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Usimaki A, Ciamillo SA, Barot D, Linardi RL, Engiles JB, Ortved KF. Single injection of intra-articular autologous protein solution in horses with acute interleukin-1B-induced synovitis decreases joint pathology scores. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 39051479 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous protein solution (APS) has been shown to decrease lameness in horses with osteoarthritis (OA). Synovitis is an early driver of OA, providing an opportunity to intervene in the progression of disease via intra-articular (IA) therapeutics. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a single IA APS injection in horses with interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced synovitis. We hypothesised that APS would decrease joint swelling and lameness, improve synovial fluid parameters and improve joint pathology scores in horses compared with untreated controls. STUDY DESIGN Randomised controlled in vivo experiment. METHODS Synovitis was induced with IL-1β (65 ng) in one randomly selected tarsocrural joint. Twenty-four hours later, joints were treated with APS (Pro-Stride®) (n = 12) or left as untreated controls (n = 6). Lameness examinations and joint circumference measurements were performed on Days 0 (prior to IL-1β), 1 (prior to APS), 2, 4, 7 and 14. Synovial fluid, obtained on the same days, was analysed for protein concentration, nucleated cell count, and cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations. Gross pathology and synovial membrane histopathology scoring was performed on APS-treated (n = 5), untreated control (n = 4) and normal (n = 9) tarsocrural joints. RESULTS APS did not decrease lameness or joint circumference compared with untreated controls. Synovial fluid parameters were not different between treatment groups. APS treatment did significantly decrease gross and histopathology scores. MAIN LIMITATIONS Main limitations included the use of an induced model of the synovitis, inter-horse variability in the response to IL-1β and likely variability in the constituents of APS from individual horses. CONCLUSIONS APS treatment of tarsocrural joints with synovitis did not significantly improve lameness or alter synovial fluid parameters. APS did lead to significant improvement in gross joint appearance and synovial membrane histology suggesting that APS may have disease-modifying effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Usimaki
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah A Ciamillo
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhvani Barot
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renata L Linardi
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie B Engiles
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyla F Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gordon DL, Foreman JH, Connolly SL, Schnelle AN, Fan TM, Barger AM. Acute phase protein concentrations following serial procaine penicillin G injections in horses. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:916-922. [PMID: 36200352 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute phase protein (APP) measurement is used to detect inflammation. Intramuscular (IM) injections could cause tissue injury and induce an acute phase response (APR). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of IM procaine penicillin G (PPG) injections on APP concentrations in horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective longitudinal design. METHODS PPG was administered intramuscularly to six horses, twice daily, for 5 days. Plasma fibrinogen (FIB), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (HAP), creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were quantified daily for 5 days before the first injection, during the course of administration, and for 4 days after the final dose. Analytes were quantified every other day for the remaining 16 days. Data were compared using a parametric or non-parametric repeated measures ANOVA and a Tukey's or Mann-Whitney rank sum test, respectively. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS CK was increased over baseline (mean ± SD: 200 ± 74 IU/L) on Days 1-6 (p < 0.001 to p = 0.02, mean ± SD: 723-1177 ± 355-544 IU/L) and AST was increased above baseline (mean ± SD: 233 ± 58 IU/L) on Days 2-7 and 10 (p < 0.001 to p = 0.05, mean ± SD: 307-437 ± 79-146 IU/L). Increased FIB was noted over baseline (mean ± SD: 177 ± 30 mg/dl) on Days 6-8 and 10 (p = 0.02 to p = 0.03, mean ± SD: 234-252 ± 33-49 mg/dl). SAA was increased above baseline (mean ± SD: 4.7 ± 2.9) on Day 6 (p = 0.02, mean ± SD: 113 ± 186 μg/ml). There was no change in HAP. MAIN LIMITATIONS Healthy horses were used, small sample size, and a lack of a negative control group. CONCLUSIONS Serial intramuscular procaine penicillin G (IM PPG) injections may result in increased positive APP concentrations in horses and this must be considered when these test results are interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Gordon
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Animal Health Institute, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathan H Foreman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sara L Connolly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy N Schnelle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Anne M Barger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Hepworth‐Warren KL, Estell K, Cowles B, Amodie D, Crisman M. Utility of serum amyloid A in monitoring clinical response to antimicrobial treatment in horses with bacterial pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1917-1922. [PMID: 37522636 PMCID: PMC10473010 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein in horses which could be a useful tool for assessing clinical response to treatment of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses. OBJECTIVES To monitor SAA concentration in response to treatment and identify associations among SAA concentration, WBC and neutrophil counts, and fibrinogen in bacterial pneumonia in adult horses. ANIMALS Eighteen adult horses with bacterial pneumonia. METHODS Prospective clinical study. Horses hospitalized with bacterial pneumonia were enrolled and SAA concentration and vital signs were