precisely defined image evaluation criteria could be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Makra
- Equine Department and Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Csereklye
- Equine Department and Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Richard J McMullen
- Auburn University, JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn, AL
| | - Kata Veres-Nyéki
- Royal Veterinary College, Anaesthesia and Analgesia Service, London, UK
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The effect of regional hypothermia on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the equine distal forelimb. Vet J 2021; 269:105607. [PMID: 33593491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Regional hypothermia has shown promise as analgesic in horses when used to manage painful conditions of the distal limb such as laminitis. In this prospective study, the analgesic effects of regional hypothermia were assessed using mechanical nociceptive thresholds during distal limb cooling. The study population consisted of eight healthy adult Standardbred horses, selected from a teaching herd. A distal forelimb of each horse was cooled using water immersion at the following sequential target water temperatures: 34 °C, 20 °C, 10 °C, 5 °C, 1 °C, 5 °C, 10 °C, 20 °C. Limb surface temperature was measured after 30 min at each target water temperature and the mechanical force required to elicit a response (mechanical nociceptive threshold) was determined using a pneumatic actuator. Both forelimbs of each horse were tested one week apart. At skin surface temperatures above 7 °C, there was little association between skin surface temperature and the mechanical force required to elicit a response. As the skin surface temperature decreased below 7 °C, there was a rapid increase in the force required to elicit a response (P = 0.036). Skin surface temperatures of <7 °C required water temperatures below 2 °C. The results of this study suggest that hypothermia has potential to provide distal limb analgesia in horses at skin surface temperatures below 7 °C. Further evaluation of the technique is warranted.
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Suva LJ, Cooper A, Watts AE, Ebetino FH, Price J, Gaddy D. Bisphosphonates in veterinary medicine: The new horizon for use. Bone 2021; 142:115711. [PMID: 33141069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are characterized by their ability to bind strongly to bone mineral and inhibit bone resorption. However, BPs exert a wide range of pharmacological activities beyond the inhibition of bone resorption, including the inhibition of cancer cell metastases and angiogenesis and the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis in vitro. Additionally, the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity, altered cytokine and growth factor expression, as well as reductions in parameters of pain have also been reported. In humans, clinical BP use has transformed the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis, rare bone diseases such as osteogenesis imperfecta, as well as multiple myeloma and metastatic breast and prostate cancer, albeit not without infrequent but significant adverse events. Despite the well-characterized health benefits of BP use in humans, the evidence-base for the therapeutic efficacy of BPs in veterinary medicine is, by comparison, limited. Notwithstanding, BPs are used widely in small animal veterinary practice for the medical management of hyperparathyroidism, idiopathic hypercalcemia in cats, as well as for the palliative care of bone tumors which are common in dogs, and in particular, primary bone tumors such as osteosarcoma. Palliative BP treatment has also recently increased in veterinary oncology to alleviate tumor-associated bone pain. In equine veterinary practice, non-nitrogen-containing BPs are FDA-approved to control clinical signs associated with navicular syndrome in adult horses. However, there are growing concerns regarding the off-label use of BPs in juvenile horses. Here we discuss the current understanding of the strengths, weaknesses and current controversies surrounding BP use in veterinary medicine to highlight the future utility of these potentially beneficial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Alexis Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashlee E Watts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; BioVinc, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Price
- Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Gehlen H, Jaburg N, Merle R, Winter J. Can Endocrine Dysfunction Be Reliably Tested in Aged Horses That Are Experiencing Pain? