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Dzikiti TB, Maney JK, Thorogood J, Segabinazzi L, Peterson E, Dzikiti LN, Escobar A. Sedation with dexmedetomidine-butorphanol or xylazine-butorphanol continuous intravenous infusions during unilateral ovariectomy in standing donkeys. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38173139 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous infusions of alpha-2 adrenoceptor sedatives and opioids can potentially facilitate surgery in donkeys while standing. Literature on this subject matter is scant. OBJECTIVES Evaluation of efficacy of sedation from α2 -adrenoceptors (dexmedetomidine or xylazine) and butorphanol during ovariectomy in standing donkeys. STUDY DESIGN Randomised, masked in vivo experiment. METHODS Thirteen female donkeys were sedated with butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg bwt followed by 0.05 mg/kg bwt/h) IV. Concomitantly, 6 of the 13 jennies were sedated with dexmedetomidine 2.5 mcg/kg bwt followed by 2.5 mcg/kg bwt/h (Dex-B group), while seven jennies were sedated with xylazine 0.5 mg/kg bwt followed by 0.5 mg/kg bwt/h (Xyl-B group). A line block of the left flank and an infiltration block around uterine ligament were performed with lidocaine. While the jennies underwent ovariectomies standing, sedation scores and head height above ground were assessed at 2 and 10 min after sedative boluses and every 10 min thereafter. If sedation was too light or too deep, the dose of dexmedetomidine or xylazine was increased or decreased by 25% of the original infusion rate, while butorphanol infusion rate was constant. Physiological parameters were measured. Normally distributed data were compared using the two-sample t test while repeatedly measured data were tested for differences between and within groups using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) by ranks followed by a Wilcoxon test with Tukey Honest Significant Difference for multiple testing. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Both Dex-B and Xyl-B caused moderate to marked sedation adequate for ovariectomy in donkeys. Evident sedation was absent by 60 min of termination of infusions. No adverse physiological effects were observed. MAIN LIMITATIONS Study on ovariectomy cases only, no pharmacokinetic profiling. CONCLUSIONS Dexmedetomidine or xylazine and butorphanol sedation is feasible for ovariectomy in standing donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarisai B Dzikiti
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Jill K Maney
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Jemma Thorogood
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Lorenzo Segabinazzi
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Erik Peterson
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Loveness N Dzikiti
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - André Escobar
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Maney JK, Dzikiti BT, Escobar A, Knych HK, Bennett RC. Morphine in donkeys: Antinociceptive effect and preliminary pharmacokinetics. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:1086-1093. [PMID: 36537849 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphine is the prototypical μ-opioid receptor agonist used to provide analgesia in veterinary species. Its effects are well-described in horses but not donkeys. OBJECTIVES To determine the antinociceptive effects of two doses of morphine in donkeys. To describe preliminary pharmacokinetic parameters of morphine in donkeys. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiment. METHODS Eight adult castrated male donkeys were given intravenous (IV) 0.9% saline, morphine 0.1 mg/kg bwt (LDM), or morphine 0.5 mg/kg bwt (HDM) in a randomised order with a minimum 1-week washout period. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) were determined by a blinded investigator pre-injection and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300, and 360 min post-injection. Venous blood samples were collected pre-injection and 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min post-injection. Data were analysed using Friedman's test with Dunn's post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for the HDM treatment. RESULTS Baseline MNT was [median (interquartile range)] 8.9 (7.1-10.3) N and did not differ between treatments. Peak MNTs occurred at 60 min for both LDM (16.2 N) and HDM (25.0 N) treatments. MNTs after HDM treatment were higher than saline (p < 0.04) at 15, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, and 300 min post-injection. MNTs after LDM treatment were higher than baseline (p < 0.05) at 45 and 60 min post-injection. Terminal half-life for HDM was (mean ± SD) 51.0 ± 10.7 min, the volume of distribution at steady-state 2.07 ± 0.33 L/min and clearance 49.2 ± 4.16 ml * min/kg using noncompartmental analysis. The concentration of morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) was higher than morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) at all sampled time points. MAIN LIMITATIONS Short duration of plasma sampling for pharmacokinetic analysis; lack of objective measure of gastrointestinal function. CONCLUSIONS The HDM treatment provided mechanical antinociception in donkeys with no significant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill K Maney
- Clinical Sciences Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Brighton T Dzikiti
- Clinical Sciences Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Andre Escobar
- Clinical Sciences Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Heather K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Costa GL, Spadola F, Di Pietro S, Nava V, Licata P, Giudice E, Leonardi F, Bruno F, Messina L, Macrì F, Macrì D, Ferrantelli V, Tabbì M, Interlandi C. Tramadol vs. Lidocaine Administered Intraperitoneally and in Incisional Lines for the Intraoperative and Postoperative Pain Management of Romifidine-Telazol-Anesthetized Swine Undergoing Umbilical Hernia Repair. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2905. [PMID: 37760305 PMCID: PMC10525986 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of tramadol and lidocaine for local anesthesia during umbilical hernia repair in swine. The study was performed on 66 large white crossbred swine. The swine received a mixture of tiletamine/zolazepam at 5 mg/kg and romifidine at 80 µg/kg, administered intramuscularly. Then, they were divided into three groups (n = 22) that received different treatments with lidocaine at 4 mg/kg and tramadol at 4 mg/kg. The LL group received lidocaine both by infiltration of the surgical planes and intraperitoneally. The LT group received lidocaine by infiltration of the surgical planes and tramadol intraperitoneally. The TT group received tramadol both by infiltration of the surgical planes and intraperitoneally. In all groups, the infiltration of the surgical planes into the umbilical region involved both the skin and muscle planes. Heart rate, noninvasive arterial blood pressure, and respiratory frequency were recorded during surgery. The response to the surgical stimulus was evaluated using a cumulative pain scale (the cut-off point for rescue analgesia was set to 10). Postoperative pain was assessed using the UNESP-Botucatu pig composite acute pain scale (the cut-off point was set to 4). The trend of physiological variables was adequate for patients under anesthesia. No subject required intraoperative and postoperative rescue analgesia. Tramadol could therefore be used for pain management in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Lucrezia Costa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Filippo Spadola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Simona Di Pietro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Vincenzo Nava
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Patrizia Licata
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Fabio Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Fabio Bruno
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Laura Messina
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Francesco Macrì
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Daniele Macrì
- Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Gino Marinuzzi 4, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (D.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Gino Marinuzzi 4, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (D.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Marco Tabbì
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
| | - Claudia Interlandi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.S.); (S.D.P.); (V.N.); (P.L.); (E.G.); (F.B.); (L.M.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (C.I.)
