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Tóth F, Nissi MJ, Armstrong AR, Buko EO, Johnson CP. Epiphyseal cartilage vascular architecture at the distal humeral osteochondritis dissecans predilection site in juvenile pigs. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:737-744. [PMID: 37971288 PMCID: PMC10978299 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Failure of endochondral ossification due to interruption of the vascular supply to the epiphyseal cartilage is a critical step in the development of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Herein we describe the vascular architecture of the distal humeral epiphyseal cartilage in pigs and identify characteristic features that have been associated with sites predisposed to OCD development across species. Distal humeral specimens were harvested from pigs (n = 5, ages = 1, 10, 18, 30, and, 42 days old) and imaged at 9.4T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a 3D gradient recalled echo sequence. The MRI data were processed using a quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) pipeline to visualize the vascular architecture. Specimens were also evaluated histologically to identify the presence of ischemic epiphyseal cartilage necrosis (osteochondrosis [OC]-latens) and associated failure of endochondral ossification (OC-manifesta). The QSM data enabled visualization of two distinct vascular beds arising from the perichondrium at the lateral and medial aspects of the distal humeral epiphysis. Elongated vessels originating from these beds coursed axially to supply the lateral and medial thirds of epiphyseal cartilage. At 18 days of age and older, a shift from perichondrial to transosseous blood supply was noted axially, which appeared more pronounced on the lateral side. This shift coincided with histologic identification of OC-latens (30- and 42-day-old specimens) and OC-manifesta (18- and 42-day-old specimens) lesions in the corresponding regions. The vascular anatomy and its evolution at the distal humeral epiphysis closely resembles that previously reported at predilection sites of knee OCD, suggesting a shared pathophysiology between the knee and elbow joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Tóth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alexandra R Armstrong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erick O Buko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Casey P Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Olstad K, Ekman S, Björnsdóttir S, Fjordbakk CT, Hansson K, Sigurdsson SF, Ley CJ. Osteochondrosis in the central and third tarsal bones of young horses. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:74-87. [PMID: 37431760 PMCID: PMC10687793 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231185108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the central and third tarsal bones of 23 equine fetuses and foals were examined using micro-computed tomography. Radiological changes, including incomplete ossification and focal ossification defects interpreted as osteochondrosis, were detected in 16 of 23 cases. The geometry of the osteochondrosis defects suggested they were the result of vascular failure, but this requires histological confirmation. The study aim was to examine central and third tarsal bones from the 16 cases and to describe the tissues present, cartilage canals, and lesions, including suspected osteochondrosis lesions. Cases included 9 males and 7 females from 0 to 150 days of age, comprising 11 Icelandic horses, 2 standardbred horses, 2 warmblood riding horses, and 1 coldblooded trotting horse. Until 4 days of age, all aspects of the bones were covered by growth cartilage, but from 105 days, the dorsal and plantar aspects were covered by fibrous tissue undergoing intramembranous ossification. Cartilage canal vessels gradually decreased but were present in most cases up to 122 days and were absent in the next available case at 150 days. Radiological osteochondrosis defects were confirmed in histological sections from 3 cases and consisted of necrotic vessels surrounded by ischemic chondronecrosis (articular osteochondrosis) and areas of retained, morphologically viable hypertrophic chondrocytes (physeal osteochondrosis). The central and third tarsal bones formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The blood supply to the growth cartilage of the central and third tarsal bones regressed between 122 and 150 days of age. Radiological osteochondrosis defects represented vascular failure, with chondrocyte necrosis and retention, or a combination of articular and physeal osteochondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stina Ekman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kerstin Hansson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Charles J. Ley
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kolasinac SS, Griffiths D, Moe L, Sørum H, Rootwelt V. Ductal Architecture: Corrosion Casting of Canine Mammary Glands Using an Intraductal Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2932. [PMID: 37760331 PMCID: PMC10525160 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge related to the morphology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the canine mammary gland is scarce. Mammary tissue undergoes massive changes instructed by hormones multiple times within the lifespan of every bitch, affecting its appearance. To address the ductal system's appearance and to present how different our findings regarding the canine mammary gland are in comparison with the available literature, we obtained cadaveric specimens after euthanasia and mastectomy. All bitches were euthanised due to poor prognosis for their recovery from maladies unrelated to mammae. Using intraductal cannulation ex vivo, milk- or fluid-yielding ducts were perfused using VasQtec (polyurethane resin), which revealed casts, i.e., imprints of ducts and glandular structures in situ. We observed primary, vertically positioned ducts that ascended throughout the teat and continued branching to secondary, tertiary, etc., horizontally positioned ducts, which drained mammary gland lobes under the skin located close to the abdominal wall. The ascendant teat canal could be split into two and could be connected to gland alveoli or end blind. Alveolar formations were located along ducts and ductules in bigger and/or smaller clusters. This study is the first to generate a 3D image of canine ducts and glandular tissue using an intraductal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sibcic Kolasinac
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, Norway; (L.M.); (V.R.)
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - David Griffiths
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, Norway;
| | - Lars Moe
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, Norway; (L.M.); (V.R.)
| | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, Norway;
| | - Vibeke Rootwelt
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, Norway; (L.M.); (V.R.)
