1
|
Chmilar SL, Laird RA. Effects of parental age on salt stress tolerance in an aquatic plant. OIKOS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A. Laird
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Lethbridge Lethbridge AB Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aich U, Chowdhury S, Jennions MD. Separating the effects of paternal age and mating history: Evidence for sex-specific paternal effect in eastern mosquitofish. Evolution 2022; 76:1565-1577. [PMID: 35544673 PMCID: PMC9543789 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Paternal age and past mating effort by males are often confounded, which can affect our understanding of a father's age effects. To our knowledge, only a few studies have standardized mating history when testing for effects of paternal age, and none has simultaneously disentangled how paternal age and mating history might jointly influence offspring traits. Here, we experimentally manipulated male mating history to tease apart its effects from those of paternal age on female fertility and offspring traits in the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Male age did not affect female fertility. However, males with greater past mating effort produced significantly larger broods. Paternal age and mating history interacted to affect sons' body size: sons sired by old-virgin males were larger than those sired by old-mated males, but this was not the case for younger fathers. Intriguingly, however, sons sired by old-virgin males tended to produce fewer sperms than those sired by old-mated males, indicating a potential trade-off in beneficial paternal effects. Finally, neither paternal age nor mating history affected daughter's fitness. Our results highlight that variation in offspring traits attributed to paternal age effect could partly arise due to a father's mating history, and not simply to his chronological age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upama Aich
- Division of Ecology & EvolutionResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia,School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shawan Chowdhury
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandSaint LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Michael D. Jennions
- Division of Ecology & EvolutionResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barreaux AMG, Higginson AD, Bonsall MB, English S. Incorporating effects of age on energy dynamics predicts nonlinear maternal allocation patterns in iteroparous animals. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20211884. [PMID: 35168397 PMCID: PMC8848239 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iteroparous parents face a trade-off between allocating current resources to reproduction versus maximizing survival to produce further offspring. Parental allocation varies across age and follows a hump-shaped pattern across diverse taxa, including mammals, birds and invertebrates. This nonlinear allocation pattern lacks a general theoretical explanation, potentially because most studies focus on offspring number rather than quality and do not incorporate uncertainty or age-dependence in energy intake or costs. Here, we develop a life-history model of maternal allocation in iteroparous animals. We identify the optimal allocation strategy in response to stochasticity when energetic costs, feeding success, energy intake and environmentally driven mortality risk are age-dependent. As a case study, we use tsetse, a viviparous insect that produces one offspring per reproductive attempt and relies on an uncertain food supply of vertebrate blood. Diverse scenarios generate a hump-shaped allocation when energetic costs and energy intake increase with age and also when energy intake decreases and energetic costs increase or decrease. Feeding success and environmentally driven mortality risk have little influence on age-dependence in allocation. We conclude that ubiquitous evidence for age-dependence in these influential traits can explain the prevalence of nonlinear maternal allocation across diverse taxonomic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine M G Barreaux
- School of Biological sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398 Montpellier, France.,INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew D Higginson
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Michael B Bonsall
- Department of Zoology, Mathematical Ecology Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.,St Peters College, Oxford OX1 2DL, UK
| | - Sinead English
- School of Biological sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Forsythe AB, Day T, Nelson WA. Demystifying individual heterogeneity. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2282-2297. [PMID: 34288328 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Among-individual variation in vital rates, such as mortality and birth rates, exists in nearly all populations. Recent studies suggest that this individual heterogeneity produces substantial life-history and fitness differences among individuals, which in turn scale up to influence population dynamics. However, our ability to understand the consequences of individual heterogeneity is limited by inconsistencies across conceptual frameworks in the field. Studies of individual heterogeneity remain filled with contradicting and ambiguous terminology that introduces risks of misunderstandings, conflicting models and unreliable conclusions. Here, we synthesise the existing literature into a single and comparatively straightforward framework with explicit terminology and definitions. This work introduces a distinction between potential vital rates and realised vital rates to develop a coherent framework that maps directly onto mathematical models of individual heterogeneity. We suggest the terms "fixed condition" and "dynamic condition" be used to distinguish potential vital rates that are permanent from those that can change throughout an individual's life. To illustrate, we connect the framework to quantitative genetics models and to common classes of statistical models used to infer individual heterogeneity. We also develop a population projection matrix model that provides an example of how our definitions are translated into precise quantitative terms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Forsythe
