1
|
Olstad K, Ekman S, Björnsdóttir S, Fjordbakk CT, Hansson K, Sigurdsson SF, Ley CJ. Osteochondrosis in the central and third tarsal bones of young horses. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:74-87. [PMID: 37431760 PMCID: PMC10687793 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231185108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the central and third tarsal bones of 23 equine fetuses and foals were examined using micro-computed tomography. Radiological changes, including incomplete ossification and focal ossification defects interpreted as osteochondrosis, were detected in 16 of 23 cases. The geometry of the osteochondrosis defects suggested they were the result of vascular failure, but this requires histological confirmation. The study aim was to examine central and third tarsal bones from the 16 cases and to describe the tissues present, cartilage canals, and lesions, including suspected osteochondrosis lesions. Cases included 9 males and 7 females from 0 to 150 days of age, comprising 11 Icelandic horses, 2 standardbred horses, 2 warmblood riding horses, and 1 coldblooded trotting horse. Until 4 days of age, all aspects of the bones were covered by growth cartilage, but from 105 days, the dorsal and plantar aspects were covered by fibrous tissue undergoing intramembranous ossification. Cartilage canal vessels gradually decreased but were present in most cases up to 122 days and were absent in the next available case at 150 days. Radiological osteochondrosis defects were confirmed in histological sections from 3 cases and consisted of necrotic vessels surrounded by ischemic chondronecrosis (articular osteochondrosis) and areas of retained, morphologically viable hypertrophic chondrocytes (physeal osteochondrosis). The central and third tarsal bones formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The blood supply to the growth cartilage of the central and third tarsal bones regressed between 122 and 150 days of age. Radiological osteochondrosis defects represented vascular failure, with chondrocyte necrosis and retention, or a combination of articular and physeal osteochondrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stina Ekman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kerstin Hansson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Charles J. Ley
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salles Rosa Neto N, Englert D, McAlister WH, Mumm S, Mills D, Veis DJ, Burshell A, Boyde A, Whyte MP. Periarticular calcifications containing giant pseudo-crystals of francolite in skeletal fluorosis from 1,1-difluoroethane "huffing". Bone 2022; 160:116421. [PMID: 35429657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhalant use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by repeated deliberate inhalation from among a broad range of household and industrial chemical products with the intention of producing psychoactive effects. In addition to acute intoxication, prolonged inhalation of fluorinated compounds can cause skeletal fluorosis (SF). We report a young woman referred for hypophosphatasemia and carrying a heterozygous ALPL gene variant (c.457T>C, p.Trp153Arg) associated with hypophosphatasia, the heritable metabolic bone disease featuring impaired skeletal mineralization, who instead suffered from SF. Manifestations of her SF included recurrent articular pain, axial osteosclerosis, elevated bone mineral density, maxillary exostoses, and multifocal periarticular calcifications. SF was suspected when a long history was discovered of 'huffing' a computer cleaner containing 1,1-difluoroethane. Investigation revealed markedly elevated serum and urine levels of F-. Histopathology and imaging techniques including backscattered electron mode scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microtomography, energy dispersive and wavelength dispersive X-ray emission microanalysis, and polarized light microscopy revealed that her periarticular calcifications were dystrophic deposition of giant pseudo-crystals of francolite, a carbonate-rich fluorapatite. Identifying unusual circumstances of F- exposure is key for diagnosing non-endemic SF. Increased awareness of the disorder can be lifesaving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilton Salles Rosa Neto
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Daniel Englert
- Endocrinology Department, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
| | - William H McAlister
- Pediatric Radiology Section, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Steven Mumm
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - David Mills
- Dental Physical Sciences, Dental Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Deborah J Veis
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Alan Burshell
- Endocrinology Department, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
| | - Alan Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences, Dental Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Michael P Whyte
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
