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Seguí Pedrosa B, Dujardin C, Moses B, Thompson C, Sarasola P, Gattacceca F, Loup B, Garcia P, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L. Detection times of clodronic acid in horses with orthopedic disease. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38880898 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Clodronic acid is designated as a controlled medication for competition horses by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports and, according to the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities, clodronic acid is not to be administered to racehorses younger than 3.5 years or within 30 days prior to a race. In this study, 35 horses involved in competition were treated with a single dose of 1.53 mg clodronic acid/kg bodyweight intramuscularly. Plasma samples were obtained before treatment and 10, 20, 30, and 40 days post-administration. Clodronic acid concentrations were measured using a validated method, and the data were fitted using a nonlinear mixed effects model. The estimated depletion half-life of clodronic acid was 10.6 days (inter-individual variability: 17.9%). Age, body weight, sex, disease severity, dose, training days, training, and competition did not significantly impact the depletion half-life. The percentage of horses predicted via simulation to have clodronic acid concentrations below the assay's limit of quantification of 1.0 ng/mL was 93.9% at day 30 and 99.4% at Day 40. This study provides rationale to the equestrian federations and horse racing authorities to reliably establish a detection time for clodronic acid, assisting equine veterinarians in recommending a competition withdrawal time for the horses under their care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Dujardin
- Dechra Veterinary Products BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Moses
- Dechra Development LLC, Overland Park, Kansas, USA
| | | | | | - Florence Gattacceca
- Inria-Inserm COMPO Team, Centre Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée, CRCM, Inserm U1068-CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University UM105, Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières le Buisson, France
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2
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Toutain PL. Why the racing industry and equestrian disciplines need to implement population pharmacokinetics: To learn, explain, summarize, harmonize, and individualize. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38685692 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Population pharmacokinetics (POP PK) is a powerful pharmacokinetic tool, which measures quantitatively, and explains the variability in drug exposure and drug effect between individuals. POP PK uses an observational (nonexperimental) approach; it is conducted in the target population living in its normal environment (e.g., farm and race-track). The strength of the POP PK approach lies in its greater relevance for the population studied in its different natural environments than experimental studies carried out in more or less biased laboratory conditions. In clinical settings, it is commonly necessary to restrict the number of samples per subject collected for analysis and the derived data cannot be analyzed using traditional individual data analytical methods; rather data are merged and analyzed with an appropriate statistical tool: the nonlinear mixed effect model (NLMEM). POP PK modeling is frequently used with the objective of adjusting drug dosage, and hence drug exposure, not only for the whole population but also for subgroups of animals (e.g., for a given breed, sex, and age). It can also have application at the individual subject level, in the context of precision medicine. For horses, the use of the POP PK/PD model will allow prescribers to estimate an individual Withdrawal Time for a given horse whose treatment they are supervising. Another potential field of application will be meta-analysis of existing data to generate new knowledge on a drug or to collate and synthesize, in an objective and transparent manner, existing data; this will facilitate harmonization of screening limits at an international level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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3
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Yocom A, Contino E, Kawcak C. Review of the Mechanism of Action and Use of Bisphosphonates in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023:104503. [PMID: 37120118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are a group of drugs that can reduce bone resorption by incorporating into the crystal structure of exposed hydroxyapatite where they are taken up by osteoclasts. Bisphosphonates have several other mechanisms of action including reducing pain and inflammation and altering macrophage function. There are two types of bisphosphonates - nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous, the latter of which is used in horses. This article provides a literature-based review of the proposed mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of bisphosphonates including a brief review of bone response to disease. A review of the literature available in horses including safety data and current rules and regulations is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Yocom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Erin Contino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Christopher Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
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4