assessed daily. SAA concentration was measured by a handheld meter. CBC and plasma fibrinogen were assessed on days 0, 1, and 2, then every 3 days until discharge. Data were not normally distributed and therefore were log transformed. Log-transformed data were analyzed and comparisons were performed on LSMeans by the 2-sided Student's t-test at the 5% level of significance. RESULTS Geometric mean SAA concentration on day 0 was 537 μg/mL (SE 383 μg/mL). Geometric mean SAA concentration decreased significantly over time (P = .0001), peaking at day 2 (geomean 1038 μg/mL, SE 261.7 μg/mL) and decreasing until discharge. Plasma concentration of fibrinogen (P = .06), neutrophil count (P = .48), and WBC count (P = .07) did not change significantly over time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE SAA concentration decreased significantly over the course of treatment and correlated with clinical improvement of pneumonia whereas fibrinogen, neutrophil, and WBC counts did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Hepworth‐Warren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Krista Estell
- Virginia Tech's Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical CenterLeesburgVirginiaUSA
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Ferlini Agne G, May BE, Lovett A, Simon O, Steel C, Santos L, Guedes do Carmo L, Barbosa B, Werner LC, Daros RR, Somogyi AA, Sykes B, Franklin S. Horse Grimace Scale Does Not Detect Pain in Horses with Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1623. [PMID: 37238054 PMCID: PMC10215503 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a highly prevalent and presumptively painful condition, although the amount of pain horses might experience is currently unknown. The aims of this study were to determine if the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) could identify pain behaviours in horses with and without EGUS and if severity would be positively associated with the HGS score. Horse grimace scale scores were assessed blindly using facial photographs by seven observers and involved evaluation of 6 facial action units as 0 (not present), 1 (moderately present) and 2 (obviously present). Lameness examination, serum amyloid A (SAA) measurement and gastroscopy evaluation were performed on all horses. Horses (n = 61) were divided into two and three groups based on the presence (yes, no) and severity (none, mild, moderate-severe) of EGUS, respectively. Presence of lameness and elevated SAA (≥50 µg/mL) were used as exclusion criteria. Inter-observer reliability was analyzed by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). HGS scores between groups were compared using Welch's and Brown Forsythe tests (p < 0.05). Overall, HGS ICC was "excellent" (0.75). No significant differences (p = 0.566) were observed in HGS scores between horses with and without gastric lesions (mean, 95% CI; 3.36, 2.76-3.95 and 3, 1.79-4.20, respectively). HGS was not influenced by the presence or severity of EGUS in this current study. Further studies investigating the use of different pain scales in horses with EGUS are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferlini Agne
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Bridget Eileen May
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Amy Lovett
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Simon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Catherine Steel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Luiz Santos
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Laize Guedes do Carmo
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Bianca Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Laís Cristine Werner
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Ruan R. Daros
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Andrew A. Somogyi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Benjamin Sykes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
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Berryhill EH, Urbina NS, Marton S, Vernau W, Alonso FH. Validation and method comparison for a point-of-care lateral flow assay measuring equine whole blood insulin concentrations. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:124-131. [PMID: 36482705 PMCID: PMC9999392 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221142288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wellness Ready Test (WRT) is a lateral flow, stall-side assay that measures equine insulin in whole blood and requires validation before recommending clinical use. We evaluated intra- and inter-assay precision and linearity and compared the WRT with a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Tested concentrations ranged from <139 to >695 pmol/L (<20 to >100 μIU/mL). For 20 replicates at each insulin level, intra-assay CVs of the WRT for insulin were 13.3%, 12.9%, and 15.3% at low (139-278 pmol/L; 20-40 μIU/mL), intermediate (278-417 pmol/L; 40-60 μIU/mL), and high (>417 pmol/L; >60 μIU/mL) concentrations, respectively. For 10 replicates at each level (3 assay lots), inter-assay CVs were 15.9%, 11.0%, and 11.7%, respectively. In the weighted linear regression of 5 measured insulin concentrations against expected concentrations, R2 = 0.98, slope = 1.02, and y-intercept = 14.4 pmol/L (2.08 μIU/mL). The Spearman correlation coefficient (rs) was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.85-0.94) between the WRT and RIA; the WRT = f(RIA) Passing-Bablok regression yielded the fit, y = 1.005x + 24.3 pmol/L (3.50 μIU/mL). The WRT result averaged 10.4% higher than the RIA result, with targeted bias of 25.9, 26.1, and 26.7 pmol/L (3.74, 3.76, and 3.84 μIU/mL) for cutoffs used to diagnose insulin dysregulation of 312, 347, and 451 pmol/L (45, 50, and 65 μIU/mL). Assay clinical sensitivities, specificities, and accuracies determined at the 3 selected clinical cutoffs and using the RIA as gold standard were 87-95%, 92-96%, and 91-95%, respectively (n = 99 samples). Observed total error was 28.4-30.4%. The WRT had acceptable precision, excellent linearity, and good association with the RIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Berryhill
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Sam Marton
- Fortis Life Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - William Vernau