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Troy Day
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - William A Nelson
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Péron G, Bonenfant C, Lemaitre JF, Ronget V, Tidiere M, Gaillard JM. Does grandparental care select for a longer lifespan in non-human mammals? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Several non-human mammalian species provide grandparental care but remain fertile until death, unlike our species. This might call into question the ‘grandmother hypothesis’ that the ability to provide grandparental care, associated with an increase in the cost of breeding with age, promote the early cessation of reproduction. Here, we analyse individual longevity records from non-human mammals to determine whether the few species with grandparental care also stand out among mammals in terms of age-specific survival patterns. Indeed, females of species with grandparental care lived on average 43% longer than males (range: 24–61%), compared with 12% in other polygynous species (95% quantile: −8 to 30%), because of low baseline mortality rates and delayed onset of actuarial senescence. We discuss this finding with respect to the ‘stopping early’ vs. ‘living longer’ debate. We review the role of the environmental context and of the decrease in offspring performance with maternal age (Lansing effect). We formalize the idea of a continuum of parental–grandparental allocation instead of a discrete switch to grandparental care only. Lastly, we suggest that the evolution of menopause has been driven by different forces in different species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Bonenfant
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-François Lemaitre
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Victor Ronget
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Morgane Tidiere
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bock MJ, Jarvis GC, Corey EL, Stone EE, Gribble KE. Maternal age alters offspring lifespan, fitness, and lifespan extension under caloric restriction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3138. [PMID: 30816287 PMCID: PMC6395700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal age has a negative effect on offspring lifespan in a range of taxa and is hypothesized to influence the evolution of aging. However, the mechanisms of maternal age effects are unknown, and it remains unclear if maternal age alters offspring response to therapeutic interventions to aging. Here, we evaluate maternal age effects on offspring lifespan, reproduction, and the response to caloric restriction, and investigate maternal investment as a source of maternal age effects using the rotifer, Brachionus manjavacas, an aquatic invertebrate. We found that offspring lifespan and fecundity decline with increasing maternal age. Caloric restriction increases lifespan in all offspring, but the magnitude of lifespan extension is greater in the offspring from older mothers. The trade-off between reproduction and lifespan extension under low food conditions expected by life history theory is observed in young-mother offspring, but not in old-mother offspring. Age-related changes in maternal resource allocation to reproduction do not drive changes in offspring fitness or plasticity under caloric restriction in B. manjavacas. Our results suggest that the declines in reproduction in old-mother offspring negate the evolutionary fitness benefits of lifespan extension under caloric restriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha J Bock
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - George C Jarvis
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Emily L Corey
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Emily E Stone
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barks PM, Laird RA. A multigenerational effect of parental age on offspring size but not fitness in common duckweed (Lemna minor). J Evol Biol 2016; 29:748-56. [PMID: 26728747 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Classic theories on the evolution of senescence make the simplifying assumption that all offspring are of equal quality, so that demographic senescence only manifests through declining rates of survival or fecundity. However, there is now evidence that, in addition to declining rates of survival and fecundity, many organisms are subject to age-related declines in the quality of offspring produced (i.e. parental age effects). Recent modelling approaches allow for the incorporation of parental age effects into classic demographic analyses, assuming that such effects are limited to a single generation. Does this 'single-generation' assumption hold? To find out, we conducted a laboratory study with the aquatic plant Lemna minor, a species for which parental age effects have been demonstrated previously. We compared the size and fitness of 423 laboratory-cultured plants (asexually derived ramets) representing various birth orders, and ancestral 'birth-order genealogies'. We found that offspring size and fitness both declined with increasing 'immediate' birth order (i.e. birth order with respect to the immediate parent), but only offspring size was affected by ancestral birth order. Thus, the assumption that parental age effects on offspring fitness are limited to a single generation does in fact hold for L. minor. This result will guide theorists aiming to refine and generalize modelling approaches that incorporate parental age effects into evolutionary theory on senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Barks
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - R A Laird
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barks PM, Laird RA. Senescence in duckweed: age‐related declines in survival, reproduction and offspring quality. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Barks
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Lethbridge Lethbridge AlbertaT1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Robert A. Laird
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Lethbridge Lethbridge AlbertaT1K 3M4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|