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Symes LB, Kittelberger KD, Stone SM, Holmes RT, Jones JS, Castaneda Ruvalcaba IP, Webster MS, Ayres M. Analytical approaches for evaluating passive acoustic monitoring data: A case study of avian vocalizations. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8797. [PMID: 35475182 PMCID: PMC9022445 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interface between field biology and technology is energizing the collection of vast quantities of environmental data. Passive acoustic monitoring, the use of unattended recording devices to capture environmental sound, is an example where technological advances have facilitated an influx of data that routinely exceeds the capacity for analysis. Computational advances, particularly the integration of machine learning approaches, will support data extraction efforts. However, the analysis and interpretation of these data will require parallel growth in conceptual and technical approaches for data analysis. Here, we use a large hand‐annotated dataset to showcase analysis approaches that will become increasingly useful as datasets grow and data extraction can be partially automated. We propose and demonstrate seven technical approaches for analyzing bioacoustic data. These include the following: (1) generating species lists and descriptions of vocal variation, (2) assessing how abiotic factors (e.g., rain and wind) impact vocalization rates, (3) testing for differences in community vocalization activity across sites and habitat types, (4) quantifying the phenology of vocal activity, (5) testing for spatiotemporal correlations in vocalizations within species, (6) among species, and (7) using rarefaction analysis to quantify diversity and optimize bioacoustic sampling. To demonstrate these approaches, we sampled in 2016 and 2018 and used hand annotations of 129,866 bird vocalizations from two forests in New Hampshire, USA, including sites in the Hubbard Brook Experiment Forest where bioacoustic data could be integrated with more than 50 years of observer‐based avian studies. Acoustic monitoring revealed differences in community patterns in vocalization activity between forests of different ages, as well as between nearby similar watersheds. Of numerous environmental variables that were evaluated, background noise was most clearly related to vocalization rates. The songbird community included one cluster of species where vocalization rates declined as ambient noise increased and another cluster where vocalization rates declined over the nesting season. In some common species, the number of vocalizations produced per day was correlated at scales of up to 15 km. Rarefaction analyses showed that adding sampling sites increased species detections more than adding sampling days. Although our analyses used hand‐annotated data, the methods will extend readily to large‐scale automated detection of vocalization events. Such data are likely to become increasingly available as autonomous recording units become more advanced, affordable, and power efficient. Passive acoustic monitoring with human or automated identification at the species level offers growing potential to complement observer‐based studies of avian ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel B. Symes
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama
| | - Kyle D. Kittelberger
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
- School of Biological Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Sophia M. Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Richard T. Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Jessica S. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | | | - Michael S. Webster
- Macaulay Library Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Matthew P. Ayres
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
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2
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Palmer CM, Wershoven NL, Martinson SJ, ter Hofstede HM, Kress WJ, Symes LB. Patterns of Herbivory in Neotropical Forest Katydids as Revealed by DNA Barcoding of Digestive Tract Contents. DIVERSITY 2022; 14. [PMID: 35369669 PMCID: PMC8974511 DOI: 10.3390/d14020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many well-studied animal species use conspicuous, repetitive signals that attract both mates and predators. Orthopterans (crickets, katydids, and grasshoppers) are renowned for their acoustic signals. In Neotropical forests, however, many katydid species produce extremely short signals, totaling only a few seconds of sound per night, likely in response to predation by acoustically orienting predators. The rare signals of these katydid species raises the question of how they find conspecific mates in a structurally complex rainforest. While acoustic mechanisms, such as duetting, likely facilitate mate finding, we test the hypothesis that mate finding is further facilitated by colocalization on particular host plant species. DNA barcoding allows us to identify recently consumed plants from katydid stomach contents. We use DNA barcoding to test the prediction that katydids of the same species will have closely related plant species in their stomach. We do not find evidence for dietary specialization. Instead, katydids consumed a wide mix of plants within and across the flowering plants (27 species in 22 genera, 16 families, and 12 orders) with particular representation in the orders Fabales and Laurales. Some evidence indicates that katydids may gather on plants during a narrow window of rapid leaf out, but additional investigations are required to determine whether katydid mate finding is facilitated by gathering at transient food resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Palmer
- Natural Sciences Department, Castleton University, 233 South Street, Castleton, VT 05735, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicole L. Wershoven
- Natural Sciences Department, Castleton University, 233 South Street, Castleton, VT 05735, USA
| | - Sharon J. Martinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Hannah M. ter Hofstede
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment and Society, Dartmouth College, 64 College Street, Suite 102, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - W. John Kress