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081426. [PMID: 32824027 PMCID: PMC7459856 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is an endocrine (secreting internally) disease of aged horses and ponies. An enlargement (hyperplasia) of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland leads to an increased secretion of hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The main tests for a diagnosis of PPID are the measurement of basal ACTH and the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test, where TRH stimulates the secretion of ACTH. Since pain can also lead to elevated concentrations of ACTH, it is unclear whether horses with pain can be tested for PPID correctly. The aim of the present study was to find out whether pain caused a marked increase of ACTH can lead to a false positive result in the diagnosis of PPID. Therefore, we examined fifteen horses treated for different pain conditions, which also served as their own controls as soon as they were pain-free again. The ACTH and cortisol were measured before and after the TRH stimulation test. There was no significant difference in the ACTH concentration in horses with pain and the controls, between different pain intensities or between disease groups. Thus, measuring the basal ACTH concentration and performing the TRH stimulation test for the diagnosis of PPID seem to be possible in horses with a treated low to moderate pain condition. Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate (i) the effects of different intensities and types of treated pain on the basal concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, and (ii) the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test, to determine whether treated pain caused a marked increase of ACTH, which would lead to a false positive result in the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Methods: Fifteen horses with treated low to moderate pain intensities were part of the study. They served as their own controls as soon as they were pain-free again. The horses were divided into three disease groups, depending on their underlying disease (disease group 1 = colic, disease group 2 = laminitis, disease group 3 = orthopedic problems). A composite pain scale was used to evaluate the intensity of the pain. This pain scale contained a general part and specific criteria for every disease. Subsequently, ACTH and cortisol were measured before and after the intravenous application of 1 mg of TRH. Results: There was no significant difference in the basal or stimulated ACTH concentration in horses with pain and controls, between different pain intensities or between disease groups. Descriptive statistics, however, revealed that pain might decrease the effect of TRH on the secretion of ACTH. There was an increase of ACTH 30 min after TRH application (p = 0.007) in the treated pain group, but this difference could not be statistically confirmed. Measuring the basal ACTH concentration and performing the TRH stimulation test for the diagnosis of PPID seem to be possible in horses with low to moderate pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Freie University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.J.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nina Jaburg
- Equine Clinic, Freie University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Veterinary Department, Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology, Freie University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Judith Winter
- Equine Clinic, Freie University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.J.); (J.W.)
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Bowden A, England GCW, Brennan ML, Mair TS, Furness WA, Freeman SL, Burford JH. Indicators of 'critical' outcomes in 941 horses seen 'out-of-hours' for colic. Vet Rec 2020; 187:492. [PMID: 32719081 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to describe the presentation and outcomes of horses with signs of colic (abdominal pain) seen 'out-of-hours' in equine practice. METHODS This was a retrospective study of horses seen 'out-of-hours' with colic by two equine veterinary practices between 2011 and 2013. Case outcomes were categorised as 'critical' or 'not critical'. A critical outcome was defined as requiring medical or surgical hospital treatment, or resulting in euthanasia or death. A non-critical outcome was defined as resolving with simple medical treatment. A hierarchical generalised linear model was used to identify 'red flag' parameters (aspects of signalment, history and presenting clinical signs) associated with critical outcomes. RESULTS Data were retrieved from 941 cases that presented with colic; 23.9 per cent (n=225/941) were critical. Variables significantly associated with the likelihood of a critical outcome in the final multivariable model were increased heart rate (P<0.001), age of the horse (P=0.013) and abnormal mucous membrane colour (P<0.001). Overall 18 per cent (n=168/941) of cases were euthanased. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the mortality associated with colic. The 'red flag' parameters identified should be considered an essential component of the primary assessment of horses with colic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelle Bowden
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Gary C W England
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Marnie Louise Brennan
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tim S Mair
- The Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Maidstone, UK
| | | | - Sarah L Freeman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - John H Burford
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