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Marzok M, Almubarak AI, Kandeel M, El-Khodery S. Comparing the anti-nociceptive, sedative and clinicophysiological effects of epidural detomidine, detomidine-lidocaine and lidocaine in donkeys. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2479. [PMID: 36544432 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidural analgesia using the alpha-2 agonist detomidine (DE), alone or in combination with lidocaine (LD), is frequently employed for standing surgical procedures in horses, but its use has not been evaluated in donkeys. METHODS In a randomised controlled prospective trial, 24 healthy adult donkeys were assigned to four groups (n = 6), each receiving 40 μg/kg of DE, 0.22 mg/kg of LD, combined DE and LD (DELD) or 0.9% sterile normal saline epidurally. After epidural injection of each treatment, the onset, degree and duration of sedation and anatomical extension of anti-nociception were observed. RESULTS DE and DELD treatments resulted in complete bilateral analgesia with loss of sensation in the tail, perineum, inguinal area, chest and the caudal aspect of the upper pelvic limb, and extended distally to the dorsal metatarsal area. DE and DELD resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) longer duration of anti-nociception (110 ± 15.4 min and 141.6 ± 14.7 min, respectively) than LD (75.8 ± 4.9 min). The DELD duration of sedation was significantly (p < 0.05) longer than the DE duration (118.3 ± 19.4 min and 108.3 ± 7.5 min, respectively). LIMITATION The current study's main limitation is using only one dose of DE. CONCLUSION DE and DELD produced a very effective, safe and acceptable sedative and analgesic effect in the perineal and inguinal regions of donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Adel I Almubarak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Sabry El-Khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Manosura, Egypt
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Costa GL, Leonardi F, Interlandi C, Licata P, Lizarraga I, Macrì F, Macrì D, Ferrantelli V, Spadola F. Tramadol Administered Intravenously Either as a Bolus or a Slow Injection in Pain Management of Romifidine-Sedated Calves Undergoing Umbilical Hernia Repair. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071145. [PMID: 37048401 PMCID: PMC10093555 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical hernias in calves occur with relative frequency. Most abdominal surgeries can be performed in cattle using standing sedation and local blocks. Romifidine is widely used in calves, alone or in combination with opioids. Tramadol administered as an intravenous slow injection provided better analgesia than an IV bolus in cows. The aim of the present study was to compare the response to surgical stimulus, and sedative effects of tramadol administered intravenously either as a bolus or a slow injection in romifidinesedated calves. Twenty Frisian calves undergoing umbilical hernia repair received romifidine (0.08 mg/kg IM; time 0) followed by tramadol (1 mg/kg IV) 5 min later either as a bolus (n = 10, B group) or a slow injection over 10 min (n = 10, SI group). Surgical area was infiltrated with lidocaine (4 mg/kg). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic, dyastolic and mean arterial pressure (SAP, DAP, MAP), sedation scores and response to surgical stimulus were recorded for up to 55 min. After the calves recovered a standing position, postoperative pain scores were assessed for up to 50 min. Sedation scores were significantly higher in the SI group than in the B group at 55 min (p < 0.05). HR, RR, SAP and response to surgical stimulus were significantly higher in the B group than in the SI group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were recorded in postoperative pain scores between groups (p > 0.05). Romifidine IM followed by intravenous tramadol, as a bolus or slow injection and local infiltration with lidocaine provided adequate sedation and analgesia in calves undergoing umbilical hernia repair.
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Ebner L, O O, Simon B, Lizarraga I, Smith J, Cox S. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol following intravenous and intramuscular administration in donkeys: A preliminary study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:979794. [PMID: 36213418 PMCID: PMC9539103 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.979794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of butorphanol after intravenous (IVB) and intramuscular (IMB) administration in donkeys were determined in this preliminary study. Healthy male gelded donkeys (n = 5), aged 6–12 years old, were administered 0.1 mg/kg butorphanol IV or IM in a randomized, crossover design. Blood samples were obtained at predetermined intervals for 24 h (IVB) and 48 h (IMB) after administration. Plasma butorphanol concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Following IVB administration, mean (± SE) apparent volume of distribution, elimination half-life, total body clearance, and area under the plasma concentration time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0−∞) were 322 ± 50 mL/kg, 0.83 ± 0.318 h, 400 ± 114 mL/h/kg, 370 ± 131 h·ng/mL, respectively. After IMB administration, a maximum plasma drug concentration of 369 ± 190 ng/mL was reached at 0.48 ± 0.09 h. The IMB AUC0−∞ was 410 ± 60 h·ng/mL. Bioavailability of IMB was 133 ± 45%. The pharmacokinetics of butorphanol in healthy donkeys was characterized by faster elimination half-life compared to values from the equine literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ebner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Lisa Ebner
| | - Odette O
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- SAGE Veterinary Centers, Dublin, CA, United States
| | - Bradley Simon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ignacio Lizarraga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Joe Smith