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flavio H Alonso
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Saint Kitts, West Indies
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6
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Palmisano M, Javsicas L, McNaughten J, Gamsjäger L, Renaud DL, Gomez DE. Effect of plasma transfusion on serum amyloid A concentration in healthy neonatal foals and foals with failure of transfer of passive immunity. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:697-702. [PMID: 36825688 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anecdotal evidence suggests plasma transfusions increase serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations in healthy neonatal foals making this marker of inflammation inappropriate for therapeutic decision making in such animals. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Administration of hyperimmune fresh frozen plasma (FFP) increases SAA concentration in healthy foals and in foals with failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). ANIMALS Eighty-six healthy foals. METHODS Prospective cohort study. Foals <24 hours of age receiving plasma transfusion for treatment of FTPI (serum immunoglobulin G [IgG] concentrations <8 g/L; n = 17) or as a preventative measure for Rhodococcus equi infection (IgG >8 g/L; n = 33) were enrolled. A healthy nontransfused group of foals (IgG >8 g/L; n = 21) also was included. Serum amyloid A concentration was determined before (t0h) and after (t24h) administration of FFP. Changes in blood SAA concentration were assessed using linear regression models. RESULTS No statistical differences were found in SAA concentration at t0h or t24h among the 3 groups (P > .05, for all comparisons). The variation in SAA concentration before (t0h) and after (t24h) plasma transfusion showed that administration of FFP was not associated with the changes in SAA concentration (P > .05). An association between SAA concentration at t0h and at 24 hours (P < .05) was identified, where foals with higher SAA concentration at t0h also had higher SAA concentration at t24h. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Administration of FFP to newborn foals was not associated with changes in SAA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Palmisano
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Gamsjäger
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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7
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Jacobsen S. Use of serum amyloid A in equine medicine and surgery. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52 Suppl 1:8-18. [PMID: 36336845 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) has become an indispensable part of the management of equine patients in general practice and specialized hospital settings. Although several proteins possess acute phase properties in horses, the usefulness of SAA exceeds that of other acute phase proteins. This is due to the highly desirable kinetics of the equine SAA response. SAA concentrations exhibit a rapid and pronounced increase in response to inflammation and a rapid decline after the resolution of inflammation. This facilitates the detection of inflammatory disease and real-time monitoring of inflammatory activity. SAA may be used in all stages of patient management: (1) before diagnosis (to rule in/rule out inflammatory disease), (2) at the time of diagnosis (to assess the severity of inflammation and assist in prognostication), and (3) after diagnosis (to monitor changes in inflammatory activity in response to therapy, with relapse of disease, or with infectious/inflammatory complications). By assessing other acute phase reactants in addition to SAA, clinicians can succinctly stage inflammation. White blood cell counts and serum iron concentration change within hours of an inflammatory insult, SAA within a day, and fibrinogen within 2-3 days; the interrelationship of these markers thus indicates the duration and activity of the inflammatory condition. Much research on the equine SAA response and clinical use has been conducted in the last decade. This is the prerequisite for the evidence-based use of this analyte. However, still today, most published studies involve a fairly low number of horses. To obtain solid evidence for use of SAA, future studies should be designed with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section Medicine & Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Hunyadi L, Chigerwe M, Sundman E. A prospective study of serum amyloid A in relation to plasma administration in neonatal foals. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:96-99. [PMID: 35872553 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SAA is a commonly used biomarker for measuring acute inflammation in equine practice, and the administration of prophylactic plasma to foals is a routine practice in large breeding farms. Despite this, limited information is available on the values of SAA in healthy or sick neonatal foals following this common procedure. A prospective study was conducted with 31 foals from a veterinary hospital in Texas in one year. Enrolled foals were part of a foaling program, where a prophylactic hyperimmunized plasma was administered 12 h after birth. Blood was collected for SAA measurements at birth and at 12 h (pre-plasma), 13 h (post-plasma), 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h. Eight of the foals were clinically ill prior to plasma administration, and 23 foals were clinically normal. The mean SAA of all foals at birth was 1 μg/mL, increased to 11 μg/mL at 12 h (pre-plasma), and at 13 h (post-plasma) was 155 μg/mL. At 13 h, 65% of normal foals and 63% of sick foals had an SAA value >100 μg/mL. Transient but substantial increases in SAA following prophylactic plasma administration were frequently observed in this study. Veterinarians evaluating neonatal foals for clinical disease in the field should be cognizant of the timing of blood sampling in relation to plasma administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Hunyadi
- Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Weatherford, TX, USA
| | | | - Emily Sundman
- Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Weatherford, TX, USA.