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Reginato GM, Xavier NV, Alonso BB, Lima DP, Pereira Sirqueira TC, Carregaro AB. Pharmacopuncture Analgesia Using Flunixin Meglumine Injection into the Acupoint GV1 (Ho Hai) After Elective Castration in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 87:102911. [PMID: 32172910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of a 1/10 dose of flunixin meglumine administered into the governing vessel 1 (GV1) acupoint in horses that underwent castration. Twenty animals received 0.02 mg/kg detomidine intravenously, followed by 2.2 mg/kg ketamine and 0.1 mg/kg diazepam by the same route, and also a local anesthesia with 30 mL lidocaine. As postoperative analgesia, the animals received 1.1 mg/kg flunixin meglumine IV (FIV) or 0.11 mg/kg flunixin meglumine into the GV1 acupoint (FGV). Behavioral parameters were assessed 12 hours before the procedure (baseline) and at 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery; physiological parameters were measured at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 hours after surgery. The groups did not differ regarding pain scores. Heart rate was higher in the FIV group than in the FGV group 2 hours after surgery (46 ± 5.2 bpm vs. 37 ± 8.2 bpm); gut sounds decreased at 2, 4, and 6 hours in both groups. The temperature showed a decrease after 2 hours compared with baseline in the FGV group, and the systolic blood pressure was higher in the FGV group than in the FIV group at 8 hours (158 ± 18.1 mmHg vs. 134 ± 14.5 mmHg), 10 hours (157 ± 15.5 mm Hg vs. 130 ± 11.5 mmHg), and 12 hours (151 ± 18.7 mmHg vs. 134 ± 15.8 mmHg). Pharmacopuncture was as effective as conventional dose and route of flunixin meglumine in horses that underwent elective castration under those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Morandini Reginato
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Veterinary Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Villaça Xavier
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Veterinary Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bodini Alonso
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Veterinary Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pereira Lima
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Veterinary Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Talita Carole Pereira Sirqueira
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Veterinary Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Bonfim Carregaro
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Veterinary Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil.
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de Laat MA, Sillence MN. A review of recent developments in the pharmacological prevention and treatment of endocrinopathic laminitis. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an19491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis, the pharmacologic options for preventing and treating the disease are severely limited. The present review aims to discuss the spectrum of potential therapeutic agents for the condition, ranging from early experimental compounds to agents nearing registration. There are different pharmacologic targets for, and approaches to, managing laminitis. Reducing hyperinsulinaemia is central to diminishing endocrinopathic laminitis risk, and a detailed understanding of the pathophysiology of insulin dysregulation is necessary to identify pathways that can be targeted to minimise post-prandial insulin secretion and action. This area of research is advancing rapidly, with several exciting prospects, such as sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, on the horizon for the treatment of equine metabolic dysfunction. Drugs that directly target the lamellae and aim to reduce the damage inflicted on the lamellae as part of this condition, are not yet available. Although progress in this area of laminitis therapy is slower, improved understanding of the events that lead to lamellar failure has enabled the investigation of novel drugs that aim to prevent laminitis at the site of the lesion. Finally, a brief review is included of the directions being taken in the management of the chronic and acute pain that accompanies laminitis. Medications for relieving the pain associated with laminitis are currently the most-prescribed drugs for the disease, and range from simple, affordable and thoroughly tested options, such as phenylbutazone, to newer, less-understood applications such as paracetamol and gabapentin. In the future, endocrinopathic laminitis management plans will likely take a multi-faceted approach that still hinge on effective dietary management and exercise, but also include drugs that address foot pathology, pain and underlying endocrine disturbances.
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Mercer MA, McKenzie HC, Davis JL, Wilson KE, Hodgson DR, Cecere TE, McIntosh BJ. Pharmacokinetics and safety of repeated oral dosing of acetaminophen in adult horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:120-125. [PMID: 30900298 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no published studies on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen at the dosage used clinically (20 mg/kg), nor has the safety of multiple doses in horses been investigated. OBJECTIVE Define the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral acetaminophen at 20 mg/kg in adult horses as a single dose, and twice daily for 14 days to assess the safety of multiple dosing. STUDY DESIGN Pharmacokinetic study, multiple dose safety study. METHODS Eight healthy Thoroughbred geldings were given acetaminophen (20 mg/kg; 500 