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Kloock T, Pickles KJ, Roberts V, Uhlendorf F, Twele L, Wilkens HL, Stehle E, Feige K, Niebuhr T. History, Rest and Exercise Score (HRE-S) for assessment of disease severity in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:464-474. [PMID: 37608443 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking (TMHS), clinical signs are likely to be expression of neuropathic facial pain. Currently, subjective assessment of disease severity is used as measure of compromise of animal's welfare. OBJECTIVES To develop and validate a precise scoring system for TMHS: History, Rest and Exercise Score (HRE-S). The HRE-S consists of three subscores: history score (H-S), resting score (R-S) and exercise score (E-S). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational study. METHODS Seven masked observers with different experience used HRE-S to score 40 video recordings taken during rest and lungeing including five duplicates. Video recordings were taken from nine horses with TMHS and three controls. Inter- and intraobserver reliability and practicability of HRE-S were assessed. For every video recording severity of clinical signs was graded by every observer using an intuitive global-type-scale and interobserver reliability was calculated. Convergent validity was evaluated comparing HRE-S to groups created by an existing score (grade 0-3). Discriminant validity was analysed comparing HRE-S to groups created by intuitive global-type-scale. RESULTS Reliability for HRE-S was excellent, irrespective of observers experience: Spearman's Rho = 0.946, p < 0.001 (intraobserver reliability) and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.98, p < 0.001 (interobserver reliability). Interobserver reliability for intuitive global-type-scale was fair to substantial: Fleiss' κappa = 0.48 (R-S) -0.63 (E-S). Groups created by intuitive global-type-scale had significantly different R-S and E-S (p < 0.05), demonstrating discriminant validity. Convergent validity was proven as horses with grade 3/3 had significantly higher average E-S and total scores compared with an existing score than those with grade 0/3 or 1/3 (p < 0.001). MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective nature, video recordings, sample size. CONCLUSIONS HRE-S is a valid and reliable score evaluating disease severity in TMHS, independent of observers' experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kloock
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Kirstie J Pickles
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | | | | | - Lara Twele
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Henriette L Wilkens
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Tobias Niebuhr
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Nannarone S, Ortolani F, Scilimati N, Gialletti R, Menchetti L. Refinement and revalidation of the Equine Ophthalmic Pain Scale: R-EOPS a new scale for ocular pain assessment in horses. Vet J 2024; 304:106079. [PMID: 38360135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This study addresses the refinement and revalidation of a composite pain scale that focuses on equine facial expressions and behavioural indicators as exhibitions of ophthalmic pain. This scale included only Behavioural and Facial and Ocular expression indicators and, compared to the first version of Equine Ophthalmic Pain Scale (EOPS), item descriptors and related ratings were changed. Thirteen horses with ocular diseases that required medical or surgical treatment were enroled (group P). In each animal, the refined EOPS (R-EOPS) was applied prior to any treatment (T0) and one week later (T7). The R-EOPS was applied twice, 7 days apart, to 16 healthy control horses (group C). Two 30-second videos were recorded each time to allow the retrospective analysis by eight observers. Inter-observer reliability of items was moderate or substantial (Krippendorff's alpha, Kα>0.40) while their intra-observer reliability was substantial or almost perfect for most items (Kα ≥0.61). Both inter- and intra-observer reliability of Total Score (TS) were however excellent (Intraclass Correlation Coefficients, ICC>0.75). The TS also showed good reproducibility (Kendall coefficient=0.786, ICC=0.684) and high consistency of its items (Cronbach's α=0.847). The comparison between groups as well as the sensitivity and specificity values supported the validity of the R-EOPS. In particular, for each extra point added to the TS, the risk of the horse having pain increased by more than two times (Odds Ratio=2.079, 95%CI=1.542-2.804; P<0.001). The Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis identified 6 as the threshold value of R-EOPS for discriminating horses with ocular pathology (sensitivity=83%, specificity=100%). This scale may be an effective tool for reliably assessing the pain level in horses with ophthalmic diseases and potentially guiding pain management although it still requires large-scale application and external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nannarone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine, CRCS (Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo), University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine, CeRiDA (Centro di Ricerca sul Dolore Animale), University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - F Ortolani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy
| | - N Scilimati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy
| | - R Gialletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine, CRCS (Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo), University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy
| | - L Menchetti
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, Matelica 62024, Italy