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Garcia P, Perot I, Loup B, Balssa F, Jaubert M, Delcourt V, Dujardin C, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L. Long-term detection of clodronate in equine plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1527-1534. [PMID: 33870655 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Clodronate is a non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate drug approved in equine veterinary medicine. Clodronate is prohibited for use in competition horses; therefore, to set up an appropriate control, detection times and screening limits are required. The quantitative method in plasma consisted of addition of chloromethylene diphosphonic acid as internal standard. Automated sample preparation comprised a solid phase extraction with weak anion exchange properties on microplate. After methylation of the residue with trimethyl orthoacetate, analysis was conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Using a weighting factor of 1/(concentration)2 , good linearity was observed in the range of 1 to 500 ng/ml, with low limits of detection and quantification of 0.5 and 1 ng/ml, respectively. Precision and accuracy determined at four concentrations were satisfactory, with an error percentage less than 15%. Absence of carry-over and good stability of clodronic acid in plasma after a long-term storage at -20°C were verified. The method was successfully applied to the quantification of clodronic acid in plasma samples from horses administered with a single intramuscular administration of Osphos® at a mean dose of 1.43 ± 0.07 mg/kg. The observed detection time will be verified in a clinical population study conducted in diseased horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Garcia
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - Isabelle Perot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - Frederic Balssa
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - Murielle Jaubert
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - Vivian Delcourt
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières le Buisson, France
| | | | - Marie-Agnes Popot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières le Buisson, France
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5
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Riggs CM, Thompson SL, So YM, Wong JKY, Wan TSM, Robinson P, Stewart BD, Ho ENM. Tiludronic acid can be detected in blood and urine samples from Thoroughbred racehorses over 3 years after last administration. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1287-1295. [PMID: 33247964 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of bisphosphonates, including tiludronic acid, to Thoroughbred racehorses below 3 and a half years of age is prohibited in most racing jurisdictions. OBJECTIVES To determine if evidence of administration of tiludronic acid could be obtained from analysis of blood and urine samples beyond 40 days after administration. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort. METHODS Horses maintained in a highly controlled environment and treated with Tildren®a were selected from clinical records. Twenty-four horses were identified, 21 of which were still in race training. Blood and urine samples were collected and analysed for the presence of tiludronic acid using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Tiludronic acid was detected in samples from every horse, including two that had been given a therapeutic dose of the drug 3 years prior to sample collection. The estimated concentrations of tiludronic acid in the blood collected at least 2 years post-administration were consistently very low (less than 0.3 ng/mL). The estimated concentrations in urine were less consistent and were generally lower than those in blood, although higher levels were inconsistently detected in individual horses (up to about 16 ng/mL almost 1 year post-administration in 1 horse and about 3.7 ng/mL at almost 3 years post-administration in another). MAIN LIMITATIONS The study was performed in horses that are older than the primary target group. A single sample was obtained from most horses and so we cannot comment on elimination profiles. CONCLUSIONS Evidence that a therapeutic dose of tiludronic acid has been administered to a horse can be obtained from detection of the drug in blood and urine samples over 3 years after it was administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Riggs
- Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sarah L Thompson
- Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yat-Ming So
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jenny K Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Robinson
- Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brian D Stewart
- Veterinary Regulation, Welfare and Biosecurity Policy, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Delcourt V, Barnabé A, Loup B, Garcia P, André F, Chabot B, Trévisiol S, Moulard Y, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L. MetIDfyR: An Open-Source R Package to Decipher Small-Molecule Drug Metabolism through High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13155-13162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Delcourt
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Agnès Barnabé
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - François André
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benjamin Chabot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Stéphane Trévisiol
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Yves Moulard
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
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7
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Garcia P, Pinètre J, Morel S, Jaubert M, Deruy X, Perot I, Delcourt V, Loup B, Popot M, Bailly‐Chouriberry L. An innovative derivatization‐free IC‐MS/MS method for the detection of bisphosphonates in horse plasma. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1452-1461. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Garcia
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques Verrières le Buisson France
| | - Justine Pinètre