mg tablets) orally as a single dose followed by doses every 12 h for 14 days. Serial blood samples were collected for determination of plasma acetaminophen concentrations using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Serum biochemical analysis, gastroscopy and liver biopsy were examined during the safety study. RESULTS Following a single dose, mean maximum concentration (Cmax ) was 16.61 μg/mL at 1.35 h (Tmax ), and drug concentration was below the lower limit of detection in most horses by 24 h. Elimination half-life (T1/2 ) was 2.78 h. No significant accumulation was noted following multiple doses. Average Cmax of acetaminophen following multiple oral dosing was 15.85 μg/mL, with a Tmax of 0.99 h and T1/2 of 4 h. Serum activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase were significantly decreased and total bilirubin concentrations were significantly increased following the last dose. No statistically significant changes were noted in gastroscopy scores. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only one dose level (20 mg/kg) was studied, sample size was small and only a single breed and sex was used, with no pretreatment liver biopsies. CONCLUSION This study described the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen following single and multiple 20 mg/kg oral doses in adult horses and demonstrated the safety of acetaminophen with multiple oral dosing over 14 days. The summary is available in Portuguese - see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Mercer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - H C McKenzie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - J L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - K E Wilson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - D R Hodgson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - T E Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - B J McIntosh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Grubb TL, Kurkowski D, Sellon DC, Seino KK, Coffey T, Davis JL. Pharmacokinetics and physiologic/behavioral effects of buprenorphine administered sublingually and intravenously to neonatal foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:26-36. [PMID: 30242851 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is absorbed following sublingual administration, which would be a low-stress delivery route in foals. However, the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics are not described in foals. Six healthy foals <21 days of age participated in a blinded, randomized, 3-period, 5-sequence, 3-treatment crossover prospective study. Foals received 0.01-0.02 mg/kg buprenorphine administered SL or IV with an equivalent volume of saline administered by the opposite route. Blood was collected from the cephalic vein for pharmacokinetic analysis. Physiologic parameters (HR, RR, body temperature, GI sounds), locomotion (pedometer), and behavioral data (activity level, nursing time, response to humans) were recorded. Plasma concentration of buprenorphine exceeded a presumed analgesic level (0.6 ng/ml) in five foals in the IV group and one in the SL group but only for a very brief time. Pharmacokinetic analysis following IV administration demonstrated a short elimination half-life (t1/2β 1.95 ± 0.7 hr), large volume of distribution (6.46 ± 1.54 L/kg), and a high total clearance (55.83 ± 23.75 ml/kg/min), which differs from adult horses. Following SL administration, maximum concentrations reached were 0.61 ± 0.11 ng/ml and bioavailability was 25.1% ± 10.9%. In both groups, there were minor statistical differences in HR, RR, body temperature, locomotion, and time spent nursing. However, these differences were clinically insignificant in this single dose study, and excitement, sedation, or colic did not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Grubb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Danielle Kurkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Deborah C Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Kathy K Seino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Todd Coffey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and Research, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, VA Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Duz M, Marshall JF, Parkin TD. Proportion of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug prescription in equine practice. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:147-153. [PMID: 30048005 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little knowledge of the prescription of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and whether their prescription varies between countries. OBJECTIVE To describe prescription practices of NSAIDs in equids in the United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA) and Canada. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive observational study. METHODS Free-text electronic medical records from 141,543 equids from 10 equine practices in the UK, 255,777 equids from 7 equine practices with 20 branches from the USA and 2 practices with 7 branches from Canada were evaluated. A validated text-mining technique was used to describe the proportion of equids prescribed NSAIDs at least once in these countries. The choice of NSAIDs in orthopaedic and colic cases was evaluated. RESULTS The prescription of NSAIDs is more common in the USA (42.4%) and Canada (34.2%) than in the UK (28.6%). Phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine were the drugs mostly prescribed in all countries. While flunixin meglumine was most prescribed with colic cases in all countries, a proportion received phenylbutazone despite this drug being licensed for use only with musculoskeletal disease. Phenylbutazone was the most commonly prescribed drug in cases with orthopaedic disease followed by flunixin meglumine in all countries. Only a small proportion of cases received meloxicam, ketoprofen or firocoxib. MAIN LIMITATIONS The retrospective design might have resulted in an unknown number of incomplete records, particularly in the reporting of colic and orthopaedic disease. Although the data set is large, the relatively small number of practices recruited from each country may introduce bias. CONCLUSIONS Clinical practice can differ between countries although the influence of individual practitioners and practice-specific policy on apparent intercountry differences requires further research. Despite several other NSAIDs being available and a substantial effort being made to evaluate their efficacy, the prescription of NSAIDs other than phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine remains rather limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duz
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J F Marshall
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - T D Parkin
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Rowland AL, Glass KG, Grady ST, Cummings KJ, Hinrichs K, Watts AE. Influence of caudal epidural analgesia on cortisol concentrations and pain-related behavioral responses in mares during and after ovariectomy via colpotomy. Vet Surg 2018; 47:715-721. [PMID: 29774961 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of epidural detomidine and morphine on serum corticosteroid concentrations and pain-related behavioral responses in mares during and after ovariectomy via colpotomy. STUDY DESIGN Blinded prospective study. ANIMALS Nine university-owned mares. METHODS Five of 9 horses received caudal epidural detomidine hydrochloride (0.01 mg/kg) and morphine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg) prior to surgery. All horses received local anesthetic around the ovarian pedicle, 0.02 mg/kg butorphanol IV at the start of the procedure and after first ovary removal, were sedated as required throughout the procedure, and were monitored for leg lifting, grunting, and abdominal tensing. Horses were monitored hourly for pain postoperatively. Heart rate was recorded every 4 hours, and photographs were taken to assess pain according to the horse grimace scale (HGS). Control group horses (n = 4) were treated with butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg IV) every 4 hours for 24 hours postoperatively. All horses received oral phenylbutazone 18 hours postoperatively. Serum cortisol was measured prior to the procedure, after first and second ovary removal, and 8 and 24 hours postoperatively. RESULTS No differences were detected between horses receiving caudal epidural detomidine and morphine and those that received systemic opioids. A decrease in HGS score occurred after phenylbutazone administration. CONCLUSION Administration of caudal epidural detomidine and morphine resulted in similar pain-related behavior and corticosteroid concentrations as did administration of systemic butorphanol every 4 hours for 24 hours postoperatively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Caudal epidural detomidine and morphine may mitigate the requirement for frequent systemic opioid administration after a potentially painful procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen L Rowland
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Kati G Glass
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sicilia T Grady
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Katrin Hinrichs
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Ashlee E Watts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Ida KK, Sauvage A, Gougnard A, Grauwels M, Serteyn D, Sandersen C. Use of Nasotracheal Intubation during General Anesthesia in Two Ponies with Tracheal Collapse. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:42. [PMID: 29594157 PMCID: PMC5859214 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ponies with tracheal collapse may have an increased anesthetic risk due to airway obstruction during induction and recovery. To our knowledge, there are no anesthetic descriptions of these patients, despite a reported 5.6% incidence and 77% mortality rate. Two Shetland ponies with tracheal collapse, a 12-year-old male (pony 1) and a 27-year-old female (pony 2), were referred for right eye enucleation due to a perforating corneal ulcer and severe recurrent uveitis, respectively. Pony 1 was stressed, had lung stridor and hyperthermia, and developed inspiratory dyspnea with handling. Radiography confirmed collapse of the entire trachea as well as inflammation of the lower airways. Corticosteroids and bronchodilators were administered by nebulization for 1 week before surgery. Pony 2 had a grade III/VI mitral murmur and a clinical history of esophageal obstructions and tracheal collapse requiring tracheostomy. Both ponies were premedicated with acepromazine and xylazine; anesthesia was induced with midazolam and ketamine. Nasotracheal intubation was performed in left lateral recumbency with extension of the neck and head and was guided by capnography. The nasotracheal tube consisted of two endotracheal tubes attached end-to-end to create a tube of adequate length and diameter. Pony 2 was orotracheally intubated during surgery and later reintubated with a nasotracheal tube. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane using volume-controlled ventilation. Analgesia was provided by a retrobulbar blockade with mepivacaine and lidocaine. Cardiovascular support consisted of lactated Ringer’s solution and dobutamine. After surgery, the ponies were administered xylazine and supplemented with oxygen through the nasotracheal tube. Recovery was assisted by manual support of the head and tail. Successful extubation was achieved following butorphanol administration after approximately 1 h in standing position. Both ponies were discharged from the clinic a few days after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila K Ida
- Anesthésiologie et Réanimation Vétérinaires, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Sauvage
- Chirurgie et Clinique Chirurgicale des Petits Animaux, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Gougnard
- Anesthésiologie et Réanimation Vétérinaires, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Magda Grauwels
- Chirurgie et Clinique Chirurgicale des Petits Animaux, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Anesthésiologie et Réanimation Vétérinaires, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Sandersen
- Anesthésiologie et Réanimation Vétérinaires, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Comparison of Analgesic Effects of a Constant Rate Infusion of Both Tramadol and Acetaminophen Versus those of Infusions of Each Individual Drug in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 64:101-106. [PMID: 30973144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The choice of analgesic agents for the horse is limited, and many have side effects that can restrict their use for chronic and prolonged pain. Little information has been published on tramadol and acetaminophen use in the horse. The study evaluated the analgesic effects of coadministration of tramadol and acetaminophen compared to those of each drug individually in a crossover study. The study was performed on six healthy horses each infused with the following over 1 hour: control (normal saline), tramadol, acetaminophen, or both (acetaminophen and tramadol infused together). Nociception (using a pressure algometer) and any adverse effects were evaluated before the infusion, at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes during the infusion and at 15, 30, and 60 minutes after infusion completion. The pressure algometer was placed on the palmar surface of both the forelimbs. There was no difference in response to nociception between the control and single-agent (acetaminophen or tramadol) groups. However, coadministration of tramadol and acetaminophen resulted in a significant analgesic effect from 20 minutes after starting the infusion until the infusion was completed. Fifteen minutes after discontinuing the infusion, no significant differences remained between the groups. No side effects were seen, with the exception of one horse in the coadministration group which showed paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia 30 minutes after constant rate infusion (CRI) which resolved completely after discontinuing the infusion. Simultaneous infusion of tramadol and acetaminophen resulted in significant analgesia. Further research is required to evaluate its effect and possible side effects in clinical cases, such as horses suffering from laminitis.
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Enhancing the dissolution of phenylbutazone using Syloid® based mesoporous silicas for oral equine applications. J Pharm Anal 2018; 8:181-186. [PMID: 29922487 PMCID: PMC6004617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three mesoporous silica excipients (Syloid® silicas AL-1 FP, XDP 3050 and XDP 3150) were formulated with a model drug known for its poor aqueous solubility, namely phenylbutazone, in an attempt to enhance the extent and rate of drug dissolution. Although other forms of mesoporous silica have been investigated in previous studies, the effect of inclusion with these specific Syloid® silica based excipients and more interestingly, with phenylbutazone, is unknown. This work reports a significant enhancement for both the extent and rate of drug release for all three forms of Syloid® silica at a 1:1 drug:silica ratio over a period of 30 min. An explanation for this increase was determined to be conversion to the amorphous form and an enhanced drug loading ability within the pores. Differences between the release profiles of the three silicas were concluded to be a consequence of the physicochemical differences between the three forms. Overall, this study confirms that Syloid® silica based excipients can be used to enhance dissolution, and potentially therefore bioavailability, for compounds with poor aqueous solubility such as phenylbutazone. In addition, it has been confirmed that drug release can be carefully tailored based on the choice of Syloid® silica and desired release profile.