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9
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Taylor SD, Serpa PBS, Santos AP, Hart KA, Vaughn SA, Moore GE, Mukhopadhyay A, Page AE. Effects of intravenous administration of peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells after infusion of lipopolysaccharide in horses. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1491-1501. [PMID: 35698909 PMCID: PMC9308407 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A systemic and dysregulated immune response to infection contributes to morbidity and mortality associated with sepsis. Peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (PB-MSC) mitigate inflammation in animal models of sepsis. Allogeneic PB-MSC administered IV to horses is well-tolerated but therapeutic benefits are unknown. HYPOTHESIS After IV lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion, horses treated with PB-MSC would have less severe clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities, inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and oxidative stress compared to controls administered a placebo. ANIMALS Sixteen horses were included in this study. METHODS A randomized placebo-controlled experimental trial was performed. Sixteen healthy horses were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (1 × 109 PB-MSC or saline placebo). Treatments were administered 30 minutes after completion of LPS infusion of approximately 30 ng/kg. Clinical signs, clinicopathological variables, inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and oxidative stress markers were assessed at various time points over a 24-hour period. RESULTS A predictable response to IV LPS infusion was observed in all horses. At the dose administered, there was no significant effect of PB-MSC on clinical signs, clinicopathological variables, or inflammatory cytokine gene expression at any time point. Antioxidant potential was not different between treatment groups, but intracellular ROS increased over time in the placebo group. Other variables that changed over time were likely due to effects of IV LPS infusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Administration of allogeneic PB-MSC did not cause clinically detectable adverse effects in healthy horses. The dose of PB-MSC used here is unlikely to exert a beneficial effect in endotoxemic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Priscila B S Serpa
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrea P Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah A Vaughn
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Abhijit Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Allen E Page
- Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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10
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Investigation of the use of serum amyloid A to monitor the health of recently imported horses to the USA. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Barr B, Nieman NM. Serum amyloid A as an aid in diagnosing sepsis in equine neonates. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:922-926. [PMID: 34773677 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals, especially during the first 7 days of life. Diagnosing sepsis in neonatal foals can be challenging because initial clinical signs are often ambiguous and non-specific. OBJECTIVES To determine if the major acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) as measured by a point-of-care SAA testing device can be used as an evidence-based biomarker of sepsis. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort. METHODS Clinical diagnosis of sepsis based on positive bacterial blood culture or a positive sepsis score was obtained and compared to SAA values in a population of neonatal foals on a breeding farm and referral hospital during four consecutive foaling seasons. A rapid, point-of-care blood test was used to measure SAA concentrations in neonatal foals <36 hours old that were clinically diagnosed as healthy, sick non-septic or septic. RESULTS The septic foals (n = 35) had a median SAA concentration (114 µg/mL) that was significantly greater (P < .05) than that for foals in the sick non-septic (n = 117, 1.5 µg/mL) and healthy (n = 245, 0 µg/mL) groups. At a diagnostic threshold of 100 µg/mL, the SAA test had a sensitivity of 52.9% (95% CI 36.5-68.9), specificity of 97.5% (95% CI 95.0-99.0), positive predictive value of 75.0% (95% CI 56.2-87.5), negative predictive value of 93.7% (95% CI 91.2-95.5), and a test accuracy of 92.1% (95% CI 88.2-95.0). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that SAA is a useful aid in the diagnosis of sepsis in the neonatal foal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Barr
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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12