This review describes results obtained with tissue from prior studies of equine and human osteoarthritis (OA). The main methods considered are scanning electron microscopy, novel methods in light microscopy and X-ray Micro-tomography. The same samples have been re-utilised in several ways. The tissues described are hyaline articular cartilage (HAC; or substitutes), with its deep layer, articular calcified cartilage (ACC), whose deep surface is resorbed in cutting cone events to allow the deposition of subchondral bone (SCB). Multiple tidemarks are normal. Turnover at the osteochondral (ACC-HAC-SCB) junction is downregulated by overload exercise, conversely, during rest periods. Consequent lack of support predisposes to microfracture of the ACC-SCB plate, in the resorption-related repair phase of which the plate is further undermined to form sink holes. The following characteristics contribute to the OA scenario: penetrating resorption canals and local loss of ACC; cracking of ACC and SCB; sealing of cracks with High-Density Mineral Infill (HDMI); extrusion of HDMI into HAC to form High-Density Mineral Protrusions (HDMP) in HAC which may fragment and contribute to its destruction; SCB marrow space infilling and densification with (at first) woven bone; disruption, fibrillation and loss of HAC; eburnation; repair with abnormal tissues including fibrocartilage and woven bone; attachment of Sharpey fibres to SCB trabeculae and adipocyte-moulded extensions to trabeculae (excrescences).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences Imaging Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Campus, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shepherd RF, Kerns JG, Ranganath LR, Gallagher JA, Taylor AM. "Lessons from Rare Forms of Osteoarthritis". Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:291-302. [PMID: 34417863 PMCID: PMC8403118 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent conditions in the world, particularly in the developed world with a significant increase in cases and their predicted impact as we move through the twenty-first century and this will be exacerbated by the covid pandemic. The degeneration of cartilage and bone as part of this condition is becoming better understood but there are still significant challenges in painting a complete picture to recognise all aspects of the condition and what treatment(s) are most appropriate in individual causes. OA encompasses many different types and this causes some of the challenges in fully understanding the condition. There have been examples through history where much has been learnt about common disease(s) from the study of rare or extreme phenotypes, particularly where Mendelian disorders are involved. The often early onset of symptoms combined with the rapid and aggressive pathogenesis of these diseases and their predictable outcomes give an often-under-explored resource. It is these "rarer forms of disease" that William Harvey referred to that offer novel insights into more common conditions through their more extreme presentations. In the case of OA, GWAS analyses demonstrate the multiple genes that are implicated in OA in the general population. In some of these rarer forms, single defective genes are responsible. The extreme phenotypes seen in conditions such as Camptodactyly Arthropathy-Coxa Vara-pericarditis Syndrome, Chondrodysplasias and Alkaptonuria all present potential opportunities for greater understanding of disease pathogenesis, novel therapeutic interventions and diagnostic imaging. This review examines some of the rarer presenting forms of OA and linked conditions, some of the novel discoveries made whilst studying them, and findings on imaging and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Shepherd
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jemma G Kerns
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Lakshminarayan R Ranganath
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - James A Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8T, UK
| | - Adam M Taylor
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gallagher JA, Dillon JP, Ranganath LR. Development of an Effective Therapy for Alkaptonuria - Lessons for Osteoarthritis. RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 2:79-85. [PMID: 36465977 PMCID: PMC9524786 DOI: 10.2478/rir-2021-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the major causes of disability and pain worldwide, yet despite a massive international research effort, no effective disease-modifying drugs have been identified to date. In this review, we put forward the proposition that greater focus on rarer forms of OA could lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of more common OA. We have investigated the severe osteoarthropathy of the ultra-rare disease alkaptonuria (AKU). In addition to the progress made in finding a treatment for AKU, our research has revealed important lessons for more common OA, including the identification of high-density mineralized protrusions (HDMPs), new pathoanatomical structures which may play an important role in joint destruction and pain in AKU and in OA. AKU is an inherited disorder of tyrosine metabolism, caused by genetic lack of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase (HGD), which leads to failure to breakdown homogentisic acid (HGA). While most HGA is excreted over time, some of it is deposited as a pigment in connective tissues, a process described as ochronosis. Ochronotic pigment alters the mechanical properties of tissues, leading to inevitable joint destruction and frequently to cardiac valve disease. Until recently, there was no effective therapy for AKU, but preclinical studies demonstrated that upstream inhibition of tyrosine metabolism by nitisinone, a drug previously used in hereditary tyrosinaemia 1 (HT1), completely prevented ochronosis in AKU mice. This was followed by successful clinical trials which have resulted in nitisinone being approved for therapy of AKU by the European Medicines Agency, making AKU the only cause of OA for which there is an effective therapy to date. Study of other rare causes of OA should be a higher priority for researchers and funders to ensure further advances in understanding and eventual therapy of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Gallagher
- Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL7 8TX, UK
| | - Jane P. Dillon
- Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL7 8TX, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sigurdsson SF, Olstad K, Ley CJ, Björnsdóttir S, Griffiths DJ, Fjordbakk CT. Radiological, vascular osteochondrosis occurs in the distal tarsus, and may cause osteoarthritis. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:82-96. [PMID: 33534938 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondrosis occurs due to failure of the blood supply to growth cartilage. Osteochondrosis lesions have been identified in small tarsal bones and suggested to cause distal tarsal osteoarthritis; however, it has not been determined whether distal tarsal osteochondrosis lesions were the result of vascular failure. OBJECTIVES To perform post-mortem arterial perfusion and micro-computed tomography (CT) of the central (CTB) and third tarsal bones (TIII) of fetuses and foals up to 5 months old, to describe tarsal development and any lesions detected. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive, nonconsecutive case series. METHODS Twenty-three animals that died or were euthanased from 228 days of gestation to 5 months old were collected, comprising two fetuses and nine foals of miscellaneous breeds and 12 Icelandic Horse foals, a breed with high prevalence of distal tarsal osteoarthritis. One hindlimb from each foal was perfused arterially with barium, and the CTB and TIII were examined with micro-CT. RESULTS Perfusion yielded partial information from 41% of the animals. The CTB and TIII were supplied by nutrient arteries and perichondrial vessels with vertical, transverse and circumferential configurations. Fourteen of the 23 (61%) animals had focal defects in the ossification front, that is, radiological osteochondrosis. The majority of lesions matched the configuration and development of vertical vessels. Additionally, full-thickness, cylindrical defects matched transverse vessels, and the long axes of some dorsal lesions matched circumferential vessels. MAIN LIMITATIONS Lack of histological validation. CONCLUSIONS Post-mortem perfusion was poor for examination of the blood supply to the growth cartilage of the CTB and TIII. Radiological osteochondrosis lesions were compatible with vascular failure because they were focal, and because lesion geometry matched vessel configuration. The relationship between osteochondrosis and distal tarsal osteoarthritis warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigurdur F Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles J Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - David J Griffiths
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Anatomy Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine T Fjordbakk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamada ALM, Pinheiro M, Marsiglia MF, Hagen SCF, Baccarin RYA, da Silva LCLC. Ultrasound and clinical findings in the metacarpophalangeal joint assessment of show jumping horses in training. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e21. [PMID: 32476309 PMCID: PMC7263911 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical exercise is known to cause significant joint changes. Thus, monitoring joint behavior of athletic horses is essential in early disorders recognition, allowing the proper management. Objectives The aims of this study were to determine the morphological patterns, physical examination characteristics and ultrasound findings of show jumping horses in training and to establish a score-based examination model for physical and ultrasound follow-ups of metacarpophalangeal joint changes in these animals. Methods A total of 52 metacarpophalangeal joints from 26 horses who were initially in the taming stage were evaluated, and the horses' athletic progression was monitored. The horses were evaluated by a physical examination and by B-mode and Doppler-mode ultrasound examinations, starting at time zero (T0), which occurred concomitantly with the beginning of training, and every 3 months thereafter for a follow-up period of 18 months. Results The standardized examination model revealed an increase in the maximum joint flexion angles and higher scores on the physical and ultrasound examinations after scoring was performed by predefined assessment tools, especially between 3 and 6 months of evaluation, which was immediately after the horses started more intense training. The lameness score and the ultrasound examination score were slightly higher at the end of the study. Conclusions The observed results were probably caused by the implementation of a training regimen and joint adaptation to physical conditioning. The joints most likely undergo a pre-osteoarthritic period due to work overload, which can manifest in a consistent or adaptive manner, as observed during this study. Thus, continuous monitoring of young athlete horses by physical and ultrasound examinations that can be scored is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia M Yamada
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508 270, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Pinheiro
- Independant Veterinarian, Alameda do Parque 400, Jd Plaza Athene, Itu, SP 13302 225, Brazil
| | - Marília F Marsiglia
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508 270, Brazil
| | - Stefano Carlo F Hagen
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508 270, Brazil
| | - Raquel Yvonne A Baccarin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508 270, Brazil
| | - Luís Cláudio L C da Silva