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Laurel B. Symes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Symes LB, Robillard T, Martinson SJ, Dong J, Kernan CE, Miller CR, Ter Hofstede HM. Daily signaling rate and the duration of sound per signal are negatively related in Neotropical forest katydids. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:887-899. [PMID: 34137809 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have long examined the structure of animal advertisement signals, but comparatively little is known about how often these signals are repeated and what factors predict variation in signaling rate across species. Here, we focus on acoustic advertisement signals to test the hypothesis that calling males experience a tradeoff between investment in the duration or complexity of individual calls and investment in signaling over long time periods. This hypothesis predicts that the number of signals that a male produces per 24 hours will negatively correlate with 1) the duration of sound that is produced in each call (the sum of all pulses) and 2) the number of sound pulses per call. To test this hypothesis, we measured call parameters and the number of calls produced per 24 hours in 16 species of sympatric phaneropterine katydids from the Panamanian rainforest. This assemblage also provided us with the opportunity to test a second taxonomically-specific hypothesis about signaling rates in taxa such as phaneropterine katydids that transition from advertisement calls to mating duets to facilitate mate localization. To establish duets, male phaneropterine katydids call and females produce a short acoustic reply. These duets facilitate searching by males, females, or both sexes, depending on the species. We test the hypothesis that males invest either in calling or in searching for females. This hypothesis predicts a negative relationship between how often males signal over 24 hours and how much males move across the landscape relative to females. For the first hypothesis, there was a strong negative relationship between the number of signals and the duration of sound that is produced in each signal, but we find no relationship between the number of signals produced per 24 hours and the number of pulses per signal. This result suggests the presence of cross-taxa tradeoffs that limit signal production and duration, but not the structure of individual signals. These tradeoffs could be driven by energetic limitations, predation pressure, signal efficacy, or other signaling costs. For the second hypothesis, we find a negative relationship between the number of signals produced per day and proportion of the light trap catch that is male, likely reflecting males investing either in calling or in searching. These cross-taxa relationships point to the presence of pervasive trade-offs that fundamentally shape the spatial and temporal dynamics of communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel B Symes
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá.,Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Tony Robillard
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sharon J Martinson
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá.,Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Ciara E Kernan
- Dartmouth College, Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment and Society, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Colleen R Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University
| | - Hannah M Ter Hofstede
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá.,Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Dartmouth College, Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment and Society, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Somjee U. Positive allometry of sexually selected traits: Do metabolic maintenance costs play an important role? Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000183. [PMID: 33950569 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection drives the evolution of some of the most exaggerated traits in nature. Studies on sexual selection often focus on the size of these traits relative to body size, but few focus on energetic maintenance costs of the tissues that compose them, and the ways in which these costs vary with body size. The relationships between energy use and body size have consequences that may allow large individuals to invest disproportionally more in sexually selected structures, or lead to the reduced per-gram maintenance cost of enlarged structures. Although sexually selected traits can incur energetic maintenance costs, these costs are not universally high; they are dependent on the relative mass and metabolic activity of tissues associated with them. Energetic costs of maintenance may play a pervasive yet little-explored role in shaping the relative scaling of sexually selected traits across diverse taxa. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/JyuoQIeA33Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummat Somjee
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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Spatial and temporal variation in three call traits and preferences of the tree cricket Oecanthus forbesi. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Doubell M, Grant PBC, Esterhuizen N, Bazelet CS, Addison P, Terblanche JS. The metabolic costs of sexual signalling in the chirping katydid Plangia graminea (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) are context dependent: cumulative costs add up fast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:4440-4449. [PMID: 28970347 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Katydids produce acoustic signals via stridulation, which they use to attract conspecific females for mating. However, direct estimates of the metabolic costs of calling to date have produced diverse cost estimates and are limited to only a handful of insect species. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the metabolic cost of calling in an unstudied sub-Saharan katydid, Plangia graminea Using wild-caught animals, we measured katydid metabolic rate using standard flow-through respirometry while simultaneously recording the number of calls produced. Overall, the metabolic rate during calling in P. graminea males was 60% higher than the resting metabolic rate (0.443±0.056 versus 0.279±0.028 ml CO2 h-1 g-1), although this was highly variable among individuals. Although individual call costs were relatively inexpensive (ranging from 0.02 to 5.4% increase in metabolic rate per call), the individuals with cheaper calls called more often and for longer than those with expensive calls, resulting in the former group having significantly greater cumulative costs over a standard amount of time (9.5 h). However, the metabolic costs of calling are context dependent because the amount of time spent calling greatly influenced these costs in our trials. A power law function described this relationship between cumulative cost (y) and percentage increase per call (x) (y=130.21x-1.068, R2=0.858). The choice of metric employed for estimating energy costs (i.e. how costs are expressed) also affects the outcome and any interpretation of costs of sexual signalling. For example, the absolute, relative and cumulative metabolic costs of calling yielded strongly divergent estimates, and any fitness implications depend on the organism's energy budget and the potential trade-offs in allocation of resources that are made as a direct consequence of increased calling effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcé Doubell