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Kiemle J, Hindenberg S, Bauer N, Roecken M. Comparison of a point-of-care serum amyloid A analyzer frequently used in equine practice with 2 turbidimetric immunoassays used in human and veterinary medicine. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:42-53. [PMID: 34763564 PMCID: PMC8688985 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211056029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid, accurate detection of serum amyloid A (SAA) is needed in equine practice. We validated a patient-side point-of-care (POC) assay (Stablelab; Zoetis) compared to the turbidimetric immunoassays LZ-SAA (TIA-Hum) and VET-SAA (TIA-Vet; both Eiken Chemical). Analytical performance was assessed at 3 different concentration ranges and with interferences. Inter-method comparison using 49 equine serum samples revealed a significant difference between median SAA results (p < 0.0001), with the strongest bias between the POC and TIA-Vet (median 1,093 vs. 578 mg/L). The median SAA value obtained with the TIA-Hum method was 752 mg/L. Correlation between POC/TIA-Hum and between POC/TIA-Vet was fair (rs = 0.77 and 0.69) and excellent between both TIAs (rs = 0.93). Bias between POC/TIA-Hum, POC/TIA-Vet, and TIA-Hum/TIA-Vet was −56.7%, –80.9%, and −28.2%, respectively. POC intra- and inter-assay CVs (16.1–30% and 19.8–35.5%) were higher than TIA CVs (generally <12%). Bilirubin and hemoglobin had a negative bias on POC and TIA-Vet results (−16.6 to −45.6%); addition of intralipid yielded a positive bias (35.9–77.4%). The POC had good linearity of SAA concentrations up to 10,312 mg/L (R2 = 0.92). A hook effect was present at SAA >3,000 mg/L for the POC assay. Equine serum SAA was stable over a median period of 2.5 y when stored at −80°C. Overall, there was excellent-to-moderate correlation between tests, but imprecision and hook effect of the POC, as well as bias between the methods, must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kiemle
- Clinic for Horses, Department of Equine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hindenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Roecken
- Clinic for Horses, Department of Equine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Analytical Validation of Two Point-of-Care Assays for Serum Amyloid A Measurements in Cats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092518. [PMID: 34573484 PMCID: PMC8469286 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is one of the most sensitive tests to detect inflammation in cats. In this study, two point-of-care assays for SAA measurements in cats (FUJI DRI-CHEM IMMUNO AU CARTRIDGE vf-SAA (method A), and CUBE-VET analyser (Method B), were analytically evaluated. Regarding the imprecision precision only the method A showed intra-assay and inter-assay CV < 10% at all concentrations. Both assays showed linearity with r close to 1 and the recovery were in the range of 81-112% for assay A and 85-125% for assay B and the limit of detection were 3.75 and 0.5 mg/dL for method A and B, respectively. A previously validated method for SAA quantification SAATIA; LZ-SAA (method C) was used as gold-standard to evaluate the accuracy of the assays. Significant correlations (p < 0.0001) were found between assays A and C (r = 0.94) and B and C (r = 0.91). In addition, an overlap performance test was made using serum samples from cats with non-inflammatory and cats with inflammatory. Both assays showed higher median SAA concentrations in cats with inflammatory diseases than in cats without inflammatory diseases (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, this manuscript provides data about the possible application of two point-of-care assays for the measurement of SAA concentration in cats.
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Investigation of The Usefulness of Serum Amyloid A in Characterizing Selected Disease Forms of Equine Herpesvirus-1 Infection. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103699. [PMID: 34417000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to study the SAA response of horses with various forms of EHV-1 infection. Archived serum samples from 153 horses with various disease forms of EHV-1 infection (48 healthy non-infected horses, 48 subclinically infected horses, 40 horses with respiratory EHV-1 infection and 17 horses with neurological EHV-1 infection) were available for SAA testing. SAA values ranged from 0 to 31 µg/mL (median 0 µg/mL) in healthy horses, from 0 to 2,416 µg/mL (median 8.5 µg/mL) in subclinically infected horses, from 0 to 3,000 µg/mL (median 597 µg/mL) in horse with respiratory EHV-1 infection and from 0 to 1,640 µg/mL (median 58 µg/mL) in horse with neurological EHV-1 disease. Infected horses had significantly higher SAA values compared to healthy, non-infected horses. While SAA was elevated in the majority of horses with evidence of EHV-1 infection, a single point in time SAA test was unable to consistently support infection in horses with subclinical disease.