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Gordon E, Stang BV, Heidel J, Poulsen KP, Cebra CK, Schlipf JW. Pharmacokinetic evaluation and safety of topical 1% morphine sulfate application on the healthy equine eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 21:516-523. [PMID: 29350477 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if corneal epithelial cell integrity is detrimentally affected by short-term administration of 1.0% morphine sulfate. Additionally, we sought to determine if topical 1.0% morphine applied to the equine cornea would result in ocular or systemic absorption. ANIMAL STUDIED Six healthy horses. PROCEDURE Morphine sulfate (1.0%) was applied topically to one eye every four hours for 72 h before horses were euthanized. Serum samples were collected at varying time points during the study and aqueous and vitreous humor were collected immediately after euthanasia. Morphine quantification in serum, aqueous, and vitreous humor was performed by ELISA. Treated and control corneas were submitted for histopathology. Horses were monitored for adverse ocular and systemic effects throughout the study period. RESULTS All horses developed mild mucoid ocular discharge in the treated eye. One horse developed a fever during treatment. Morphine was detected in the aqueous humor of the treated eye for all horses with mean ± standard deviation of 165.18 ng/mL ± 87.69 ng/mL. Morphine was detected in vitreous humor of the treated eye of 5 of 6 horses with mean ± standard deviation of 4.87 ± 4.46 ng/mL. Morphine was detected in the serum of 5 of 6 horses at varying time points. Maximum systemic concentration reached in a single horse was 6.98 ng/mL. Corneal histopathology revealed no difference in microscopic appearance between morphine-treated and control corneas. CONCLUSIONS Topical administration of 1.0% morphine sulfate did not appear to cause any significant ocular or systemic adverse effects. Topical ophthalmic morphine application resulted in both ocular and systemic absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bernadette V Stang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jerry Heidel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Keith P Poulsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christopher K Cebra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John W Schlipf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Effects of Jejunal Manipulation During Surgical Laparotomy Techniques and Its Evaluation Using Physical, Clinical, and Echographic Parameters in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gordon E, Sandquist C, Cebra CK, Heidel J, Poulsen K, Schlipf JW. Esthesiometric evaluation of corneal analgesia after topical application of 1% morphine sulfate in normal horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:218-223. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; 158 Magruder Hall Corvallis OR USA
| | - Christy Sandquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; 158 Magruder Hall Corvallis OR USA
| | - Christopher K. Cebra
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; 158 Magruder Hall Corvallis OR USA
| | - Jerry Heidel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR USA
| | - Keith Poulsen
- Department of Medical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine and Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| | - John W. Schlipf
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; 158 Magruder Hall Corvallis OR USA
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Abstract
There has been great progress in the understanding of basic neurobiologic mechanisms of pain, but this body of knowledge has not yet translated into new and improved analgesics. Progress has been made regarding pain assessment in horses, but more work is needed until sensitive and accurate pain assessment tools are available for use in clinical practice. This review summarizes and updates the knowledge concerning the cornerstones of pain medicine (understand, assess, prevent, and treat). It highlights the importance of understanding pain mechanisms and expressions to enable a rational approach to pain assessment, prevention, and management in the equine patient.
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Wilkin T, Baoutina A, Hamilton N. Equine performance genes and the future of doping in horseracing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1456-1471. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Wilkin
- Vet Faculty; University of Sydney; Gunn Building, Sydney University, Camperdown NSW Australia
- Bioanalysis; The National Measurement Institute; 36 Bradfield Rd, Lindfield Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Anna Baoutina
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science; The University of Sydney; Bradfield Rd West Lindfield New South Wales Australia
| | - Natasha Hamilton
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Cerasoli I, Melis S, Loon G, De Clercq D, Brunsting J, Schauvliege S. Horse: anaesthetic management for open castration of a Belgian draught horse with interventricular septum defect, aortic regurgitation and ventricular premature depolarisations. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cerasoli
- Department of Surgery and AneasthesiologyGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Sanne Melis
- Pride Veterinary CentreRiverside RdDerbyDE24 8HXUK
| | - Gunther Loon
- Department of Internal MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | - Julie Brunsting
- Department of Surgery and AneasthesiologyGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Stijn Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and AneasthesiologyGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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Marolf V, Spadavecchia C, Fouché N, Rohrbach H. Repeated perineural administrations of ropivacaine at the tibial nerve following a degloving injury in a horse. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Marolf
- Vetsuisse‐FacultyDivision of Anaesthesiology and Pain treatmentDepartment of Clinical Veterinary ScienceUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Claudia Spadavecchia