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508 270, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Akbar Z, Al-Juhaishi O, Olusa T, Davies H. Radiographic method for evaluation of tarsus morphometry. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep190016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The equine tarsus is the most common area of the hind limb associated with lameness. Tarsal function is probably directly related to its conformation. Previous conformational measurement methods and radiological data are either limited or too specific to explain the complex tarsus conformation in different loading conditions. This study aimed to develop a consistent method to evaluate equine tarsal conformation from lateromedial radiographs. Twenty cadaveric hind limbs from 15 adult horses of different breeds were cut at the distal one third of the tibia. Hind limbs mounted in a loading rig and positioned with the metatarsus vertical were digitally radiographed. The zero-degree lateromedial (ZLM) was defined by vertical and horizontal landmarks including overlapping of the lateral and medial trochlea of the talus and a contact point between the dorsal edges of lateral and medial borders of the distal central tarsal bone. Radiographs missing these features were retaken to achieve consistent ZLM views. Specific radiographic features were selected as landmarks to develop tarsal parameters based on their clarity and their being consistently identifiable. The intra-rater repeatability of ten measurable morphometric parameters was evaluated with each radiograph measured twice with an interval of at least one month and Bland-Altman plots developed from this data. Repeat measurements did not differ significantly (Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged from 0.731-0.966). This study provides a base for evaluation of the tarsal conformation by radiography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Akbar
- University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 250 Princess highway, Werribee 3030, VIC, Australia
- FVAS, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - O.A. Al-Juhaishi
- University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 250 Princess highway, Werribee 3030, VIC, Australia
| | - T.A.O. Olusa
- University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 250 Princess highway, Werribee 3030, VIC, Australia
| | - H.M.S. Davies
- University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 250 Princess highway, Werribee 3030, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Coppelman EB, David FH, Tóth F, Ernst NS, Trumble TN. The association between collagen and bone biomarkers and radiographic osteoarthritis in the distal tarsal joints of horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:391-398. [PMID: 31596508 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) of the distal intertarsal (DIT) and tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints occurs commonly. Synovial fluid (SF) biomarkers of collagen and bone turnover have potential clinical value. OBJECTIVES To measure SF biomarker concentrations from DIT and TMT joints in adult horses and determine if they correlate with radiographic OA severity and are higher in joints with radiographic OA compared to controls. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Radiographic OA of DIT and TMT joints was evaluated from adult horses (5-35 years old). Overall radiographic scores divided horses into those with mild or moderate radiographic OA (16 joints from 9 horses) or controls (13 joints from 9 horses). Direct biomarkers of OA (Carboxypropeptide of type II collagen = CPII, carboxy-neoepitope of type II collagen exposed after collagenase-cleavage = C2C, Bone alkaline phosphatase = BAP and Chondroitin sulfate epitope = CS846) were measured via ELISA and CPII/C2C was calculated. Biomarkers were correlated with radiographic findings and concentrations from those with radiographic OA to control joints and were compared. RESULTS Concentrations of CPII (R = 0.84, P<0.001), C2C (R = 0.69, P<0.001) and BAP (R = 0.41, P = 0.03) as well as CPII/C2C (R = 0.69, P<0.001) values positively correlated with overall radiographic scores. Adjusted means ± s.d., after controlling for age, for CPII (P<0.001), C2C (P<0.001), CPII/C2C (P = 0.004) and BAP (P = 0.05) were significantly higher in DIT and TMT joints with radiographic OA (CPII: 2174.45 ± 1064.01; C2C: 233.52 ± 51.187; CPII/C2C: 9.01 ± 4.09; BAP: 21.98 ± 15.34) compared to controls (CPII: 594.53 ± 463.05; C2C: 153.12 ± 48.95; CPII/C2C: 3.96 ± 2.38; BAP: 12.76 ± 3.61). CPII (P<0.001), C2C (P = 0.001) and CPII/C2C (P = 0.001) were significantly higher with moderate radiographic OA (CPII: 2444.61 ± 772.78; C2C: 248.90 ± 44.94; CPII/C2C: 9.47 ± 2.97) compared to controls (CPII: 658.38 ± 417.36; C2C: 156.49 ± 47.61; CPII/C2C: 4.15 ± 2.04), with CPII also showing significantly higher concentrations (P = 0.04) with mild radiographic OA compared (1515.00 ± 584.95) to controls (658.38 ± 417.36). There were no differences in CS846 concentrations between radiographic OA and control joints. Age positively correlated with CPII (R = 0.48, P = 0.01) and C2C (R = 0.44, P = 0.02) concentrations. MAIN LIMITATIONS Radiographic OA was assessed, not clinical lameness. Controls were not age-matched to those with spontaneous radiographic OA. CONCLUSIONS There is an association between collagen (CPII, C2C and CPII/C2C) and bone (BAP) biomarkers and radiographic OA in the distal tarsal joints of horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E B Coppelman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - F H David