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15
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Bowlby C, Mudge M, Schroeder E, Godman J, Hurcombe S. Equine inflammatory response to abdominal surgery in the absence of gastrointestinal disease. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:601-607. [PMID: 34196457 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the, equine inflammatory response to ventral midline celiotomy in the absence of gastrointestinal disease in horses of varying body condition scores primarily using serial measurements of serum amyloid A (SAA). DESIGN Experimental clinical study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Ten adult light breed horses free of any clinical disease, 5 with body condition score (BCS) 3-4/9 and 5 with BCS 7-8/9. INTERVENTIONS Horses had a ventral midline celiotomy performed under general anesthesia, including manual decompression of the small intestine. SAA, semiquantitative fibrinogen, plasma lactate, and WBC count were measured in the blood preoperatively and at 12, 24, 48, 72, 120, and 168 hours postoperatively. Complete serum biochemistry was performed preoperatively and 24 and 72 hours postoperatively. Serial abdominocentesis was also performed with peritoneal fluid analysis of SAA, total protein, lactate, WBC count, and cytology. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Significant (P < 0.05) increases in serum SAA were noted at 12, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively (124.6 ± 68.6, 390.8 ± 209.0, 568.6 ± 197.7 μg/mL), and most horses had values approaching normal at 168 hours postoperatively (174.4 ± 307.7 μg/mL). Other values such as fibrinogen also increased in response to surgery but did not return to normal within the measured time points. Horses with high BCS did not have significantly different serum SAA compared to horses with low BCS. Peritoneal fluid SAA did not increase significantly at 12 hours postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS The information from this study can be used to help determine the effect of anesthesia and surgical intestinal manipulation resulting in increased SAA when a comparison to clinical or experimental cases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bowlby
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Margaret Mudge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric Schroeder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer Godman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel Hurcombe
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kalka A, Harding PG, Cullimore AM. Focal peritarsal cellulitis with long digital extensor tenosynovitis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kalka
- Ascot Equine Veterinarians Ascot Western Australia Australia
| | - P. G. Harding
- Ascot Equine Veterinarians Ascot Western Australia Australia
| | - A. M. Cullimore
- Ascot Equine Veterinarians Ascot Western Australia Australia
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Menzel A, Samouda H, Dohet F, Loap S, Ellulu MS, Bohn T. Common and Novel Markers for Measuring Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Ex Vivo in Research and Clinical Practice-Which to Use Regarding Disease Outcomes? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030414. [PMID: 33803155 PMCID: PMC8001241 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many chronic conditions such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type-2 diabetes, obesity, peripheral/coronary artery disease and auto-immune diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Closely related to inflammation is oxidative stress (OS), which can be either causal or secondary to inflammation. While a low level of OS is physiological, chronically increased OS is deleterious. Therefore, valid biomarkers of these signalling pathways may enable detection and following progression of OS/inflammation as well as to evaluate treatment efficacy. Such biomarkers should be stable and obtainable through non-invasive methods and their determination should be affordable and easy. The most frequently used inflammatory markers include acute-phase proteins, essentially CRP, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and procalcitonin, and cytokines, predominantly TNFα, interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10 and 12 and their receptors and IFNγ. Some cytokines appear to be disease-specific. Conversely, OS-being ubiquitous-and its biomarkers appear less disease or tissue-specific. These include lipid peroxidation products, e.g., F2-isoprostanes and malondialdehyde, DNA breakdown products (e.g., 8-OH-dG), protein adducts (e.g., carbonylated proteins), or antioxidant status. More novel markers include also -omics related ones, as well as non-invasive, questionnaire-based measures, such as the dietary inflammatory-index (DII), but their link to biological responses may be variable. Nevertheless, many of these markers have been clearly related to a number of diseases. However, their use in clinical practice is often limited, due to lacking analytical or clinical validation, or technical challenges. In this review, we strive to highlight frequently employed and useful markers of inflammation-related OS, including novel promising markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Menzel
- Laboratoires Réunis, 38, Rue Hiehl, L-6131 Junglinster, Luxembourg; (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Hanen Samouda
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
| | - Francois Dohet
- Laboratoires Réunis, 38, Rue Hiehl, L-6131 Junglinster, Luxembourg; (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Suva Loap
- Clinic Cryo Esthetic, 11 Rue Éblé, 75007 Paris, France;
| | - Mohammed S. Ellulu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Azhar University of Gaza (AUG), Gaza City 00970, Palestine;