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Paul B C Grant
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Grant Scientific Services Ltd, 4901 Cherry Tree Bend, Victoria BC V8Y1S1, Canada
| | - Nanike Esterhuizen
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Corinna S Bazelet
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Pia Addison
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John S Terblanche
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Blankers T, Block R, Hennig RM. Codivergence but Limited Covariance of Wing Shape and Calling Song Structure in Field Crickets (Gryllus). Evol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Erregger B, Kovac H, Stabentheiner A, Hartbauer M, Römer H, Schmidt AKD. Cranking up the heat: relationships between energetically costly song features and the increase in thorax temperature in male crickets and katydids. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2635-2644. [PMID: 28495874 PMCID: PMC5873499 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.155846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sexual displays of acoustically signalling insects are used in the context of mate attraction and mate choice. While energetic investment in sound production can increase the reproductive success of the sender, this entails metabolic costs. Resource allocation to sexually selected, reproductive traits can trade off against allocation to naturally selected traits (e.g. growth, immunity) when individuals' energy budgets are limited. Estimating the magnitude of the costs invested in acoustic signalling is necessary to understand this trade-off and its influence on fitness and life history. To compare the costs associated with acoustic signalling for two ensiferan species, we simultaneously took respiratory measurements to record the rate of CO2 production and used infrared thermography to measure the increase in thorax temperature. Furthermore, to identify what combinations of acoustic parameters were energetically costly for the sender, we recorded the calling songs of 22 different cricket and katydid species for a comparative analysis and measured their thorax temperature while they sang. Acoustic signalling was energetically costly for Mecopoda sp. and Anurogryllus muticus, requiring a 12- and 16-fold increase over resting levels in the CO2 production rate. Moreover, calling increased thorax temperature, on average by 7.6 and 5.8°C, respectively. We found that the song intensity and effective calling rate, not simply the chirp/trill duty cycle or the pulse rate alone, were good predictors for the thorax temperature increase in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Erregger
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Helmut Kovac
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Anton Stabentheiner
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Manfred Hartbauer
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Heinrich Römer
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Arne K D Schmidt
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, Graz 8010, Austria
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Ower GD, Hunt J, Sakaluk SK. Multivariate sexual selection on male tegmina in wild populations of sagebrush crickets, Cyphoderris strepitans (Orthoptera: Haglidae). J Evol Biol 2016; 30:338-351. [PMID: 27917558 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the strength and form of sexual selection on song in male crickets have been studied extensively, few studies have examined selection on the morphological structures that underlie variation in males' song, particularly in wild populations. Geometric morphometric techniques were used to measure sexual selection on the shape, size and symmetry of both top and bottom tegmina in wild populations of sagebrush crickets, a species in which nuptial feeding by females imposes an unambiguous phenotypic marker on males. The size of the tegmina negatively covaried with song dominant frequency and positively covaried with song pulse duration. Sexual selection was more intense on the bottom tegmen, conceivably because it interacts more freely with the subtegminal airspace, which may play a role in song amplification. An expanded coastal/subcostal region was one of the phenotypes strongly favoured by disruptive selection on the bottom tegmen, an adaptation that may form a more effective seal with the thorax to prevent noise cancellation. Directional selection also favoured increased symmetry in tegminal shape. Assuming more symmetrical males are better able to buffer against developmental noise, the song produced by these males may make them more attractive to females. Despite the strong stabilizing selection documented previously on the dominant frequency of the song, stabilizing selection on the resonator that regulates dominant frequency was surprisingly absent. Nonetheless, wing morphology had an important influence on song structure and appears to be subject to significant linear and nonlinear sexual selection through female mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Ower
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - J Hunt
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter in Cornwall, Cornwall, UK.,School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - S K Sakaluk
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
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Effects of acoustic environment on male calling activity and timing in Neotropical forest katydids. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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