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Talbot SE, Tallon R, Dunkel B. Clinical presentation and outcome of gastric impactions with or without concurrent intestinal lesions in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1544-1551. [PMID: 37403262 PMCID: PMC10365056 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric impactions (GI) have been identified as primary lesions (lone GI; LGI) or associated with other intestinal lesions (concurrent GI; CGI). Anecdotally, CGI resolve more rapidly with a better prognosis than LGI. OBJECTIVES To determine clinical, laboratory, and ultrasonographic findings, and short- and long-term survival in horses with GI. We hypothesized that LGI carries a worse prognosis than CGI. ANIMALS Seventy-one horses from 2 referral hospitals (2007-2022). METHODS Retrospective cohort study. Gastric impactions were defined as feed extending to the margo plicatus after ≥24 hours of fasting. Clinical, diagnostic and outcome findings were compared between LGI and CGI. Long-term survival was determined by a questionnaire. RESULTS Twenty-seven horses had LGI, 44 had CGI. Large intestinal lesions (32/44) were more common than small intestinal lesions (12/44). Concurrent gastric impactions resolved more slowly than LGI (LGI median 2 days, range 0-8; CGI median 4 days, range 1-10; P = .003). Short- (LGI 63%, 17/27; CGI 59%, 26/44; P = .75) and long-term survival (LGI 3.5 ± 1.9 years; CGI 2.3 ± 2.3 years; P = .42) were not significantly different. However, Lone gastric impactions were more likely to experience gastric rupture (LGI 29.6%, 8/27; CGI 11.4%, 5/44; P = .05). Lone gastric impactions were 8.7 times more likely to require dietary changes (LGI 72.7%, 8/11; CGI 25%, 4/16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-49.22; P = .01). Gastric impactions recurred in 21.7% (LGI, 6/20; CGI, 4/26; P = .23) of affected horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Lone gastric impactions and CGI present similarly with a comparable prognosis, but LGI are more likely to rupture. Long-term dietary changes are often necessary for horses with LGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Talbot
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | | | - Bettina Dunkel
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
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Van Driessche L, Fecteau G, Arsenault J, Miana L, Chorfi Y, Villettaz-Robichaud M, Hélie P, Buczinski S. Inter-Rater Reliability of Scoring Systems for Abomasal Lesions in Quebec Veal Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101664. [PMID: 37238094 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the inter-rater reliability of current scoring systems used to detect abomasal lesions in veal calves. In addition, macroscopic lesions were compared with corresponding histological lesions. For this, 76 abomasa were retrieved from veal calves in a slaughterhouse in Quebec and scored by four independent raters using current scoring systems. The localisations of the lesions were separated into pyloric, fundic, or torus pyloricus areas. Lesions were classified into three different types, i.e., erosions, ulcers, and scars. To estimate the inter-rater reliability, the coefficient type 1 of Gwet's agreement and Fleiss κ were used for the presence or absence of a lesion, and the intra-class correlation coefficient was used for the number of lesions. All veal calves had at least one abomasal lesion detected. Most lesions were erosions, and most of them were located in the pyloric area. Overall, a poor to very good inter-rater agreement was seen for the pyloric area and the torus pyloricus regarding the presence or absence of a lesion (Fleiss κ: 0.00-0.34; Gwet's AC1: 0.12-0.83), although a higher agreement was observed when combining all lesions in the pyloric area (Fleiss κ: 0.09-0.12; Gwet's AC1: 0.43-0.93). For the fundic area, a poor to very good agreement was also observed (Fleiss κ: 0.17-0.70; Gwet's AC1: 0.90-0.97). Regarding the inter-rater agreement for the number of lesions, a poor to moderate agreement was found (ICC: 0.11-0.73). When using the scoring system developed in the European Welfare Quality Protocol, a poor single random rater agreement (ICC: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.31-0.56) but acceptable average random rater agreement (ICC: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.64-0.83) was determined. Microscopic scar lesions were often mistaken as ulcers macroscopically. These results show that the scoring of abomasal lesions is challenging and highlight the need for a reliable scoring system. A fast, simple, and reliable scoring system would allow for large scale studies which investigate possible risk factors and hopefully help to prevent these lesions, which can compromise veal calves' health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Van Driessche
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Léa Miana
- École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Younes Chorfi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marianne Villettaz-Robichaud
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Pierre Hélie
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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Barton MH, Hallowell GD. Current Topics in Medical Colic. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00020-2. [PMID: 37169621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The list of medical causes of acute or chronic colic in horses is extensive. The purpose of this article is to review 4 medical causes of equine colic with a focus on newer trends in treatment. The 4 topics selected include gastric impaction, gastric glandular disease, colon displacement, and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Henry Barton
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Room 1903, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Gayle D Hallowell
- IVC Evidensia, Valley View, Main Road, Upper Broughton, Nottinghamshire, UK LE14 3BG