- Vetsuisse‐FacultyDivision of Anaesthesiology and Pain treatmentDepartment of Clinical Veterinary ScienceUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Nathalie Fouché
- Vetsuisse‐FacultySwiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME)University of Bern and AgroscopeBernSwitzerland
| | - Helene Rohrbach
- Vetsuisse‐FacultyDivision of Anaesthesiology and Pain treatmentDepartment of Clinical Veterinary ScienceUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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General Systemic States. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7195945 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Guedes A, Galuppo L, Hood D, Hwang SH, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Soluble epoxide hydrolase activity and pharmacologic inhibition in horses with chronic severe laminitis. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:345-351. [PMID: 27338788 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roles of soluble epoxide hydrolase and lipid mediators in inflammatory and neuropathic pain could be relevant in laminitis pain management. OBJECTIVES To determine soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity in the digital laminae, sEH inhibitor potency in vitro, and efficacy of a sEH inhibitor as an adjunct analgesic therapy in chronic laminitic horses. STUDY DESIGN In vitro experiments and clinical case series. METHODS sEH activity was measured in digital laminae from euthanised healthy and laminitic horses (n = 5-6/group). Potency of 7 synthetic sEH inhibitors was determined in vitro using equine liver cytosol. One of them (t-TUCB; 0.1 mg/kg bwt i.v. every 24 h) was selected based on potency and stability, and used as adjunct therapy in 10 horses with severe chronic laminitis (Obel grades 2, one horse; 3-4, nine horses). Daily assessments of forelimb lifts, pain scores, physiologic and laboratory examinations were performed before (baseline) and during t-TUCB treatment. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS sEH activity in the digital laminae from laminitic horses (0.9±0.6 nmol/min/mg; 95% CI 0.16-1.55 nmol/min/mg) was significantly greater (P = 0.01) than in healthy horses (0.17±0.09 nmol/min/mg; CI 0.07-0.26 nmol/min/mg). t-TUCB as an adjunct analgesic up to 10 days (4.3±3 days) in laminitic horses was associated with significant reduction in forelimb lifts (36±22%; 95% CI 9-64%) and in pain scores (18±23%; 95% CI 2-35%) compared with baseline (P = 0.04). One horse developed gas colic and another corneal vascularisation in a blind eye during treatment. No other significant changes were observed. MAIN LIMITATIONS Absence of control group and evaluator blinding in case series. CONCLUSIONS sEH activity is significantly higher in the digital laminae of actively laminitic compared with healthy horses, and use of a potent inhibitor of equine sEH as adjunct analgesic therapy appears to decrease signs of pathologic pain in laminitic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, USA.,Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - L Galuppo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - D Hood
- The Hoof Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Clinic, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - S H Hwang
- Department Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - C Morisseau
- Department Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - B D Hammock
- Department Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, USA
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Rodrigo‐Mocholi D, Steblaj B, Vlaminck L, Gasthuys F, Schauvliege S. Continuous caudal epidural analgesia for perioperative pain control after bilateral mastectomy in a mare. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2015-000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rodrigo‐Mocholi
- Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic AnimalsFaculty of VeterinaryGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Large AnimalsFaculty of VeterinaryGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of GentMerelbekeBelgium
- Department of Surgery and AnaesthesiologyGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Barbara Steblaj
- Small Animal Intensive Care UnitCHUVAEcole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance
- Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Large AnimalsFaculty of VeterinaryGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of GentMerelbekeBelgium
- Department of Surgery and AnaesthesiologyGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Lieven Vlaminck
- Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic AnimalsFaculty of VeterinaryGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Large AnimalsFaculty of VeterinaryGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of GentMerelbekeBelgium
- Department of Surgery and AnaesthesiologyGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Frank Gasthuys
- Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic AnimalsFaculty of VeterinaryGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Large AnimalsFaculty of VeterinaryGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of GentMerelbekeBelgium
- Department of Surgery and AnaesthesiologyGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Stijn Schauvliege
- Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic AnimalsFaculty of VeterinaryGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Large AnimalsFaculty of VeterinaryGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of GentMerelbekeBelgium
- Department of Surgery and AnaesthesiologyGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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Fischer B, Clark-Price S. Anesthesia of the Equine Neonate in Health and Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:567-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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50
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Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Equine Neonatal Medicine. Part I: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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