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques Verrières le Buisson France
| | - Sylvain Morel
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Villebon sur Yvette France
| | - Murielle Jaubert
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques Verrières le Buisson France
| | - Xavier Deruy
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Villebon sur Yvette France
| | - Isabelle Perot
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques Verrières le Buisson France
| | - Vivian Delcourt
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques Verrières le Buisson France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques Verrières le Buisson France
| | - Marie‐Agnès Popot
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques Verrières le Buisson France
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8
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Krueger CR, Mitchell CF, Leise BS, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clodronate disodium evaluated in plasma, synovial fluid and urine. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:725-732. [PMID: 32003488 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clodronate is a non-nitrogenated bisphosphonate approved for use in horses. There are no peer-reviewed published reports describing the pharmacokinetics or evaluating renal health indices and urinary excretion patterns in conjunction with plasma and synovial fluid concentration following the systemic administration of clodronate to horses. OBJECTIVES Describe clodronate concentrations in plasma, urine and synovial fluid and evaluate the effects on renal indices after intramuscular administration to healthy horses. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study with repeated measures. METHODS Six healthy adult horses received a single intramuscular dose of clodronate (1.8 mg/kg). Blood, synovial fluid and urine were collected prior to and after administration of clodronate up to 72, 48 and 168 hours respectively. Drug concentrations were measured using LC-MS/MS and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. Renal function indices were also evaluated. RESULTS Clodronate was quantifiable for up to 24 hours in plasma and 48 hours in synovial fluid and detected at all time points in urine. Maximum plasma concentration of clodronate 210 ± 68.2 ng/mL occurred at approximately 34.8 ± 0.2 minutes after administration, while peak synovial concentration (57.7 ± 32.8 ng/mL) occurred at 2.67 ± 2.32 hours after administration and peak urine concentration (88 358.2 ± 79 521.4 ng/mL) occurred at 2.67 ± 2.58 hours post administration. Terminal half-life in plasma was 3.32 ± 1.25 and was 4.8 ± 3.05 hours in synovial fluid. Creatinine concentrations rose significantly after treatment but remained within normal adult reference ranges at all times. MAIN LIMITATIONS Limited number of animals and sampling times and the absence of urine collection for determination of concentration beyond 7 days. CONCLUSIONS Clodronate is rapidly cleared from the blood and synovial fluid. It has variable and biphasic urinary excretion. While significant increase in blood creatinine concentrations was present after a single intramuscular dose of clodronate, values were never above the normal reference range. Further studies are warranted in horses undergoing exercise and those undergoing multiple dosing schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa R Krueger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Colin F Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Britta S Leise
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Heather K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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9
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Hecht M, Veigure R, Couchman L, S Barker CI, Standing JF, Takkis K, Evard H, Johnston A, Herodes K, Leito I, Kipper K. Utilization of data below the analytical limit of quantitation in pharmacokinetic analysis and modeling: promoting interdisciplinary debate. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1229-1248. [PMID: 30033744 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, bioanalytical laboratories do not report actual concentrations for samples with results below the LOQ (BLQ) in pharmacokinetic studies. BLQ values are outside the method calibration range established during validation and no data are available to support the reliability of these values. However, ignoring BLQ data can contribute to bias and imprecision in model-based pharmacokinetic analyses. From this perspective, routine use of BLQ data would be advantageous. We would like to initiate an interdisciplinary debate on this important topic by summarizing the current concepts and use of BLQ data by regulators, pharmacometricians and bioanalysts. Through introducing the limit of detection and evaluating its variability, BLQ data could be released and utilized appropriately for pharmacokinetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Hecht
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rūta Veigure
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lewis Couchman
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Charlotte I S Barker
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Inflammation, Infection & Rheumatology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Joseph F Standing
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Inflammation, Infection & Rheumatology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kalev Takkis
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Hanno Evard
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Atholl Johnston
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Koit Herodes
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Kipper
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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