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Pratt SL, Bowen M, Hallowell GH, Shipman E, Bailey J, Redpath A. Does lesion type or severity predict outcome of therapy for horses with equine glandular gastric disease? - A retrospective study. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:150-157. [PMID: 36495212 PMCID: PMC9857143 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) is a common condition of the horse. Misoprostol is reported to be superior to oral omeprazole and sucralfate for treatment. Long-acting intramuscular injectable omeprazole (LAIOMEP) is a novel treatment shown to be effective in a small population. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine LAIOMEP efficacy compared to misoprostol and oral omeprazole and identify characteristics that predict treatment outcome. METHODS All horses that underwent gastroscopy between 2012 and 2019 were reviewed. Lesions were characterised by 4 blinded observers, all of whom are diplomates in equine internal medicine, using established descriptors from the ECEIM consensus statement and subjective severity. Treatment outcome was ranked as worsened, improved or healed. Consensus lesion type, lesion severity and treatment choice were compared to outcome and data screened using univariate analysis (chi-squared) to determine whether each predicted outcome. Lesion types where univariate analysis predicted a trend (p<0.2) were included in a multiple-regression analysis to identify predictors of outcome irrespective of treatment. RESULTS Only severity significantly predicted final outcome (p = 0.025) with severe lesions being more likely to improve. Treatment choice did not significantly predict outcome. Overall healing rate was 29% (24 horses), and 43% (44 horses) improved. Treatment healing rates were 23% (10), 12% (7) and 27% (7) for LAIOMEP, misoprostol and oral omeprazole, respectively, with improvement in 69% (14), 76% (21) and 61% (9). 64% of the latter group received sucralfate. Worsening occurred in 7% (6). Treatment length varied with a median of 4 weeks (range 4-20 weeks). CONCLUSIONS This study showed poorer therapy outcome compared to previous studies. The only initial lesion descriptor to predict outcome was severity and treatment choice did not affect outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Pratt
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamSutton BonningtonUK
| | | | | | - E. Shipman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamSutton BonningtonUK
| | - J. Bailey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamSutton BonningtonUK
| | - A. Redpath
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamSutton BonningtonUK
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Chiero NE, Reiswig JD, Griffin CE, Panigrahi KJ, Gardner AK. Blinded comparison of mirror and endoscopic oral examination in the horse: Sensitivity, specificity and observer agreement. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E. Chiero
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Reiswig
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Cleet E. Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Kathryn J. Panigrahi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Alison K. Gardner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
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8
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Pratt S, Bowen I, Hallowell G, Shipman E, Redpath A. Assessment of agreement using the equine glandular gastric disease grading system in 84 cases. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1472-1477. [PMID: 35412651 PMCID: PMC9297748 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) is a common condition causing signs of gastric pain although lesions are highly variable in their appearance. The only definitive method to diagnose EGGD ante‐mortem is gastroscopy. The current recommended method for describing these lesions is the European College of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) guidelines; however, repeatability between users is variable. This study aimed to validate the reliability of lesion descriptions using ECEIM consensus guidelines, using four blinded equine internal medicine diplomates. Methods Ninety‐two horses with EGGD with pre‐ and post‐treatment gastroscopy images were identified using the electronic record at a UK equine hospital between 2012 and 2019. Eight horses were excluded due to non‐diagnostic images. Four blinded observers used the recommended grading system to describe images and outcomes. Intraclass correlation coefficients and Krippendorff's alpha were used to determine reliability and agreement, respectively. Results Intraclass correlation coefficient for severity was 0.782 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.722–0.832), for distribution was 0.671 (95% CI 0.540–0.763), for the descriptor raised was 0.635 (95% CI 0.479–0.741), fibrinosuppurative was 0.745 (95% CI 0.651–0.812), haemorrhagic was 0.648 (95% CI 0.513–0.744), hyperaemic was 0.389 (95% CI 0.232–0.522) and for outcome was 0.677 (95% CI 0.559–0.770). Krippendorff's alpha for severity was 0.466 (95% CI 0.466–0.418), for distribution was 0.304 (95% CI 0.234–0.374), for the descriptor raised was 0.268 (95% CI 0.207–0.329), fibrinosuppurative was 0.406 (95% CI 0.347–0.463), haemorrhagic was 0.287 (95% CI 0.229–0.344), hyperaemic was 0.112 (95% CI 0.034–0.188) and for outcome was 0.315 (95% CI 0.218–0.408). There was moderate reliability determined between observers using intra‐class correlation coefficients and unacceptable agreement determined between observers using Krippendorff's alpha. Discussion These results suggest that the current grading system is not comparable between observers, indicating the need to review the grading system or define more robust criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Pratt
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Bowen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gayle Hallowell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emma Shipman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adam Redpath
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult horses. Vet J 2022; 283-284:105830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hewetson M. Managing glandular gastric disease in horses. IN PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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