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Brittberg M. Knee osteochondritis dissecans-treatment technical aspects. J Orthop 2022; 34:104-110. [PMID: 36060730 PMCID: PMC9428728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose and objective Current treatments of different stages of knee osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) are depending on the age of the patients and the stability of the diseased osteochondral area. The purpose of this paper was to summarize the treatment alternatives in order to simplify the choice for the treating surgeon. Background and principle results Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee is an idiopathic and local osteochondral abnormality that affects mainly children and adolescents with risk of loosening of osteochondral fragments. A good clinical result can be expected when the physes are still open, when the osteochondritis is small and when the osteochondritis can be assessed as stable by MRI. Unstable OCD lesions most often need to be treated operatively by different fixation methods and when the osteochondral cannot be refixated, different local chondral and osteochondral repairs are available to fill up the defect area to congruity. Summary and major conclusions The final choice of which treatment to use is depending on fragment viability and forms. Viable fragments are refixated while poor quality fragments are removed followed by a local biological osteochondral repair. Such osteochondral resurfacing may be single bone marrow stimulation with or without scaffold augmentation or different cell seeded grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Brittberg
- Cartilage Research Unit, University of Gothenburg, Region Halland Orthopaedics, Varberg Hospital, S-43237, Varberg, Sweden
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Pye J, Spriet M, Dow P, Katzman S, Murphy BG. Osteochondral necrosis of the femoral condyles in Thoroughbred foals: eight cases (2008–2018). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 260:341-349. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.03.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To describe clinical, imaging, gross, and histopathological abnormalities associated with osteochondral necrosis of the femoral condyles in foals and identify features suggestive of a common pathogenesis.
ANIMALS
8 Thoroughbred foals euthanized with a presumptive diagnosis of necrosis of the femoral condyles.
PROCEDURES
Postmortem CT was performed on all distal femoral epiphyseal samples. The articular epiphyseal cartilage complex (AECC) of affected distal femurs was examined grossly and histologically, focusing on lesions of interest identified on CT images.
RESULTS
7 foals were between 9 and 23 days old at the time of euthanasia; 1 foal was 85 days old. Concurrent illness (neonatal maladjustment syndrome, neonatal isoerythrolysis, or infection such as enteritis and omphalitis) was diagnosed in 7 foals. The characteristic antemortem radiographic and postmortem CT finding was a crescent-shaped osteochondral flap displaced from the affected medial femoral condyle. Synovial fluid cytology from affected joints was either within normal limits or consistent with mild inflammation. Histologically, all lesions were characterized by osteochondral necrosis and detachment of the AECC. In 6 foals, polymorphonuclear cells were found within growth cartilage canals, representing septic cartilage canals.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Osteochondral necrosis was interpreted to be secondary to bacterial colonization of the distal femoral AECC, evidenced by septic cartilage canals identified in 6 of 8 foals. This uncommon condition was previously thought to arise from an ischemic event, but the disease process was not well understood. An improved understanding of the pathogenesis of osteochondral necrosis is the first step in formulating more successful preventative and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannah Pye
- 1Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- 1Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Penny Dow
- 2Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott Katzman
- 1Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- 3Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Sigurdsson SF, Olstad K, Ley CJ, Björnsdóttir S, Griffiths DJ, Fjordbakk CT. Radiological, vascular osteochondrosis occurs in the distal tarsus, and may cause osteoarthritis. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:82-96. [PMID: 33534938 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondrosis occurs due to failure of the blood supply to growth cartilage. Osteochondrosis lesions have been identified in small tarsal bones and suggested to cause distal tarsal osteoarthritis; however, it has not been determined whether distal tarsal osteochondrosis lesions were the result of vascular failure. OBJECTIVES To perform post-mortem arterial perfusion and micro-computed tomography (CT) of the central (CTB) and third tarsal bones (TIII) of fetuses and foals up to 5 months old, to describe tarsal development and any lesions detected. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive, nonconsecutive case series. METHODS Twenty-three animals that died or were euthanased from 228 days of gestation to 5 months old were collected, comprising two fetuses and nine foals of miscellaneous breeds and 12 Icelandic Horse foals, a breed with high prevalence of distal tarsal osteoarthritis. One hindlimb from each foal was perfused arterially with barium, and the CTB and TIII were examined with micro-CT. RESULTS Perfusion yielded partial information from 41% of the animals. The CTB and TIII were supplied by nutrient arteries and perichondrial vessels with vertical, transverse and circumferential configurations. Fourteen of the 23 (61%) animals had focal defects in the ossification front, that is, radiological osteochondrosis. The majority of lesions matched the configuration and development of vertical vessels. Additionally, full-thickness, cylindrical defects matched transverse vessels, and the long axes of some dorsal lesions matched circumferential vessels. MAIN LIMITATIONS Lack of histological validation. CONCLUSIONS Post-mortem perfusion was poor for examination of the blood supply to the growth cartilage of the CTB and TIII. Radiological osteochondrosis lesions were compatible with vascular failure because they were focal, and because lesion geometry matched vessel configuration. The relationship between osteochondrosis and distal tarsal osteoarthritis warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurdur F Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles J Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - David J Griffiths
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Anatomy Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine T Fjordbakk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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