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Frydendal C, Nielsen KB, Berg LC, van Galen G, Adler DMT, Andreassen SM, Jacobsen S. Influence of clinical and experimental intra-articular inflammation on neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentrations in horses. Vet Surg 2021; 50:641-649. [PMID: 33522003 PMCID: PMC8048826 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations in serum and synovial fluid (SF) from horses with joint inflammation. Study design Experimental studies and retrospective clinical study. Sample population Serum and SF samples were available from healthy horses (n = 19), clinical cases, and horses with experimental joint inflammation. Clinical cases included horses with (n = 10) or without (n = 10) septic arthritis. Experimental intra‐articular inflammation was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; n = 7, severe inflammation), lidocaine (n = 6, moderate inflammation), or mepivacaine (n = 6, mild inflammation). Methods Availability of samples was based on approval from the local ethical committee and from the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate. Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin was measured with a previously validated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Repeated‐measurements one‐ and two‐way analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used to analyze NGAL concentrations and white blood cell counts (WBC). Results After injection of LPS or lidocaine, SF NGAL concentrations increased 343‐ (P = .0035) and 60‐fold (P = .0038) relative to baseline, respectively. Serum NGAL also increased in both groups (P < .05) but to lower concentrations than in SF. Concentrations were higher after injection of lidocaine SF NGAL than after injection of mepivacaine (P < .05) at 6 and 12 hours. Synovial fluid concentrations of NGAL were higher in horses with septic arthritis than in the nonseptic group (P = .0070) and in healthy controls (P = .0071). Concentrations of NGAL correlated with WBC in SF (P < .0001, R2 = 0.49) and in blood (P = .0051, R2 = 0.27). Conclusion Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin concentrations increased in SF in response to experimentally induced and naturally occurring joint inflammation. Synovial fluid NGAL concentration correlated with WBC and, thus, seems to reflect intensity of joint inflammation. Clinical significance Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin may prove to be a useful biomarker of joint inflammation and infection in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catina Frydendal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine B Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise C Berg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gaby van Galen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte M T Adler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine M Andreassen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Whole-Blood Validation of a New Point-of-care Equine Serum Amyloid A Assay. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103222. [PMID: 33077080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is considered a major acute phase protein (APP) in horses. Serum amyloid A stall-side assays are commercially available to assess the inflammatory response of patients with various infectious and noninfectious conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the analytical performance of a new point-of-care (POC) assay for the measurement of SAA in whole blood and plasma of horses. One hundred and sixty blood samples were collected from 60 horses at various time points after immunization with an equine core vaccine. Analytical validation of the SAA POC assay included the measurement of SAA in whole blood and plasma, assessment of linearity and precision, and comparison of the SAA POC results with those obtained with a validated turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA). The SAA POC assay yielded similar results in whole blood and plasma (P > .05), and the results were positively correlated with the TIA (R2 = 0.964). The assay displayed solid linearity throughout the detection range of ≤ 20 to 3,000 μg/mL (R2 = 0.984) with inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients of variation ranging from 7.8% to 13.3% and 5.7% to 12.0%, respectively. The new SAA POC assay was able to reliably measure SAA in both whole blood and plasma. Similar to previously validated assays, the new SAA POC assay is a valuable tool to investigate the inflammatory response in various clinical diseases of horses.
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20
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Pusterla N, Barnum S, Hall JA, Marshall-Lund L, Gebhart C. Investigation of the Usefulness of Serum Amyloid A in Supporting the Diagnosis of Equine Proliferative Enteropathy. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 92:103151. [PMID: 32797779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if serum amyloid A (SAA), a major acute-phase protein, could help support the diagnosis of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis infection in foals. Archived serum samples from 101 foals with enteric signs and hypoproteinemia were available for SAA testing. Based on immunodiagnostics for L. intracellularis, the foals were divided into EPE-suspect (67) and non-EPE-suspect cases (34). Serum amyloid A values ranged from 0 to 2,761 μg/mL (median 466 μg/mL) and from 0 to 2,555 μg/mL (median 192 μg/mL) for the EPE-suspect and the non-EPE-suspect cases, respectively. Although SAA can be measured patient-side and help determine the severity of the underlying inflammatory condition, SAA was unable to consistently support the diagnosis of EPE in hypoproteinemic foals with enteric signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - Lacey Marshall-Lund
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Connie Gebhart
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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21