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - F Tóth
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - N S Ernst
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - T N Trumble
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clegg P. Clinical insights: Recent developments in equine articular disease (2016-2018). Equine Vet J 2018; 50:705-707. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Clegg
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Neston Cheshire UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nelson BB, Kawcak CE, Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR. Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:564-579. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Badar F, Xia Y. Image interpolation improves the zonal analysis of cartilage T2 relaxation in MRI. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2017; 7:227-237. [PMID: 28516048 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2017.03.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This project aimed to investigate the improvement in the detection of osteoarthritis (OA) in cartilage by the interpolation of T2 images, in the situation when the native MRI resolution is insufficient to resolve the depth-dependent T2 characteristics in articular cartilage (AC). METHODS Eighteen intact canine knee joints that were healthy or had mild (contralateral) or severe OA were T2-imaged in a 7T/20 cm MRI system at 200 µm/pixel resolution (macro-MRI). Two image analysis methods were used to interpolate the images to 100 µm/pixel, i.e., by Fourier-transforming the time-domain FID (Free Induction Decay) signal using the Varian NMR software and by interpolating the 2D T2 image using the ImageJ software. RESULTS The T2 profiles from 30 individual ROI of each healthy [6], mild [6] and OA [6] cartilage at 200 µm and the interpolated 100 µm resolutions were subdivided into two equal-thickness regions and three-equal thickness regions based on clinical MRI protocols. A new method divided the T2 profiles into three-unequal thickness zones according to the T2 profiles at 17.6 µm/pixel from the same cartilage imaged in a 7 Tesla/9 cm µMRI system. Both interpolation methods improved the depth-dependent T2 images/profiles in macro-MRI. The unequal zone division in T2 had better OA sensitivity than the equal zone division. The three-equal zone division of T2 profiles had better OA sensitivity than the two-equal zone division. The statistical significant difference between the healthy and mild OA cartilage is detected (P=0.0018) only by the unequal zone division method at 100 µm resolution. CONCLUSIONS Data interpolation improves the T2 sensitivity in MRI of cartilage OA. Unequal division of tissue thickness enables better early stage of OA detection than the equal division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Badar
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Lasalle J, Alexander K, Olive J, Laverty S. COMPARISONS AMONG RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR EX VIVO CHARACTERIZATION OF STIFLE OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE HORSE. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:489-501. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie De Lasalle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 7C6, QC Canada
| | - Kate Alexander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - Julien Olive
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 7C6, QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gallagher JA, Dillon JP, Sireau N, Timmis O, Ranganath LR. Alkaptonuria: An example of a "fundamental disease"--A rare disease with important lessons for more common disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:53-7. [PMID: 26891864 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
"Fundamental diseases" is a term introduced by the charity Findacure to describe rare genetic disorders that are gateways to understanding common conditions and human physiology. The concept that rare diseases have important lessons for biomedical science has been recognised by some of the great figures in the history of medical research, including Harvey, Bateson and Garrod. Here we describe some of the recently discovered lessons from the study of the iconic genetic disease alkaptonuria (AKU), which have shed new light on understanding the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. In AKU, ochronotic pigment is deposited in cartilage when collagen fibrils become susceptible to attack by homogentisic acid (HGA). When HGA binds to collagen, cartilage matrix becomes stiffened, resulting in the aberrant transmission of loading to underlying subchondral bone. Aberrant loading leads to the formation of pathophysiological structures including trabecular excrescences and high density mineralised protrusions (HDMPs). These structures initially identified in AKU have subsequently been found in more common osteoarthritis and appear to play a role in joint destruction in both diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Gallagher
- Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Apex Building, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Jane P Dillon
- Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Apex Building, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | | | - Oliver Timmis
- AKU Society, 66 Devonshire Road, Cambridge CB1 2BL, UK.
| | - Lakshminarayan R Ranganath
- Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Apex Building, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street,Liverpool L7 8XP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|