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sherry Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Reference intervals for hematological and biochemical analytes in a single herd of clinically healthy gelding donkeys in Saint Kitts. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 110:103858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Straticò P, Carluccio A, Varasano V, Guerri G, Suriano R, Robbe D, Cerasoli I, Petrizzi L. Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol during Castration in Donkeys under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2346. [PMID: 34438803 PMCID: PMC8388773 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain management is necessary for all surgical procedures. Little scientific evidence about drug efficacy in donkeys is available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of butorphanol in donkeys undergoing orchiectomy under total intravenous anaesthesia with guaifenesin-ketamine-detomidine. A randomized blinded prospective clinical trial (Protocol n. 2021/0000338), was carried out on 18 clinically healthy donkeys undergoing bilateral orchiectomy. Patients were assigned to Group D (n = 8) or Group DB (n = 10) if receiving intravenous detomidine or detomidine-butorphanol respectively, before induction of general anaesthesia with ketamine-diazepam. Intraoperative muscle relaxation, nystagmus, palpebral reflex, heart and respiratory rate, and non-invasive blood pressure were evaluated every 2 min; time to prepare the patient, duration of surgery and anaesthesia and recovery score were recorded. Group D had significantly longer surgical time, higher heart rate, higher systolic and mean blood pressure (p < 0.05; repeated measure ANOVA), increased muscle rigidity and expression of palpebral reflex (p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test) than group DB. Top-ups with thiopental were statistically higher in Group D. Butorphanol and detomidine together produced a more stable anaesthetic plan. The low dosage of opioid and alpha-2-agonists and reduced rescue anaesthesia are responsible for a safer and more superficial anaesthesia, which is mandatory under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Straticò
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Augusto Carluccio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Varasano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Giulia Guerri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Riccardo Suriano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Domenico Robbe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Ilaria Cerasoli
- Clinica Veterinaria Borghesiana, Via di Vermicino 96, 00133 Roma, Italy;
| | - Lucio Petrizzi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
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Lizarraga I, Panizzi L, Gieseg MA, Riley CB, Chambers JP. Heat hypersensitivity at a site proximal to a surgically induced osteochondral fracture in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:461-469. [PMID: 33812786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate thermal nociceptive thresholds (TNTs) before and after inducing a standardized radiocarpal bone osteochondral fracture (OCF) in horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, controlled, randomized, masked study. ANIMALS A group of 10 Thoroughbred fillies aged 2 years. METHODS Skin temperature and TNTs were measured on the skin over the triceps brachii muscle in both the thoracic limbs before (week 0) and weekly (weeks 1-8) after unilateral arthroscopic induction of a radiocarpal OCF (n = 4) or sham surgery (n = 6) followed by a standardized exercise programme. The contralateral, non-operated thoracic limb was used as a control within each horse. Percentage thermal excursion (%TE) defined as %TE = 100 ∗ (TNT - skin temperature)/(cut-off temperature - skin temperature) was calculated. Data were analysed with a mixed-effects model followed by Dunnett's and Tukey's tests for within and between-limbs comparisons, respectively; p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Skin temperature in the control limb of OCF horses was significantly higher at week 7 than at week 0 (p = 0.0125). At week 1, TNTs and %TE values in operated limbs of OCF horses were significantly reduced compared with their baseline values at week 0 (p ≤ 0.0153) and their values in contralateral control limbs (p ≤ 0.0024) and operated limbs of sham-operated horses (p ≤ 0.0162). At week 2, TNTs and %TE values in operated limbs of OCF horses remained significantly reduced compared with values in operated limbs of sham-operated horses (p ≤ 0.0248). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Creation of an OCF in a radiocarpal bone induced transitory (<2 weeks) ipsilateral heat hypersensitivity proximal to the surgery site (skin over the triceps brachii muscle) in horses. Surgically induced OCF may cause somatosensory abnormalities consistent with secondary thermal hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Lizarraga
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Luca Panizzi
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Christopher B Riley
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Paul Chambers
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
Donkeys and mules show several pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic idiosyncrasies that have to be fully considered by any clinician dealing with these species. Because they possess an increased metabolic rate and cellular water content compared with horses, higher doses (or shorter dosing intervals) are usually recommended for those drugs where pharmacologic studies have been performed. Nonetheless, owing to the lack of species-specific information, this assumption cannot be arbitrarily applied. Thus, when a drug protocol published for horses is extrapolated to a donkey or a mule, a close monitoring is required to detect any secondary effect or subdosing.