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Slovis NM, Browne N, Bozorgmanesh R. Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Equine Practice. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:161-171. [PMID: 32145834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) refers to benchtop diagnostic modalities that have been translated into portable and easy-to-use formats suitable for patient-side use. Recent advances in diagnostic technology have allowed the development of a growing collection of POCT assays available to equine practitioners. Advantages include rapid results that reduce initial guesswork and promote diagnosis-targeted patient care, which may ultimately provide better clinical outcomes. Small handheld devices comprise most POCT technologies, providing qualitative or quantitative determination of an increasing range of analytes, including critical care analyzers and, more recently, hematology and immunology analyzers. This article discusses commercially available equine POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Slovis
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, McGee Medical Center, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
| | - Nimet Browne
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, McGee Medical Center, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - Rana Bozorgmanesh
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, McGee Medical Center, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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22
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Long A, Nolen-Walston R. Equine Inflammatory Markers in the Twenty-First Century: A Focus on Serum Amyloid A. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:147-160. [PMID: 32007299 PMCID: PMC7135104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Long
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Rose Nolen-Walston
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Jacobsen S, Vinther AM, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Nielsen LN. Validation of an equine serum amyloid A assay with an unusually broad working range. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:462. [PMID: 31856804 PMCID: PMC6923866 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major equine acute phase protein and of great value in detection and monitoring of inflammation. A new immunoturbidometric assay based on monoclonal antibodies (VET-SAA, Eiken Chemical Co., Japan) may be useful for SAA measurements in routine diagnostic laboratories. The aim of the study was to validate the VET-SAA immunoturbidometric assay and use it to measure serum SAA concentrations in a variety of clinical cases. Precision was assessed by intra- and interassay coefficients of variation of repeated measurements of serum pools (low, intermediate, high concentrations of SAA). Accuracy was estimated by linearity under dilution. Detection limit was determined by replicate determinations of ionized water. Measurements were compared to measurements performed in a previously validated SAA assay (LZSAA assay, Eiken Chemical Co., Japan). Subsequently, the VET-SAA assay was used for measuring serum SAA concentrations in horses with and without inflammation. Results Detection limit was 1.2 mg/L. Without modifications, the assay measured SAA concentrations with acceptable reliability in a broad concentration range (0 to > 6000 mg/L). In the 0–3000 mg/L range, the assay demonstrated good precision and accuracy, and concentrations correlated well with those obtained in the LZSAA assay, albeit with a slight systematic bias. Concentrations of SAA assessed in horses with and without inflammation followed the expected pattern, with significantly higher concentrations in horses with systemic inflammation than in healthy horses and horses with non-inflammatory disease. Conclusions The assay was unique in its ability to measure SAA concentrations with acceptable reliability over an extreme concentration range. This is relevant in the equine species, where SAA concentrations may reach very high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section of Medicine and Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Anne Mette Vinther
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section of Medicine and Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Mads Kjelgaard-Hansen
- Ascendis Pharma A/S, Tuborg Boulevard 12, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 46, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lise Nikolic Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 46, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Odelros E, Kendall A, Hedberg-Alm Y, Pringle J. Idiopathic peritonitis in horses: a retrospective study of 130 cases in Sweden (2002-2017). Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:18. [PMID: 31023351 PMCID: PMC6485108 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritonitis in horses is historically associated with prolonged treatment regimens of broad-spectrum antimicrobials and a guarded prognosis for survival. The condition is most often seen as a secondary complication to traumatic injuries involving the abdominal cavity, rupture of bowel or abdominal surgery. However, cases of idiopathic peritonitis with no such underlying cause have been described. In Sweden idiopathic peritonitis is commonly identified and, in contrast to peritonitis secondary to traumatic incidents, affected horses appear to respond well to medical treatment. The objectives of this study were to describe clinical signs, laboratory findings, bacterial culture results, treatment regimens and survival rates for horses diagnosed with idiopathic peritonitis. RESULTS Medical records were obtained from horses diagnosed with peritonitis without identifiable cause. Diagnosis was based on macroscopically abnormal peritoneal fluid, with an elevated nucleated cell count (> 10 × 109 cells/L) or total protein (> 25 g/L). A total of 130 horses were included, presenting with pyrexia (83%), lethargy (80%), anorexia (68%) and abdominal pain (51%). Microbial cultures were performed in 84% of the cases of which 41% were positive. The most commonly recovered bacteria were Actinobacillus spp., cultured from 21% of the submitted samples. All horses received antimicrobial therapy and many responded to treatment with penicillin alone. Survival until discharge was 94%. CONCLUSIONS Idiopathic peritonitis is a disease that should be considered in horses presented with fever, signs of colic and lethargy. Medical treatment of idiopathic peritonitis is often successful and in Sweden most cases appear to respond well to treatment with penicillin as the sole antimicrobial.
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