1
|
Anné J, Whitney M, Brocklehurst R, Donnelly K, Rothschild B. Unusual lesions seen in the caudals of the hadrosaur, Edmontosaurus annectens. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:594-606. [PMID: 36089756 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of pathologies in the fossil record allows for unique insights into the physiology, immunology, biomechanics, and daily life history of extinct organisms. This is especially important in organisms that have body structures dissimilar to those of extant organisms as well as transitional groups whose extant relatives may have very dissimilar physiologies. Comparisons between modern groups and their fossil ancestors are further complicated by the fact that fossil groups may have experienced unique biomechanical stresses as well as possessing a mixture of anatomical features seen in their related extant groups. In this study, we present lesions in the caudal vertebrae of the hadrosaur, Edmontosaurus annectens from the Ruth Mason Dinosaur Quarry of South Dakota, which exhibit unique morphologies. X-ray microtomography was performed on the most extreme example of this morphology to allow for both a detailed and more accurate diagnosis of the pathologic condition as well as virtual conservation of the specimen. Based on the location, the overall morphology of the lesion, and the relative "normal" appearance of the internal microstructure, the most probable cause is postulated as long-term biomechanical stresses exerted on this section of the tail by both lateral and dorsoventral motions of the tail. This deduction was based on a process of elimination for a variety of known osteological conditions; however, future work is needed to determine the nature of the stresses and why this condition has not been recorded in more hadrosaurian specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Anné
- The Children's Museum of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Megan Whitney
- Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Brocklehurst
- Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Donnelly
- Department of Toxicology/Pathology, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bruce Rothschild
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nout-Lomas YS. Traumatic Nervous System Injury. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:363-377. [PMID: 35810150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of traumatic nervous system injury to a degree are similar, but differences exist in etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve injury. The most common clinical abnormalities seen in the horse are abnormal level of consciousness, abnormal behavior, seizures, cranial nerve deficits, vestibular disease, tetra- and paraparesis or paraplegia, cauda equina syndrome, specific gait deficits, and muscle atrophy. Treatments are directed toward reducing inflammation and swelling, halting secondary injury, and promoting mechanisms of neuroregeneration and plasticity. Prognosis depends on the severity of primary injury and the neuroanatomic location and extent of nervous tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Johnson Family Equine Hospital, Colorado State University, 2230 Gillette Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Samol MA, Uzal FA, Hill AE, Arthur RM, Stover SM. Characteristics of complete tibial fractures in California racehorses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:911-922. [PMID: 33119186 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tibial fractures cause ~3% of racehorse deaths. Pre-existing stress fractures have been associated with multiple racing and training fractures, but not complete tibial fractures. OBJECTIVES To describe racehorse tibial fractures and compare signalment and exercise histories of affected and control racehorses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of necropsy reports. METHODS Racehorses that had a complete tibial fracture (1990-2018) were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment and exercise histories of affected horses were compared to 1) racehorses that died because of non-tibial musculoskeletal injuries or 2) non-musculoskeletal cause and 3) age, sex, event-matched control racehorses. Tibial fracture prevalence was described relative to California racehorses that had at least one official work or race. Age, sex and limb distributions were compared between affected and control horses (Chi-square, Fisher's Exact test). Exercise history data were reduced to counts and rates of official high speed works, races and layups (periods without an official high speed work or race >60 days). Variables were compared among groups using matched logistic regression (P ≤ .05). RESULTS Tibial fractures in 115 horses (97% unilateral; 50% left, 47% right) occurred most commonly during training (68%) and in 2- to 3-year-old horses (73%). Fractures were predominantly comminuted (93%), diaphyseal (44%) and oblique (40%). Of 61 cases examined for callus, 64% had periosteal callus associated with fracture, most commonly in proximal (65%) and distal diaphyseal (27%) locations. Of 28 racehorses with known exercise history, 57% never raced and 36% had a layup. Affected horses had fewer official-timed works and events (official high speed works and races), number of active days and accumulated less distance in events and works (P < .05) than control horses. MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective review of necropsy reports by multiple pathologists over 28 years. CONCLUSIONS Tibial fractures were associated with pre-existing stress fracture early in career. Most fractures were associated with proximolateral stress fractures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Samol
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ashley E Hill
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rick M Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Stover
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stover SM. Nomenclature, classification, and documentation of catastrophic fractures and associated preexisting injuries in racehorses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:396-404. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717692846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Racehorses are susceptible to bone fractures when damage from repetitive, high-magnitude loads incurred during training and racing exceed concurrent damage removal and replacement, resulting in transient periods of focal osteoporosis and bone weakening. Clinically, these events correspond to cortical stress fractures and subchondral bone stress remodeling. Evidence of these preexisting lesions include periosteal callus, endosteal callus, and intracortical focal hyperemia for cortical stress fractures; and subchondral focal hyperemia located superficial to sclerotic compacted trabecular bone tissue for subchondral stress remodeling. These findings must be in direct physical association with an acute fracture to infer that the abnormalities precipitated complete bone fracture. Recognition of preexisting lesions must be conveyed in the autopsy report to the racehorse industry audience because this is the mechanism for education of racehorse trainers, veterinarians, and owners. Standardized anatomic nomenclature, fracture classification, and documentation of gross autopsy findings specific to catastrophic bone fractures in racehorses provides information to empower changes in management of racehorses for the detection and management of mild injuries and prevention of catastrophic fractures.
Collapse
|
7
|
Diab SS, Stover SM, Carvallo F, Nyaoke AC, Moore J, Hill A, Arthur R, Uzal FA. Diagnostic approach to catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries in racehorses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:405-413. [PMID: 28065163 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716685598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries are the most common cause of euthanasia or spontaneous death in racehorses, and the most common cause of jockey falls with potential for serious human injury. Horses are predisposed to the vast majority of these injuries by preexisting lesions that can be prevented by early diagnosis and adequate bone injury management. A thorough examination of the musculoskeletal system in racehorses often determines the cause of these injuries and generates data to develop injury prevention strategies. We describe the diagnostic approach to musculoskeletal injury, review the methodology for the examination of racehorse limbs, and provide anatomy and pathology tools to perform an organized and thorough postmortem examination of the musculoskeletal system in equine athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago S Diab
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Susan M Stover
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Francisco Carvallo
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Akinyi C Nyaoke
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Janet Moore
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Ashley Hill
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Rick Arthur
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| |
Collapse
|