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Evangelista F, Tayari H, Degani M, Nocera I, Briganti A. Sedative and Respiratory Effects of Intramuscular Detomidine and Butorphanol in Donkeys Sedated for Bronchoalveolar Lavage. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lucas Castillo JA, Gozalo-Marcilla M, Werneck Fonseca M, Possebon FS, da Rosa AC, de Araujo Aguiar AJ. Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of low doses of xylazine with and without acepromazine in Nordestino donkeys. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:831-835. [PMID: 29569401 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on appropriate protocols for sedation of Nordestino donkeys is scarce. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of low doses of intravenous (i.v.) xylazine with and without acepromazine in 'Nordestino' donkeys. STUDY DESIGN Seven healthy female Nordestino donkeys (150 ± 18 kg) were included in this blinded, randomised, crossover experiment. METHODS Four treatments were administered, consisting of two i.v. injections, at baseline (T0, 1st injection) and 15 min later (T15, 2nd injection). Treatments included acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg bwt + saline (AS), saline + xylazine 0.5 mg/kg bwt (SX0.5), acepromazine + xylazine 0.25 mg/kg bwt (AX0.25) or acepromazine + xylazine 0.5 mg/kg bwt (AX0.5). Sedative and cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated before T0 and 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min after treatment. Degree [height of head above ground (HHAG)] and quality of sedation [ataxia, responses to stimuli and visual analogue scale (VAS) scoring] and respiratory rate were evaluated by the main investigator in situ, and heart rate was measured by an assistant investigator. Three experienced evaluators assessed vídeos for ataxia and responses to stimuli. Normal data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA, and non-normal by Kruskal-Wallis (P<0.05). RESULTS HHAG was lower than baseline for 15 min after xylazine administration in AX0.25 and for 30 min in SX0.5 and AX0.5 groups. All treatments with xylazine increased VAS and ataxia scores in situ for 15 min after xylazine administration, with no differences between groups. Ataxia scores in situ were higher in SX0.5 and AX0.5 groups than AS for 15 and 30 min after xylazine administration, respectively. MAIN LIMITATIONS Absence of a negative control group (saline-saline). CONCLUSION Acepromazine added to xylazine at 0.25 mg/kg bwt produced briefer and milder sedation than xylazine at 0.5 mg/kg bwt.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lucas Castillo
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M Gozalo-Marcilla
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M Werneck Fonseca
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - F S Possebon
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A C da Rosa
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A J de Araujo Aguiar
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Lizarraga I, Castillo-Alcala F, Robinson LS. Sedative and mechanical antinociceptive effects of four dosages of romifidine administered intravenously to donkeys. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Comparison of sedation and mechanical antinociception induced by intravenous administration of acepromazine and four dose rates of dexmedetomidine in donkeys. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:509-517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lizarraga I, Castillo-Alcala F, Varner KM, Robinson LS. Sedation and mechanical hypoalgesia after sublingual administration of detomidine hydrochloride gel to donkeys. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:83-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lizarraga I, Castillo-Alcala F, Varner KM, Robinson LS. Sedation and mechanical antinociception after intravenous administration of detomidine in donkeys: a dosage-effect study. Vet Rec 2015; 176:202. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Lizarraga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; PO Box 334 Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Fernanda Castillo-Alcala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; PO Box 334 Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Kelley M. Varner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; PO Box 334 Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Lauren S. Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; PO Box 334 Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
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